1“Yo Vengo a Cantar Por Aquellos Que Cayeron” Poesia

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1“Yo Vengo a Cantar Por Aquellos Que Cayeron” Poesia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA “Yo vengo a cantar por aquellos que cayeron” Poesia política, engajamento e resistência na música popular uruguaia – o cancioneiro de Daniel Viglietti 1967 – 1973 José Fabiano Gregory Cardozo de Aguiar Setembro 2010 1 Agradecimentos Ao Programa de Pós Graduação de História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, seus professores e pessoal técnico- administrativo. Ao professor, orientador, desde os primeiros passos da pesquisa na graduação – das épocas do periódico O Americano – até o final deste trabalho: Guazzelli, muchas gracias! Ao professor Enrique Serra Padrós, pelos toques, livros e todo el aguante para esta pesquisa. Aos familiares e amigos que deram suporte afetivo e estímulo nos momentos difíceis. Aos queridos amigos no paisito, pelo acolhimento de sempre, pela imensa ajuda na pesquisa e nos contatos em Montevidéu. A Don Viglietti e demais artistas uruguaios, por sua música, sua luta e sua mensagem inspiradoras. Muito obrigado a todos! 2 No hay proceso social o de cambio político mudo. Necesariamente tiene voces, voces cantadas, voces escritas, voces firmadas. Todo ese período histórico de rebelión que existió en el Uruguay tuvo voces (...) Lo que ocurre es que los procesos históricos pasan y lo que sobrevive es un pensamiento, sea de tipo político o cultural, como el que abarca la canción. Por eso tú estás estudiando a partir de estos artefactos, porque es lo que queda.1 1 VIGLIETTI, Daniel in: VESCOSI, Rodrigo. Ecos revolucionarios: Luchadores sociales. Uruguay 1968-73. Montevideo: Nóos editorial, 2001, p. 445. 3 RESUMO O trabalho aborda a música popular uruguaia e a relação dos artistas engajados em determinadas causas políticas e sociais, de caráter revolucionário, com o processo de escalada autoritária no país durante o final da década de 60 e início dos anos 70. A pesquisa, portanto, se refere à música como manifestação social e política durante o período que precede o golpe militar no Uruguai, mais especificamente o período de conformação do Estado autoritário no país, durante os governos de Pacheco Areco (1967-71) e Juan Maria Bordaberry (1972 - Junho de 1973). A análise será centrada no cancioneiro de Daniel Viglietti, suas canções e poesia, bem como sua atuação e militância. Será levada em consideração a tradição da poesia política rioplantese, denominada gauchesca, e a relação desta com o cancioneiro popular produzido no período acima proposto. Tal relação pode ser entendida como uma apropriação de um discurso radical já presente na poesia política desde o século XIX que será utilizado pelos artistas engajados da década de 1960. Esta teria sido uma das estratégias de conscientização e luta de setores artísticos organizados em torno de propostas de mudança na região, em um primeiro momento, e de resistência e denúncia à escalada autoritária, em momento posterior. Também será realizada uma análise do papel do intelectual artista e de sua relação com a sociedade civil e movimentos políticos no período. Por fim, será feita a apresentação e análise do cancioneiro de Daniel Viglietti com a intenção de compreender sua produção artística a partir de temáticas que se inseriam nos debates e discussões políticas do período e de sua relação com as propostas de transformação estrutural das sociedades latinoamericanas – via reforma ou revolução. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: música popular uruguaia, artistas e intelectuais; poesia política; 4 ABSTRACT This project deals with the uruguaian popular music and the engaged artists relations with some of the social and political issues related with revolucionary causes, and the authoritarian escalade process in that country within the late 60's and early 70's. The research refers to music as a social and political manifestation during the period that preceds the military coup in Uruguay, more specificaly the period that the authoritarian State is raising, during Pacheco Areco's government (1967-71) and Juan Maria Bordaberry's government (1972 – June of 1973).The analisys is focused in Daniel Viglietti, his songs and poetry, as well as his actuation and militancy. In this analysis the tradition of the political poetry of the Rio da Prata region, called gauchesca, will be considered, as well as its relation with the poetry and the popular artists work during the studied period. The relation between both can be understood as the apropriation of an authoritarian speech that already existed in the political poetry since the nineteenth century, and that was used by the engaged artists of the 1960 decade as one of the strategies of awareness and struggle for changes, at first, and later on as a strategy of resistence and denouncement. The research will also analyse the intelectual artist role and its relation with the civil society and political movements that took place in that period. Finally, the research analyses Daniel Viglietti's work as an intent to comprehend his artistic prodution and its relation with the political contest and transformation proposals then existing. Keywords: uruguaian popular music, artists and intellectual, political poetry 5 Sumário INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................ 7 1. CIELITO CIELO DE HIDALGO, CIELO DE BARTOLOMÉ… ÉL HACE UN SIGLO QUE CANTA, Y NOSOTROS NO HACE UN MES.... A POESIA POLÍTICA DA GAUCHESCA ............................................................................. 22 1.1 A gênese da gauchesca e a tradição da poesia política no Prata ............................. 23 1.1.1 Hidalgo – O poeta dos gauchos artiguistas .......................................................... 24 1.1.2 A Gauchesca durante a Guerra Civil .................................................................... 34 1.1.3 A gauchesca, expressão da barbárie ou expressão literária nacional? ............... 41 1.1.4 A gauchesca resiste ao século XX, já o gaucho .................................................... 48 1.2 Cancioneiro popular e poesia gauchesca .................................................................. 53 1.3 O cancioneiro popular uruguaio ................................................................................ 56 1.4 A gauchesca revisitada – apropriação ou aproximação de um discurso radical ..... 62 2. INTELECTUAIS, CULTURA E REVOLUÇÃO – A CANÇÃO POLÍTICA ................................ 69 2.1 Contexto social, político e cultural dos anos 60 – contracultura e revolução ......... 73 2.1.1 Uruguai: Cultura e sociedade ............................................................................... 80 2.1.2 Cena musical - o rock uruguaio e o candombe beat ............................................ 85 2.2 A canção política na América Latina – Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Uruguai .................. 91 2.2.1 O Manifesto do Nuevo Cancionero argentino ..................................................... 93 2.2.2 A Nueva Canción Chilena ..................................................................................... 99 2.2.3 O Festival da Canção de Protesta e a Nueva Trova Cubana .............................. 102 2.2.4 – Uruguai e a canção de propuesta – um compromisso social .......................... 109 2.3 Daniel Viglietti – o desalambrador das consciências .............................................. 113 2.3.1 – O intelectual engajado .................................................................................... 117 2.3.2 Daniel Viglietti - Pensamento, reflexão e ação política ..................................... 123 2.4. Militância e repressão ............................................................................................. 126 6 3. PAPEL CONTRA BALA NO PUEDE SERVIR, CANCIÓN DESARMADA NO ENFRENTA FUSIL - TEMÁTICAS E LETRAS DAS CANÇÕES DE DANIEL VIGLIETTI ..........................................139 3.1 Escutando, cantado e interpretando a canção- análise teórica sobre a canção política - Temáticas ........................................................................................................ 141 3.1.1 Principais temáticas arroladas nas canções De Viglietti .................................... 142 3.2 ¿Quien los llamó? Antiimperialismo no cancioneiro de Daniel Viglietti ................ 142 3.3 Temática antioligárquica: reforma agrária, trabalho e exploração no campo ...... 150 3.3.1 Trabalhadores rurais .......................................................................................... 150 3.3.2 Reforma agrária ................................................................................................. 155 3.3.3 Los chuecos se junten – exôdo rural e marginalidade.........................................163 3.4 Temática da revolução: luta armada, guerrilha, o homem novo e o papel das forças armadas .......................................................................................................................... 165 3.4.1 Luta armada, guerrilha e revolução ................................................................... 166 3.4.2 O homem novo e a revolução ............................................................................ 176 3.4.3 Forças Armadas e revolução .............................................................................. 182 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .............................................................................................188 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...................................................................................192
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