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Nietzsche's Perspectivist Epistemology

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NIETZSCHE’S PERSPECTIVIST EPISTEMOLOGY: EPISTEMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF WILL TO POWER A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SONER SOYSAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FEBRUARY 2007 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ahmet İnam Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Ş. Turan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Ş. Turan (METU, PHIL) Prof. Dr. Ahmet İnam (METU, PHIL) Prof. Dr. Harun Tepe (HU, PHIL) Assoc. Prof. Dr. David Grünberg (METU, PHIL) Dr. Adnan Akçay (METU, SOC) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: SONER SOYSAL Signature : iii ABSTRACT NIETZSCHE’S PERSPECTIVIST EPISTEMOLOGY: EPISTEMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF WILL TO POWER Soysal, Soner Ph.D., Department of Philosophy Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Ş. Turan February 2007, 218 pages The aim of this study is to examine the relation between Nietzsche’s perspectivism and his doctrine of the will to power and to show that perspectivism is almost a direct and natural consequence of the doctrine of the will to power. Without exploring the doctrine, it is not possible to understand what Nietzsche’s perspectivism is and what he trying to do by proposing it as an alternative to traditional epistemology. To this aim, firstly, Nietzsche’s doctrine of the will to power is explained in detail. Next, in order to provide a deeper understanding of the doctrine, its relation with Darwinism and the claims which say that it is a metaphysical principle are analyzed. Afterwards, Nietzsche’s construction of the world as becoming out of will to power is investigated. Nietzsche’s conception of interpretation as power struggle and its role in perspectivism explained. Then, how Nietzsche’s construction of the world as becoming and his concept of interpretation as power struggle emerge as perspectivism is explained. After that, in order to present the differences between Nietzsche’s perspectivism and traditional understanding of epistemology, Nietzsche’s critiques of some of the fundamental assumptions of traditional iv epistemology, i.e., causality, logic, and subject-object and apparent-real world distinctions, are investigated. Finally, Nietzsche’s understanding of truth based on his perspectivism is inquired. Its relation with correspondence, pragmatic and coherence theories of truth is explored to show that Nietzsche’s understanding of truth could not be comprehended through these theories. Consequently, it is claimed that the tendency to attribute a truth theory to Nietzsche’s perspectivism, which is prevalent in the current Nietzsche studies, stems from commentator’s, consciously or unconsciously, ignoring of the relation between his perspectivism and his doctrine of the will to power. Keywords: Nietzsche, Will to Power, Interpretation, Perspectivism, Perspectival Epistemology, Epistemology, Truth, Truth Theories, Language, Relativism. v ÖZ NIETZCSHE’N İN PERSPEKTİVİST EP İSTEMOLOJ İSİ: GÜÇ İSTENC İ’N İN EP İSTEMOLOJ İK İÇER İMLER İ Soysal, Soner Doktora, Felsefe Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Halil Ş. Turan Şubat 2007, 218 sayfa Bu çalı şmanın amacı Nietzsche’nin perspektivizmi ile güç istenci ö ğretisi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve perspektivizmin neredeyse güç istenci öğretisinin dolaysız ve do ğal bir sonucu oldu ğunu göstermektir. Öğretiyi incelemeden, Nietzsche’nin perspektivizminin ne oldu ğunu ve bunu geleneksel epistemolojiye bir alternatif olarak ileri sürerken ne yapmaya çalı ştı ğını anlamak olanaklı de ğildir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak, Nietzsche’nin güç istenci ö ğretisi ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmı ştır. Devamında, ö ğretinin daha iyi anla şılmasını sa ğlamak için, Darwinizm ile olan ili şkisi ve ö ğretinin metafizik bir ilke oldu ğunu ileri süren iddialar incelenmi ştir. Sonra, Nietzsche’nin güç istencinden yola çıkarak dünyayı olu ş şeklinde kurması ara ştırılmı ştır. Nietzsche’nin yorum u güç mücadelesi şeklinde anlamasının ve bu anlayı şın perspektivizm içerisindeki rolü açıklanmı ştır. Daha sonra, Nietzsche’nin dünyayı olu ş şeklinde kurmasının ve güç mücadelesi olarak yorum kavramının nasıl perspektivizm olarak ortaya çıktı ğı ara ştırılmı ştır. Devamında ise, Nietzsche’nin perspektivizmi ve geleneksel epistemolojik anlayı ş arasındaki farkı ortaya koyabilmek için, Nietzsche’nin geleneksel epistemolojinin bazı temel varsayımlarına (nedensellik, mantık, özne- vi nesne ve görünür-gerçek dünya ayrımları) getirdi ği ele ştiriler incelenmi ştir. Son olarak, Nietzsche’nin perspektivizm üzerine temellenmi ş do ğruluk anlayı şı ara ştırılmı ştır. Nietzsche’nin do ğruluk anlayı şının kar şılıklılık, pragmacılık, ve uygunluk do ğruluk kuramları yardımıyla kavranamayaca ğını göstermek için, Nietzsche’nin do ğruluk anlayı şı ve bu kuramlar arasındaki ili şki incelenmi ştir. Sonuç olarak, günümüz Nietzsche çalı şmalarında yaygın olarak görülen Nietzsche’nin perspektivizmine bir do ğruluk kuramı atfetme e ğiliminin yorumcuların perspektivizm ile güç istenci ö ğretisi arasındaki ili şkiyi bilinçli ya da bilinçsiz olarak görmezlikten gelmelerinden kaynaklandı ğı ileri sürülmü ştür. Anahtar Sözcükler: Nietzsche, Güç İstenci, Yorum, Perspektivizm, Perspektif Epistemoloji, Epistemoloji, Do ğruluk, Do ğruluk Kuramları, Dil, Görecilik. vii DEDICATION To My Wife, Deniz viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Halil Ş. Turan for his valuable guidance, comments, and support throughout the development of the present work. I would also like to thank to examining committee members Prof. Dr. Ahmet İnam, Prof. Dr. Harun Tepe, Assoc. Prof. Dr. David Grünberg, and Dr. Adnan Akçay for their criticism and guidance that was absolutely essential to the final form of the work. I am also grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Sol for his valuable suggestions and comments. I am very grateful to my wife Deniz for her support and tolerance when I was depressed, especially during the last hectic weeks. She has prepared a nice and lovely working environment at home. Without her love and support, the author of this work could not keep his physical and mental health. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM..................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................iv ÖZ ....................................................................................................................vi DEDICATION................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................1 2. DOCTRINE OF THE WILL TO POWER.............................................. 11 2.1 Preliminary Notes...........................................................................11 2.2 What does Nietzsche Mean by Will to Power?................................ 13 2.3 Will to Power and Darwinism.........................................................26 2.4 Discussions Concerning the Metaphysical Character of the Will to Power .............................................................................................55 2.4.1 Heidegger’s Case: Metaphysics as forgetfulness of Being ...... 59 2.4.2 Richardson’s Case: Metaphysics as Essence Claim ................ 77 3. NIETZSCHE’S PERSPECTIVISM ........................................................90 3.1 The World as Becoming .................................................................92 3.2 Interpretation ..................................................................................96 3.3 Perspectivism................................................................................ 102 3.4 Nietzsche’s Perspectivism and Relativism..................................... 107 3.5 Logic ............................................................................................ 117 3.6 Subject-Object Distinction............................................................ 129 3.7 Apparent-Real World Distinction.................................................. 135 3.8 Causality....................................................................................... 146 4. TRUTH AND CORRESPONDENCE THEORY.................................. 156 4.1 Nietzsche’s Concept of Truth........................................................ 156 x 4.2 Nietzsche and Correspondence Theory of Truth............................ 164 4.2.1 Is the Correspondence Theory of Truth Inherent in Nietzsche’s Perspectivism? ....................................................................
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