Biology Notebook: 06.01 The Classification of Living Organisms Objectives:
● • Describe classification as a work in progress ● • Discuss the characteristics of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya ● • Describe classifications by cladistics ● • Summarize how molecular evidence reveals species relatedness ● • Identify the structures and shapes of viruses ● • Describe different types of viral infections
Key Questions and Terms Notes Classification of Living Things What is hierarchy? Who was Carolus Linnaeus and what did he create? What is taxonomy? What three kingdoms did Linnaeus divide nature? How did Linnaeus divide plants and animals into smaller categories? What are the seven major taxa of modern Linnaean taxonomy? 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7.
What are the current five kingdoms of life? What is binomial nomenclature? How are the names created in binomial nomenclature? Domain System: What did Carl Woese use to determine links between organisms? Are all organisms with similar physical characteristics related to one another? What are the three domains Woese and his colleagues proposed? 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.
What mnemonic device can be used to remember the order of Linnaean taxonomy? Alternative Classification Systems: Phylogeny and Cladistics What is phylogeny? What does a phylogenetic tree represent and how are species linked together? What is cladistics? What is a cladogram? What is a clade? What are ancestral traits? What is a derived trait? Explain how organisms are placed in a cladogram. Alternative Classification Systems: Genetic Connections How do genetic connections help to organize species? What are some disadvantages of using genetics for categorization? Classification of Non-Living Things What is a virus? How are viruses categorized? List and describe the four main viral shapes. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4.
Viral Infections Describe a lytic infection. What is a lysogenic infection? What are the steps of a lytic infection? What are the steps of a lysogenic infection? How are viruses used in gene therapy? What is the main difference between bacteria and virus?
Classification Comparisons
Using the review to complete the chart below.
Linnaean Taxonomy Cladistics Genetic Connections
Advantage
Disadvantage
Advantage
Disadvantage
Sample Question:
Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?
A. A. Viruses have a protein coat. B. B. Viruses have their own genetic material. C. C. Viruses can reproduce on their own. D. D. Viruses are classified by shape.