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82347431.Pdf Tectonophysics 663 (2015) 261–274 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Moment tensor solutions for the Iberian-Maghreb region during the IberArray deployment (2009–2013) R. Martín a,⁎, D. Stich a,b,J.Moralesa,b, F. Mancilla a,b a Instituto Andaluz de Geofisica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain b Departamento de Fisica Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada Spain article info abstract Article history: We perform regional moment tensor inversion for 84 earthquakes that occurred in the Iberian-Maghreb region Received 31 January 2015 during the second and third leg of IberArray deployment (2009–2013). During this period around 300 seismic Received in revised form 27 June 2015 broadband stations were operating in the area, reducing the interstation spacing to ~50 km over extended Accepted 11 August 2015 areas. We use the established processing sequence of the IAG moment tensor catalogue, increasing to 309 solu- Available online 29 August 2015 tions with this update. New moment tensor solutions present magnitudes ranging from Mw 3.2 to 6.3 and source Keywords: depths from 2 to 620 km. Most solutions correspond to Northern Algeria, where a compressive deformation IberArray pattern is consolidated. The Betic-Rif sector shows a progression of faulting styles from mainly shear faulting Moment tensor inversion in the east via predominantly extension in the central sector to reverse and strike-slip faulting in the west. At Seismotectonics the SW Iberia margin, the predominance of strike-slip and reverse faulting agrees with the expected Iberia-Maghreb region transpressive character of the Eurasian-Nubia plate boundary. New strike-slip and oblique reverse solutions in the Trans-Alboran Shear Zone reflect its left-lateral regime. The most significant improvement corresponds to the Atlas Mountains and the surroundings of the Gibraltar Arc with scarce previous solutions. Reverse and strike-slip faulting solutions in the Atlas System display the accommodation of plate convergence by shortening in the belt. At the Gibraltar Arc, several new solutions were obtained at lower crustal and subcrustal depths. These mechanisms show substantial heterogeneity, covering the full range of faulting styles with highly variable orien- tations of principal stress axes, including opposite strike slip faulting solutions at short distance. The observations are not straightforward to explain by a simple geodynamic scenario and suggest the interplay of different processes, among them plate convergence in old oceanic lithospheric with large brittle thickness at the SW Iberia margin, as well as delamination of thickened continental lithosphere beneath the Betic-Rif arc. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction Alboran Sea (The Trans-Alboran shear zone-TASZ) (Buforn et al., 1995, 2004; Stich et al., 2003, 2006, 2010). The hypocenters show a relatively The Iberian-Maghreb region, including the Iberian Peninsula, North wide distribution and do not delineate a linear Africa-Eurasian plate Africa and nearby offshore areas in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic boundary clearly. Intraplate seismicity accompanies deformation on ei- Ocean, is situated at the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary (Fig. 1a). Howev- ther side of the plate boundary zone, in the interior and north of the Ibe- er, seismicity in this region is only partly controlled by the NW–SE to rian Peninsula as well as in the interior of the Maghrebian margin. WNW–ESE Nubia-Eurasian plate convergence motion of ~5 mm/yr Secondary concentrations of seismicity can be observed near deformed (DeMets et al., 1994; Calais et al., 2003; McClusky et al., 2003; mountain belts far off the presumed plate contact, like the Pyrenees Serpelloni et al., 2007), and the geographical distribution of earthquakes, and the Atlas System (Fig. 1b). Most earthquakes over the region show their focal mechanism and source depths show complex patterns across shallow source depths (0–40 km), however subcrustal earthquakes are the region. The main concentration of seismicity occurs along a wide documented around the Alboran Sea (Buforn et al., 2004)aswellasat zone from the Gorringe Bank in the Atlantic Ocean into southern Spain the Southwest Iberian Atlantic margin (Stich et al., 2005a), with this lat- and to the Tell Atlas in North Algeria, as well as along an orthogonal ter being a source of large and tsunamigenic earthquakes such as the fault zone from Southeastern Iberia to North Morocco crossing the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami (e.g., Bartolomé et al., 2009; Martínez Solares and López Arroyo, 2004; Stich et al., 2007). The faulting style over the Iberian-Maghreb region ranges from pure reverse to pure ⁎ Corresponding author at: Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica Campus Universitario de normal focal mechanisms (e.g., Stich et al., 2003), showing a pronounced Cartuja C/ Profesor Clavera, 12 . 18071, Granada (Spain) geographical variability as well as local heterogeneity of faulting in sev- E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Martín). eral areas (e.g., Stich et al., 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.012 0040-1951/© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 262 R. Martín et al. / Tectonophysics 663 (2015) 261–274 a) b) 44° 44º ˚ Cantabrian Mountains Pyrennes 42° Cantabrian Mountains Pyrennes Duero Ebro Iberian 42º Basin Basin Central Iberian Iberian 40° Chain Central System 40º Valencia Trough Massif Ossa Morena 38° Zone 38º South Portuguese Zone Betics Range Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Gulf Betics Range 36° of Alboran Sea 36º Gulf Cadiz Tell Atlas of Cadiz Tell Atlas Gharb Rif Rif Trans Alboran Shear Zone 34° Basin 34º Atlantic 200 400 Ocean Morocco Meseta Sahara Atlas Morocco Middle Atlas Meseta Sahara Atlas 32° Iberia Variscan Domain Meseta Atlasic Domain 32º Meso-Cenozoic Meso-Cenozoic Middle Atlas High Atlas sediments deformed by plateaux Alpline orogeny Atlas Mountains Betics-Rif System High Atlas Sahara Domain Internal Zones 30° Tertiary-Quaternary 30º External Zones basin Flyschs Trough units - 10° -8° -6° 0° 2° 4° −12˚ 6˚ -4° - 2° −10˚ −8˚ −6˚ −4˚ −2˚ 0˚ 2˚ 4˚ Fig. 1. a) Main geological, tectonic and geographic domains in the Iberia-Maghreb region, covering the Iberian Peninsula, NW-Africa, and nearby offshore regions (modified from Mancilla and Díaz, 2015a); b) map with the seismicity (magnitude N 3) in the Iberia-Maghreb region from ISC on-line bulletin (International Seismological Centre, www.isc.ac.uk). The complexity of faulting patterns and seismicity distribution are In the last decade, the Iberia-Maghreb region has been the target of a striking characteristic of regional seismotectonics, which should several important research initiatives to investigate Earth's structure be properly connected to the complex geodynamic evolution of this and dynamics. Many of these efforts are the installation of the temporary sector of the plate boundary. Apart from oblique Nubian-Eurasian deployment of seismic instrumentation. The five years of seismicity convergence, the area has been subject to extensional processes related (2009–2013) included in this study were recorded at several dense tem- to the Neogene evolution of the western Mediterranean (e.g., Platt and porary deployments of seismic broadband stations in Spain and North Vissers, 1989; Docherty and Banda, 1995; Comas et al., 1999; Jolivet Morocco, in addition to permanent recording networks operated by var- and Faccenna, 2000). Recent analyses of GPS motion, earthquake sources ious institutions (Fig. 2). Temporary deployments are centred in the and lithospheric structure suggest explaining the regional framework by IberArray (http://iberarray.ictja.csic.es) of the TOPOIBERIA and SIBERIA a superposition of plate convergence and coeval extension (Stich et al., projects. This broadband seismic array composed of ~80 stations was 2006, 2010; Koulali et al., 2011; Giaconia et al., 2012, 2013; Mancilla gradually covering Spain from South to North, and North Morocco et al., 2012; Echeverria et al., 2013). In particular, this appears necessary since 2007, with a nominal station spacing of ~50 km (Díaz et al., to explain the differential motion of the Betic and Rif Mountains with re- 2009). This period is also covered by the INDALO project in southeastern spect to the direction of plate convergence. At least in the Betic-Rif- Spain operated by IAG (López-Comino et al., 2012). From 2010, the Alboran region, crustal deformation may be dominated by dynamic pro- PICASSO project (Program to Investigate Convective Alboran Sea System cesses in the upper mantle instead of rigid plate motion (Mancilla et al., Overturn) deployed 85 seismic broadband stations along a roughly N–S 2012). A proper analysis of earthquakesourceparametersiskeytomap profile from the Iberian Massif in central Spain, across the Betics and the full complexity of tectonic deformation and advance in our under- Rif Mountains, the Middle Atlas and the High Atlas and ending on the standing of regional geodynamics. Regional moment tensor inversion Sahara Platform, with additional stations around the Gibraltar Arc. is now used systematically in the analysis of regional seismicity, provid- Other projects complemented these deployments, like for example the ing valuable information
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