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A Multivariate Study of the Family Molossidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : Morphology, Ecology, Evolution

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A Multivariate Study of the Family Molossidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : Morphology, Ecology, Evolution University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum Museum, University of Nebraska State 3-31-1981 A Multivariate Study of the Family Molossidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : Morphology, Ecology, Evolution Patricia W. Freeman University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy Part of the Zoology Commons Freeman, Patricia W., "A Multivariate Study of the Family Molossidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) : Morphology, Ecology, Evolution" (1981). Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum. 26. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/26 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A MULTIVARIATE STUDY OF THE FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE (MAMMALIA, CHIROPTERA): MORPHOLOGY, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION FIELDIANA Zoology Published by Field Museum of Natural History New Series, No. 7 A MULTIVARIATE STUDY OF THE FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE (MAMMALIA, CHIROPTERA): MORPHOLOGY, ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION PATRICIA WARING FREEMAN Assistant Curator and Head Division of Mammals Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Dr. Freeman's present address is University of Nebraska State Museum, W436 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588. Accepted for publication July 24, 1978 March 31, 1981 Publication 1316 CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS....................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 2 MATERIALSANDMETHODS.................................................... 4 Specimens Examined ...................................................... 4 Characters Used .......................................................... 11 Statistical Analyses ........................................................ 17 Other Methods ........................................................... 18 GENERALDESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPALCOMPONENTS ......................... 18 FUNCTIONALMORPHOLOGY ................................................... 27 MORPHOMETRICDESCRIPTIONS OF GROUPS..................................... 36 Molossus ................................................................ 37 Promops .................................................................. 52 Mops ..................................................................... 52 Chaerephon ............................................................... 60 Otomops-Tadarida macro tis ................................................. 61 Tadarida .................................................................. 67 Mormopterus-Sauromys-Platymops ........................................... 73 Molossops-Neoplatymops-Cynomops-Myopterus ............................... 80 Cheiromeles ............................................................... 87 Eumops .................................................................. 88 ECOLOGY................................................................... 93 EVOLUTIONARYRELATIONSHIPS ............................................... 101 Specific Considerations .................................................... 106 Generic Considerations .................................................... 124 Geographic Considerations ................................................ 129 SUMMARY.................................................................. 132 hP~N~1xA:Data............................................................ 133 APPENDIXB: Summary of Names for Molossid Bats ............................ 150 APPENDIXC: Key to Genera .................................................. 167 LITERATURECITED ........................................................... 168 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-69139 US ISSN: 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF TABLES 1. Diagrammatic drawings of the wing. skull. and mandible and measurements 1 . Greatest skull lengths of molossid bats .................................... 19 taken on each ........................................................... 12. 13 2. Twenty most highly correlated characters for each of the first four principal 2 . Two-dimensional graphs of the size component (PC I) and components I1 components ............................................................ 23 and I11 ................................................................. 20. 21 3 . Comparison of toothrow characteristics in five molossids ................... 32 3 . Comparison of frequency distributions of the character. greatest skull length. 4 . A comparison of wing characters ......................................... 34. 35 and PC I ............................................................... 22 5 . Average least distances of members within a taxon ........................ 37 4 . One three-dimensional and two two-dimensional graphs of the jaw component 6 . Six important characters as indicated by the PCA .......................... 39-41 (PC 11) and components I11 and IV ........................................ 24-26 7. Nearest or most highly correlated neighbors of each bat from size-in 5 . Four molossids which are opposite extremes of PC I1 ....................... 28 distance. size-out distance. and correlation matrices ........................ 4649 6 . A sketch of the jaw muscles of the same four extreme molossids in Figure 5 .... 29 8 . Average least distance among taxa (size-out)............................... 50 7 . Regressions of four highly correlated jaw ratios with greatest skull length. a 9 . Moth scale counts from fecal samples of various molossid species ........... 51 character representing general size ........................................ 30. 31 10 . A morphological-niche matrix for the three molossid faunas ................ 95 8.' Diagrammatic scheme of calculating the average distance among taxa ........ 38 11. Primitive-derived characters for all molossid species ....................... 104. 105 9 . Drawings of skulls of seven species of Molossus ............................ 42-44 12 . Average distance (6) of each molossid bat to every other bat in its 10 . Drawings of skulls of two species of Promops .............................. 53 respective fauna ......................................................... 130 11. Drawings of skulls of thirteen species of Mops .............................. 54-58 12. Drawings of skulls of eleven species of Chaerephon ......................... 62-65 13. Drawings of skull of Otomops martiensseni .................................. 66 14. Drawings of skulls of six species of Tadarida ............................... 70-72 15 . Drawings of skulls of four species of Nyctinomops (New World Tadarida) ..... 74. 75 16 . Drawings of skulls of ten species of Mormopterus including Sauromys and Pla tymops ............................................................... 76-78 17. Drawings of skulls of five species of Molossops including Neoplatymops and Cynomops ............................................................... 82. 83 18. Drawings of skull of Myopterus aEbatus .................................... 83 19 . Drawings of skull of Cheiromeles parvidens ................................. 86 20 . Drawings of the skulls of six species of Eumops ............................ 9G92 21 . Frequency distributions of the jaw and wing characters .................... 96 22 . Phenogram of molossids taken from the size-out distance matrix ............ 102 23 . Pictorial comparison of proportions by regular and deformed coordinates of Tadarida brasiliensis from the New World and Tadarida aegyptiaca bocagei from the Old World ..................................................... 115 24 . Possible phylogenetic relationships-among genera of molossids ............. 127 25 . Distribution of average distances (d) in three molossid faunas .............. 131 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I especially thank Karl F. Koopman for his patient and knowledgeable assis- tance throughout my study. Randolph Peterson, Scott Altenbach, Dilford Car- ter, Terry Vaughan, J. E. Hill, and Judy Eger have been most helpful by sharing their knowledge of molossids with me. James S. Findley, my official advisor, and Cliff Lemen, my unofficial advisor, have willingly guided me through most of the new and formerly unknown methods used herein, have gently kept me from several tangential forays, and finally have given words to encourage my ideas and to help me finish the project. Besides Findley, Koopman, and Altenbach, Guy G. Musser, Norman Scott, and Gary D. Schnell critically read the manuscript. I thank them all for such patience. Several of my fellow graduate students, especially William Caire and Richard Smartt, at New Mexico, and colleagues at Field Museum were most helpful with their com- ments and suggestions during the course of this research. The Albert R. and Alma Shadle Fellowship given by the Buffalo Foundation through the American Society of Mammalogists enabled me to examine specimens in the British Museum. Personnel at the National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory at the Univer- sity of New Mexico allowed me to use their Wild M5 microscope and camera
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