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Proverbes Des Bakongo SIM SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF MISSION RESEARCH PUBLISHER OF THE SERIES STUDIA MISSIONALIA SVECANA & MISSIO PUBLISHER OF THE PERIODICAL SWEDISH MISSIOLOGICAL THEMES (SMT) This publication is made available online by Swedish Institute of Mission Research at Uppsala University. Uppsala University Library produces hundreds of publications yearly. They are all published online and many books are also in stock. Please, visit the web site at www.ub.uu.se/actashop Oscar Sienstrom Proverbes · ~, Bakongo STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA LXXVII et PRESSES DE L'UNIVERSITE PROTESTANTE DE KIMPESE I Proverbes des Bakongo Oscar Stenstrom Docteur ès lettres UPPSALA et KIMPESE 1999 THESE Soumise à la Fondation du Séminaire de Hartford Pour l'Obtention du Titre de Docteur en Philosophie Hartford, Connecticut, USA Le 19 mai 1948 © Gosta Stenstrom and The Swedish lnstitute of Missionary Research ISSN 0585-5373 ISBN 91-85424-55-2 Couverture : Peinture à l'huile par Oscar Stenstorm. La Saison sèche au Kongo, Sivu ku Kongo Titre Original en anglais: Proverbs of the Bakongo (MS 1948) Traducteurs en français : José Dianzungu et Joseph Mbelolo ya Mpiku Rédigée par Gosta Stenstrom Cartes géographiques: Nils Stenstrom et Susann Fransén Subventionnée par Sodra Viistergotlands Missions- och Stipendiefond, lmmanuelskyrkan, Boràs et Svenska Missionsforbundet, Stockholm Typesetting: Editorial Office, Uppsala University Printed in Sweden by Elanders Gotab, Stockholm 1999 Distributor: The Swedish lnstituteofMissionary Research, Box 1526, Table des matières Préambule 1999 . 9 Préface 1999 . 13 Mot du traducteur. 15 Préambule . 17 CHAPITRE 1: Introduction . 21 CHAPITRE 2: Notes sur les informateurs . 28 Jacques N. Bahelele. 28 Luka Nkelani . 30 Daniel Ndoundou........................................ 30 Tite Makundu. 31 CHAPITRE 3: Les Bakongo et leur langue . 32 CHAPITRE 4: Origine des Proverbes des Bakongo . 37 En Forme de courtes Fables. 37 Le Léopard et l'Antilope . 38 Le Chien et le Lézard. 38 Les animaux et les hommes . 39 La chasse . 40 Tiokula et Seke . 40 La colombe et le hibou . 41 Condensation des Fables . 41 Basés sur l'Histoire Naturelle. 43 Basés sur la Vie et les Activités de l'Homme . 45 CHAPITRE 5: Construction et Fonction des Proverbes............. 49 Forme du Proverbe . 49 Milieu et Fonction des Proverbes. 54 CHAPITRE 6: Proverbes dans la Vie Religieuse.................... 59 Un Dieu Suprême . 59 Tabous, Totémisme et Culte des Nkisi......................... 68 Tabous............................................... 68 Totémisme. 70 Nkisi . 72 Nganga............................................... 74 Ndoki ................................................ 75 CHAPITRE 7: Proverbes de la Vie Nationale . 78 Gouvernement Indigène.................................... 78 Chefs................................................ 78 Système Judiciaire.. 88 Une Palabre........................................... 91 Code pénal. 94 Nalubokoyongo mit le feu à la savane. 96 Loi et ordre sont loués . 99 Poursuites judiciaires évitées. 101 Juges et avocats ......................................... 104 Influence de la Richesse et des Amis sur l'Action Légale .......... 106 Conscience dans l'Action Judiciaire ......................... 109 Témoins .............................................. 115 Fin du Procès .......................................... 117 Relations Humaines. 125 Esclavage . 142 CHAPITRE 8: Proverbes de la Vie Familiale ...................... 145 Mariage ................................................ 145 Restrictions . 146 Arrangements. 146 Amour et romance . 148 Vie sexuelle ........................................... 149 Cohabitation . 150 Société matrilinéaire. 152 Morale ............................................... 153 Polygamie. 153 Divorce .............................................. 155 Relations familiales. 160 Mère ................................................ 160 Père ..........................................•...... 161 Hérédité. 163 Responsabilité ......................................... 163 Parenté ............................................... 165 Clans ................................................ 165 Familles .............................................. 165 Belle-mère et beau-père. 167 Village. 169 Liens claniques . 171 Mbongo bantu. Richesse du clan. 172 Aînés et jeunes. 173 Le clan et la mon ...................................... 174 Education . 179 Vieillesse, Maladie, Décès et Héritage . 188 Vieillesse . 188 Maladies . 188 Décès . 189 Pays des mons. 190 Chefs mons........................................... 191 Bankuyu . 191 Bandoki. 192 Ngiobolo a tobe. Culte des ancêtres......................... 193 Niombo ............................................. 193 Enterrement du niombo . 194 Fwa. Héritage . 195 CHAPITRE 9: Proverbes de la Vie Economique................... 199 Economie . 199 Nsompi. Prêt.......................................... 199 Zandu. Marché . 200 Pauvreté et Richesse . 203 Kimvwama. Richesse. 204 Bumputu. Pauvreté . 206 CHAPITRE 10: Proverbes concernant la Vie Morale . 211 Les Proverbes indiquent le Caractère des Bakongo. 211 Malhonnêteté et Honnêteté................................. 212 Fausseté et Vérité......................................... 216 Paresse et Diligence . 221 Cupidité et Générosité . 231 Sagesse . 23 5 Courage ................................................ 244 Gratitude et Obéissance . 248 Fierté. 250 Bons et Mauvais Hommes. 253 Vengeance et Châtiment................................... 255 CHAPITRE 11: Proverbes divers . 257 CHAPITRE 12: Discussion et Conclusion....................... 269 Bibliographie. 275 Préambule 1999 C'est déjà pendant son premier terme de travail, 1928-1931, à Madzia, dans l'actuelle République du Congo (Brazzaville) que mon père, Oscar Stenstrôm, a commencé à collectionner et à transcrire des proverbes en kikongo. Il a conti­ nué cette collecte d'abord pendant les années 1933-1936 au Séminaire de Kin­ goyi, et ensuite, au cours de la période, 1938-1946, à l'Ecole de Pasteurs et d'Instituteurs (EPI), à Kimpese, les deux endroits mentionnés étant situés dans l'actuelle République Démocratique du Congo (Kinshasa). Le Séminaire de Kingoyi recevait des étudiants du Bas-Congo, et au Séminaire de Kimpese, les étudiants venaient de tout le territoire de l'ancien Congo Belge, ce qui a offert à mon père, dans les deux endroits, de bonnes occasions d'entrer en contact avec les Congolais ayant une grande connaissance de leur ancien univers cultu­ rel. Mes parents, Oscar et Ruth Stenstrôm, ont travaillé comme enseignants aux Séminaires de Kingoyi et de Kimpese, et mon père a aussi assumé le poste de Directeur de l'EPI, Kimpese. Moi-même et ma soeur, Ingrid Norberg, née Stenstrôm, nous nous rappe­ lons comment, durant toute notre enfance, il collectionnait ces proverbes, il les notait sur des petites fiches où il mettait aussi les commentaires des personnes sources et des quatre informateurs cités dans le deuxième chapitre de la thèse. L'un d'eux, le révérend Jacques Bahelele, était l'élève de mon père dans la classe de pasteurs à l'EPI Kimpese au début des années 40, et il était la source la plus importante de connaissance des ces proverbes et aussi de leur compréhension. Lors.
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