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PFLP & Palæstina PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 1 PFLP & Palæstina PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 2 ”PFLP & Palæstina” udgives af Internationalt Forum, Griffenfeldsgade 41, 2200 København N www.internationaltforum.dk [email protected] Bogens indhold er alene forfatterens ansvar. Stor tak til Mine søskende og venner for korrekturlæsning og rådgivning. Hald Hovedgaard, Det Danske Forfatter­ og Oversættercenter, for skønne og inspirerende skriveophold. Regnbue Tryk for layout og trykning. Fotos og illustrationer PFLP­dokumenter, Gaia, tidsskrift for international solidaritet og Irene Clausen. PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 3 PFLP & Palæstina Irene Clausen 2018 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 4 PFLP & Palæstina Irene Clausen 1. udgave, 2018 Tryk & layout: Regnbue Tryk ISBN 87­90265­75­0 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 5 Indholdsfortegnelse Forord 9 DEL I: Zionismen og al­Nakba (Katastrofen) 11 Kapitel 1: Den zionistiske ideologi og bevægelse 13 Kapitel 2: Det britiske Palæstinamandat (1923­1948) 21 Kapitel 3: Al­Nakba (Katastrofen) ­ 1948 27 DEL II: Panarabisme versus palæstinensisk nationalisme 41 Kapitel 4: Den panarabiske bevægelse 43 Kapitel 5: PLO dannes (1964) 51 DEL III: Den palæstinensiske revolution fødes 61 Kapitel 6: Junikrigen 1967 63 Kapitel 7: PFLP dannes (1967) 67 Kapitel 8: PFLP’s første kongres (1968) 75 Kapitel 9: PFLP’s 2. kongres (1969) 85 DEL IV: Flykapringer og borgerkrig i Jordan 101 Kapitel 10:Flykapringer og optakt til Sorte September 103 Kapitel 11:Sorte September–borgerkrigen i Jordan (1970) 113 Kapitel 12: PFLP’s 3. kongres (1972) 119 Kapitel 13: Oktober­krigen 1973 129 DEL V : PLO’s højredrejning ­ PFLP’s Afvisningsfront 137 Kapitel 14 Ministat og Afvisningsfront (1974) 139 Kapitel 15: Camp David­aftalen (1978) 149 DEL VI : Borgerkrigen i Libanon (1975­1990) 159 Kapitel 16: Optakt til borgerkrig og krigens parter 161 Kapitel 17: Borgerkrig i Libanon: Invasioner, kampe og massakrer 171 Kapitel 18: Slaget om Beirut (1982) 185 5 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 6 Kapitel 19: Oprøret i Fatah (1983­1985) 197 Kapitel 20: PFLP’s 4. kongres (1981) 211 DEL VII: Fra intifada til Oslo­aftale 219 Kapitel 21: 1987­intifadaen 221 Kapitel 22: PLO’s uafhængighedserklæring (1988) 241 Kapitel 23: Madrid­konferencen (1991) 249 Kapitel 24: PFLP’s 5. kongres (1993) 255 Kapitel 25: Oslo­aftalerne (1993­2000) 265 Kapitel 26: Oslo­aftalen: Modtand og konsekvenser 277 DEL VIII: PFLP­ledere udskiftes, myrdes og fængsles 287 Kapitel 27: PFLP’s 6. kongres (2000) 289 Kapitel 28: PFLP­leder Abu Ali Mustafa dræbes af Israel 297 Kapitel 29: Ahmad Sa’adat, PFLP generalsekretær, kidnappes og fængsles (2002) 303 DEL IX: 2000­intifadaen og Gaza­massakrer 309 Kapitel 30: 2000­intifadaen (2000­2007) 311 Kapitel 31: Gaza: parlamentsvalg, belejring og massakrer 325 DEL X: Temaer: 337 Kapitel 32: Den palæstinensiske fagbevægelse: klassekamp og national kamp 339 Kapitel 33: Intifadaens kvinder 353 Kapitel 34: Flygtningespørgsmålet & Retten til at vende tilbage 369 Kapitel 35: Modstandsformer og terrorspørgsmålet 375 DEL XI: Interviews 389 Kapitel 36: Interview med Ahmad Sa’adat 391 Kapitel 37: Khaled Barakat: Er en ny intifada på vej? 397 Kapitel 38: Khaled Barakat: Fra ’Oslo’ til PFLP’s 7. kongres 403 6 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 7 DEL XII: Portrætter 409 Kapitel 39: Maryam Abu Daqa fra Gaza 411 Kapitel 40: Mindeord om George Habash 419 Bilag 425 Bilag 1: Hvad betyder imperialisme 425 Bilag 2: De palæstinensiske nationalråd 425 Bilag 3: Palæstina­solidaritetsorganisationer 426 Litteraturliste 429 7 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 8 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 9 Forord Palæstina har i mange år stået mit hjerte nær. Min sympati lå fra starten hos PFLP, Folkefronten til Palæstinas Befrielse. Jeg sympatiserede med PFLP’s mål: en demokratisk sekulær stat i Palæstina med lige rettigheder til palæ­ stinensere, jøder og andre folk, uden hensyn til nationalitet og religion. Det rystede mig derfor da PFLP, som led i krigen mod terror 2001, kom på diverse terrorlister, samtidig med at det internationale solidaritetsar­ bejde blev kriminaliseret. Da jeg ledte efter bøger om PFLP, viste det sig at der stort set ingen fandtes. I de hundredvis af bøger som var udkom­ met om Palæstinas historie var der kun nogle få linje eller sider om PFLP. Jeg havde længe haft lyst til at skrive en bog, så hvorfor ikke skrive om PFLP, den vigtigste palæstinensiske befrielsesbevægelse. Da jeg ikke kunne skrive om PFLP i et ’tomrum’ måtte jeg sætte mig ind i Palæstinas historie. Det har jeg så forsøgt med denne bog. Når der bringes PFLP­citater i næsten hvert kapitel, er det et forsøg på at få hi­ storien fortalt fra ’hestens egen mund’, men også for at følge udviklingen i PFLP­ retorikken der tydeligvis ændres op gennem historien: Sproget bliver bredere i takt med at politikken bliver det. Det er derfor paradoksalt at PFLP bliver ter­ rorstemplet på et tidspunkt hvor frontens politik aldrig har været bredere. PFLP satser ikke længere kun på væbnet kamp, men kæmper også på det kulturelle, sociale, uddannelsesmæssige og sundhedsmæssige område. ”PFLP & Palæstina” er en journalistisk bog skrevet ud fra et politisk en­ gagement i palæstinensernes sag. Der anvendes kilder fra PFLP, fra den akademiske verden og fra det internationale solidaritetsmiljø. Jeg har i mange tilfælde bibeholdt de engelske navne og forkortelser for at gøre institutionerne og organisationerne genkendelige – uanset om man læser dansk eller engelsk litteratur. Og når jeg undertiden bringer de ara­ biske navne på organisationer og institutioner (i transskriberet form), er det for at sikre genkendelighed. Og skabe lidt arabisk stemning. Irene Clausen, marts 2018 9 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 10 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 11 DEL I Zionismen og al­Nakba (Katastrofen) PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 12 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 13 Kapitel 1 Den zionistiske ideologi og bevægelse ”Den zionistiske bevægelse havde to ambitioner: Den ene var demografisk og gik ud på at (…) der skulle være så få palæstinensere som muligt (…). Den anden ambi­ tion var geografisk og gik ud på at overtage så meget jord som muligt fra landet Palæstina” (Pappe, 2014) Zionismen som national bevægelse opstod omtrent samtidigt med den europæiske og arabiske nationalisme, dvs. i midten af 1800­tallet. Dens forbilleder var den europæiske kolonialisme og de europæiske imperier, især Frankrig og Storbritannien. Zionismens grundide er at ”alle jøder, uanset hvor i verden de bor, er ét folk i traditionel politisk nationalistisk forstand, og at løsningen på jødeforfølgelserne er at samle dette folk i en rent jødisk stat” (Broholm og Holmsgaard, 1984: 34). Theodor Herzl: Der Judenstaat (1896) I zionistisk historieskrivning regnes Theodor Herzl for zionismens grund­ lægger. I 1896 udkom hans lille skrift ”Der Judenstaat” (udgivet på dansk under titlen: ”Den jødiske stat”). Det epokegørende ved Herzl var at han som den første skitserede en handlingsplan for ”en tilbagevenden til Zion”1 I bogen beskrev han den antisemitisme som jøderne var udsat for i og uden for Europa og argumenterede for at kun hvis jøderne fik deres egen stat, kunne de blive fri for antisemitismen. Herzl understregede at jødespørgsmålet frem for alt er et nationalt spørgsmål: ”Jødespørgsmålet regner jeg hverken for at være et soci­ alt eller et religiøst spørgsmål (…). Det er et nationalt spørgsmål. Vi er et folk, eet folk” (Den jødiske stat: 20). Med Der Judenstaat henvendte Herzl sig primært til de rige Rotschild­familier. Disse dynastier stod i spidsen for store jødiske familieforetagender over hele verden, og deres interes­ ser var sammenfaldende med imperialismens (Lysestøl, 1974: 62). 13 PFLP & Palæstina-Tryk:Layout 1 8/6/18 10:17 AM Page 14 Zionismen søger ingen historiske eller samfundsmæssige forklaringer på antisemitismen, men ser den som ’medfødt’ hos ikke­jøder. Denne opfattelse af antisemitismen forklares tydeligst i Leo Pinskers bog ”Au­ toemancipation”, der er en forløber for Herzl’s ”Der Judenstaat”. Pin­ sker betragtede jødehadet som noget der var indlejret i menneskers natur og ikke kunne ændres. Han anvendte begrebet ”jodophobi” – altså jødehad som en slags psykose! Den første zionistkongres ­ 1897 I 1897, året efter udgivelsen af Der Judenstaat, indkaldte Herzl til den første zionistkongres i Basel i Schweiz. Her præsenterede han sit pro­ jekt: skabelsen af et nationalt hjem for alverdens jøder. På kongressen blev The World Zionist Organization (WZO) oprettet. WZO blev den centrale institution i opbygningen af jødestaten, en slags skyggerege­ ring. Herzl blev på kongressen valgt til formand for WZO, i hvis program der stod at zionismens mål var ”… at skabe et hjem i Palæstina for det jødiske folk, sikret ved almen lov” (Sayigh, 1968: 11). Theodor Herzl omtalte i Der Judenstaat de to lande hvor det jødiske nationalhjem kunne oprettes, nemlig Argentina og Palæstina. I årene efter den første zionistkongres nævntes endvidere Kenya, Uganda og Madagaskar. Men der var det specielle ved Palæstina at en række bi­ belske fortællinger var knyttet til landet. Det fik betydning for at valget faldt på Palæstina. Men det hang også sammen at den zionistiske be­ vægelses allierede, Storbritannien, havde vigtige interesser i Mellem­ østen, bl.a. regionens oliekilder, den nærliggende Suezkanal og handelsvejen til Indien. Derfor faldt valget på Palæstina. Blandt zionister var der ambitioner om et Storisrael der – ud over det nu­ værende Palæstina – skulle omfatte dele af Syrien, Libanon, Jordan og Egypten, dvs. de mest frugtbare dele af Mellemøsten (Høirup, 2013: 10).
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