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An Event-Related Brain Potential Study on Syntax and Semantics

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An Event-Related Brain Potential Study on Syntax and Semantics UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL The influence of facial information on language comprehension: an event-related brain potential study on syntax and semantics La influencia de la información facial en la comprensión del lenguaje: estudio con potenciales cerebrales evento-relacionados sobre sintaxis y semántica MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR David Hernández Gutiérrez Directores Manuel Martín-Loeches Garrido Francisco Muñoz Muñoz Madrid © David Hernández Gutiérrez, 2019 FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA Dept. Psicobiología y Metodología en Ciencias del Comportamiento The influence of facial information on language comprehension: an event-related brain potential study on syntax and semantics La influencia de la información facial en la comprensión del lenguaje: estudio con potenciales cerebrales evento-relacionados sobre sintaxis y semántica Directores: Prof. Dr. Manuel Martín-Loeches Garrido Prof. Dr. Francisco Muñoz Muñoz David Hernández Gutiérrez TESIS DOCTORAL Madrid, 2019 DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y ORIGINALIDAD DE LA TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE DOCTOR D./Dña.________________________________________________________________, estudiante en el Programa de Doctorado _____________________________________, de la Facultad de _____________________________ de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, como autor/a de la tesis presentada para la obtención del título de Doctor y titulada: y dirigida por: DECLARO QUE: La tesis es una obra original que no infringe los derechos de propiedad intelectual ni los derechos de propiedad industrial u otros, de acuerdo con el ordenamiento jurídico vigente, en particular, la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (R.D. legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, modificado por la Ley 2/2019, de 1 de marzo, regularizando, aclarando y armonizando las disposiciones legales vigentes sobre la materia), en particular, las disposiciones referidas al derecho de cita. Del mismo modo, asumo frente a la Universidad cualquier responsabilidad que pudiera derivarse de la autoría o falta de originalidad del contenido de la tesis presentada de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico vigente. En Madrid, a ____ de _________________________ de 20___ Fdo.: _______________________________ Esta DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORÍA Y ORIGINALIDAD debe ser insertada en la primera página de la tesis presentada para la obtención del título de Doctor. A todas aquellas personas que han estimulado mi curiosidad por conocer A mis padres, por brindarme oportunidades, no dogmas “Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto” Hombre soy, nada humano me es ajeno Publio Terencio, Heautontimorumenos, 165 a.C. 3 1. AGRADECIMIENTOS A pesar de que esta tesis la firme yo, todo el trabajo que está detrás es compartido con mucha gente. Llegar aquí ha sido fruto de trabajo, ilusión y esfuerzo; pero sobre todo de haberme rodeado de las personas adecuadas. Además, mi motivación para poder llevar a cabo la tesis tiene en gran parte su origen en la gente que me acompaña en mi vida personal, más allá del laboratorio y de mi vida académica. Y es que, aunque este último año he llegado a dudarlo, creo que soy humano y por ende social. En primer lugar, quiero dar las gracias a mis amigos del grupo de investigación, que incluso han acabado siendo compañeros, ¿o era al revés? Muchos llevan conmigo desde el día que llegué al Centro de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos. Recuerdo que el David de aquella época medía 1,60 m y pesaba 50 kg… ¡cómo he cambiado! Gracias a mis dos directores de tesis, Manolo y Paco. Como director del grupo de investigación, Manolo, me gustaría agradecerte la confianza que depositaste sobre mi desde el primer momento para ser responsable de mi propio experimento. Me has dado la oportunidad de trabajar de manera autónoma y de desarrollar unas habilidades que serán básicas para mi carrera científica. Gracias por tu dirección de la tesis. Prometo hacerte caso y no escribir artículos con introducciones de quince páginas y ochenta referencias. Nadie maneja el “paper pruning” como tú, Manolo. Eso es arte. Por otro lado, gracias Paco por estar ahí en el día a día, por animarme y mostrarte siempre disponible a ayudarme con cualquier aspecto de la investigación. Fue una muy buena idea que me codirigieras la tesis. Lo único que me fastidia es no haber tenido suficiente tiempo para poder aprender más de ti. Sabes que admiro tu curiosidad por aprender nuevos análisis de datos y por los aspectos metodológicos del EEG. He disfrutado trabajando codo con codo contigo. Siempre nos quedará el recuerdo de esas 4 cervezas mientras atardecía en la playa de Vancouver (dejo ya el relato, que mis lágrimas caen por el ordenador y al final me quedo sin tesis…). Mil gracias, Sabela, por animarme hace 9 años a escribir a Manolo para empezar mi colaboración en el ISCIII. Si no fuera por ti yo no habría escrito esta tesis. Seguramente estaría trabajando y tendría dinero, pero no pasa nada, no te tengo rencor. Has sido y eres una amiga necesaria, me has ido abriendo camino y es una maravilla tenerte en mi vida. Nos hemos desahogado juntos y me has aportado más de lo que crees. Gracias por la complicidad, Sabelix. Por otro lado, gracias Pili por ser como una madre conmigo, por tu cariño, por preocuparte por mí y tenderme una mano siempre que lo he necesitado; por ayudarme sin esperar nada a cambio con todas las gestiones en el Departamento y cuando he dado clases en la Facultad. Además, casi das tu vida por mí en aquel tándem en San Francisco, nunca lo olvidaré (en realidad no fue por mí, pero hay que darle un poco de emoción a esto). Gracias a ti también, Laura, por ser mi “neuro-maestra” y enseñarme sobre electroencefalografía y cómo se hace una investigación cuando no tenía ni idea de qué iba esto. Tuviste paciencia y quiero pensar que éxito. Eres una auténtica luchadora, Laura, lo demuestras día tras día y me parece envidiable. Gracias también por estar siempre ahí para echar una mano cuando se necesita y en muchos casos tirar del carro. Prometo no contar que cuando fuimos a Vancouver de congreso madrugabas a las seis y pico de la mañana para salir a correr (¿de qué huyes, Laura?). Esto queda entre tú y yo. Gracias José, a pesar de llevar menos tiempo en el laboratorio eres una persona especial para mí y te tengo mucho cariño. Sin tu ayuda habría sido imposible acabar de preparar el material experimental. Eres un excelente compañero, al nivel de tu persona. 5 A pesar de mirarte con ojos raros cuando en vez de comer sales al jardín a hacer tus ejercicios, yo te apoyo, José. Solo espero en un futuro poder juntarnos con Philip Glass a tomar algo (y entonces pasaré por alto que pidas una botella de agua). Gracias también al resto de compañeros con los que he trabajado en la Sección de Neurociencia Cognitiva: Javi, Clara, María, Joaquín, Miguel, Íker, Zahara e Irina. Todos habéis puesto vuestro granito de arena de un modo u otro en esta tesis. Además del resto de compañeros del UCM-ISCIII, los vecinos de Atapuerca: Jaime, Elena, Mónica, Virginia, Álvaro, Ana, Maicu, Mila… Da gusto tener a mi alrededor gente así en el día a día, aunque me reprochéis que ya ni como con vosotros. En breve vuelvo, lo prometo. La gente de la Universidad Humboldt de Berlin también se merecen mi agradecimiento. Especialmente los profesores Werner Sommer y Rasha Abdel Rahman. La estancia que realicé en el laboratorio de Psicología Neurocognitiva me permitió desarrollar una colaboración científica que ha dado lugar a uno de los estudios de la tesis. Gracias por vuestra confianza y por vuestra manera tan constructiva de hacer correcciones y sugerencias sobre mi trabajo. Pude aprender mucho de vosotros y ampliar mi visión sobre la investigación en neurociencia cognitiva. Quiero también agradecer a César su ayuda con Matlab (“será muy fácil” …decía, “será divertido” …decía). Ojalá en un futuro aunemos fuerzas y publiquemos algo juntos, aunque igual el proceso acaba siendo más significativo que el fin. Te tengo en un pedestal, primo. Del mismo modo, gracias Rober por tus clases de Illustrator y tu ayuda con la preparación de las imágenes. Por si fuera poco, me has diseñado una portada digna de ser enmarcada, ¡crack! Si no fuera por vuestra ayuda aún estaría codificando el material experimental a mano y haciendo las figuras con ceras Manley y un punzón. 6 Hay dos amigos que habéis sido clave desde que comencé la carrera hasta el día de hoy: Xabi y Lucas. Las discusiones que hemos mantenido sobre psicología han sido de las conversaciones más interesantes que recuerdo, impensables con otras personas. Habéis reforzado mi criterio científico, me habéis motivado a querer saber más y más sobre cómo funciona la mente humana y habéis fortalecido mi amor por esta disciplina. Sois ambos irremplazables y únicos. No os meto en mi currículum vitae porque quedaría raro, pero espero teneros siempre cerca. De manera muy especial quiero dar las gracias a mis padres. Es seguro que sin ellos esta tesis no existiría, ni en particular yo mismo. Si empecé a interesarme por la psicología fue por ti, mamá. Recuerdo cuando estuviste a punto de comenzar la carrera por la UNED y te compraste varios libros. Finalmente me he dedicado a algo que nada tiene que ver con la idea de psicología que tenías tú, pero mira…fuiste una influencia necesaria para que yo esté escribiendo esto. Gracias también, papá, por animarme siempre a dedicarme a aquello que me hiciera feliz, sin importar el qué fuera. Me has transmitido la importancia de ser disciplinado con el trabajo y esforzarme, pero sin perder de vista que la vida está para vivirla y disfrutarla.
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