Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84718-6 - Intellectuals and the Public Good: Creativity and Civil Courage Barbara A. Misztal Index More information

Index

Aarvik, E. 143, 147, 204 allegiances to group 86 Aaseng, N. 116, 121 Alonso, H. H. 130, 131 Aberdeen, University of 215 Emily Greene Balch and 193, 194, 196, Abrams, I. 198, 207 champions and 182, 184, 185, 188, 192, Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi 195, 197, 199, 201 Europe (Oliner and Oliner) 75 dissidents and 156, 161, 175 Amabile, T. M. 49 heroes and 130, 137, 138, 143, 144 ambiguity 15, 63 Nobel Prize and 110, 111, 113–14, 115, American Academy of Arts and Letters 141 121 American Chemical Society 220 pioneers and 212, 215, 217, 220 American culture 71, 80, 95 on recurrent patterns 101 American Economic Association 191 absence of intellectuals 14–15 American Journal of Sociology 130 academic-expert 29 American Sociological Society 129 Academy of Sciences (Russia) 165, 169 American Union Against Militarism 194 ‘Account rendered’ (Ossietzky) 159 Amnesty International 118, 119, 175 achievement 32 Amundsen, Roald 135 Act of Creation (Koestler) 46 ancient Greeks 1, 39, 65–7, 68–70, 73, action theory 42, 53–4, 54–5 125 Addams, Jane 122, 127–33, 235 Anderson, Hans Christian 154 courage and 133 andreia (military manliness) 68 creativity and 132–3 Andropov, Yury 168 Emily Greene Balch and 193, 194, 207 Angell, Norman 122, 182–91, 206 hostility to 130 cooperation and 184 Hull House and 127, 128–9, 132, 133 Great Illusion and 182, 184–5 migrants and 128 League of Nations and 187, 188 networks and 133 Norman Angellism 184 social reform and 128–9 anomie 79 universities and 129 anthropological studies 46–7 wholeness of life/work 147 ‘anti-capitalist bias’ 97 women’s rights and 130 anti-democratic gestures 98 world peace and 130–1 anti-Semitism 160 adhocism 58 Antoine, C. 173, 175, 176 Adler, Alfred 145 anxiety 59–60 Adorno, T. 90 apartheid 117 Afghanistan 169 Approaches to the Great Settlement (Balch) Africa 120, 144, 195 194 Norman E. Borlaug in 230–1 Aquinas, Thomas 74 African Growth and Opportunity Act 231 Arctic expedition (Nansen) 134, 135 African National Congress 117, 120 Arendt, H. 59–60, 64, 239 African-Americans 95 authority sources and 33, 35, 39 Albert, R. S. 40, 41, 42 courage and 65, 68, 70, 177

262

Index 263

Argentina 122, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177 Bain, A. J. 135 Arieti, S. 38 Bakhtin, M. 47 Aristotle 65, 66, 69, 77, 78, 148 Balch, Emily Greene 122, 161, 191–8, 206 Armenians 138, 140 cooperation and 196–7 Armistice Day 196 Haiti and 195, 198 Aron, R. 17, 96, 98, 241 League of Nations and 193, 195, 196 artists 122 Wellesley College and 191, 192–3, 194, see also Pe´rez Esquivel, Adolfo 196, 197 Asia 119, 120, 143 Ball State University 190 Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Balton, R. K. 65 Nations (Myrdal) 203 Baudrillard, J. 14 Asmis, E. 39 Bauman, Z. 3, 7, 89, 94, 95, 99 Atlantic Charter 216 authority and 13–14, 26, 27, 28, 32 Atomic Energy Commission (US) 222 Begin the World Anew (Bailyn) 33 atomic weapons see nuclear testing Beidernikl, G. 112 Aung San Suu Kyi 119 Benda, J. 2, 16–17, 88, 96, 181, 239–40 Auschwitz 141 Ben-David, J. 235 authority Bergen Museum 134–5 authoritarian regimes 98, 125 Berger, S. 182, 190 authorisation structures 104 Bergson, H. 44 defining public intellectual 1, 13–21, 123 Berlin, I. 33–4, 41, 62, 103, 179, 239 Benda on 16–17 Berlin Wall 119, 153 Collini on 20–1 Berliner Volks-Zeitung 157 contradictions 14 Berman, M. 142, 145, 146 death of intellectual 14–15 Bernhard, C. G. 113 Foucault on 18–19 Bernik, I. 100 free-floating 17–18 Bethke Elshtain, J. 36, 68 Gramsci on 18 heroes and 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 148 Mannheim on 17–18 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche) 23 rootlessness 17–18 Bickford, S. 177 sociological 19 Biddulph, H. 155 traditional 16 biography and creativity 49 overview 7 Bisceglia, L. 182, 183, 186, 187–8, 189, 190 role of public intellectuals 21–8 Bismarck 72 beyond professional duties 26–7 ‘bisociation’ 46 celebrity and 26 Bitburg cemetery 143 creativity and 36–7 Black, Joseph 41 media and 24–5 Black Reichswehr 158 professionalism and 23 Bloom, A. 22 specialisation and 21–2, 25, 34 boat people 144 universities and 22–3 Boden, M. A. 39, 44 sources of 28–37 Boer War 183 celebrity 30–1 Bohm, D. 45, 56 classical model 28–9 Bok, S. 200, 201, 202–3 courage 34–7 Bolshevik Revolution 161 creative imagination 32, 33 Bonner, Elena 167, 168 creativity 31–3, 36–7 Borges, Jorge Luis 177 critique 28, 34 Borlaug, Norman E. 122, 225–32 democracy 33–4 addressing problems 232–6 expert-intellectual 29–30 in Africa 230–1 judgements and 21–34 criticism of 230 autonomous intellectual field 100, 103 in India 225, 227–8 in Mexico 225, 226–8 Bacon, A. 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176 in Pakistan 225, 227–8 Bailey, G. 165, 166, 168, 169, 170 training and 229–30 Bailyn, B. 33, 62 Bosnia 144

Index264

Boston Children’s Aid Society 192 Centre for the Study of Democratic Boston University 141, 142 Institutions 223 Boswell, J. 70 Chadwick Lecture 213 Bourdieu, P. 3, 55, 56, 235 ‘challengers’ 60 authority and 13, 15, 20, 25, 26–7, 32, Chamberlain, Neville 189 35 champions 106, 181–208 engagement and 89, 90, 97, 98, 100–1, public opinion and reform 181–2 103 reason and communication 206–8 Boyd Orr, John 122, 211–18 see also Angell, Norman; Balch, Emily addressing problems 232–6 Greene; Myrdal, Alva criticism of 214 chance 61–2 Food and Agriculture Organisation charisma 58–9 (FAO) and 212, 217 Charles V, Emperor 85 Quebec conference 216–17 Chicago 127, 128, 133 Rowett Institute and 212–13, 216 Chicago, University of 129, 149, 189, 192 Boynton, R. S. 94 China 230 Bozoki, A. 100 Chomsky, N. 15, 24 Brecht, Bertolt 153 Christiania (Oslo), University of 134, 135, Brezhnev, L. 166 136 Britain 189 Christianity 40, 125, 172, 173 see also United Kingdom (UK) Churchill, Winston 68, 215 British Science Association 214 Cicero 72 Brown, V. B. 128, 129, 149 City College of New York 142 Brym, R. J. 18, 98 civic activism 34, 64, 132 Bryn Mawr, college 191 civil courage see under courage Buchenwald 141 civil rights 117, 171 Buenos Aires 171–2, 175 civil society 72, 85, 104 Burke, Edmund 15 class 19 Burns, T. R. 40–1, 44 ‘cleft habitus’ 101 Bussey, G. 191 ‘clercs, les’ 181 Clinton, Hillary 145 Calder, R. 213, 214–16, 217, 218, 234 Clinton, President Bill 144, 145 California, University of 223 Closing of the American Mind (Bloom) 22 California Institute of Technology Cobden, Richard 183, 184 (Caltech) 219, 223 Cold War 119 California State Investigation Committee Cole, J. R. 91 on Education 221 Cole, S. 91 Calvinism 63 collaboration 61, 91, 94 Cambodians 142, 144 Collaborative Circles: Friendship Dynamics Camic, G. 20 and Creative Work (Farrell) 93 Campbell, J. 125 ‘collective consciousness’ 27 Canada 120 Collini, S. 3, 4, 182, 206, 223 Canguilhem, G. 61 authority and 21–2, 23, 32, 35 capitalism 44 definitions 13, 15, 17, 20–1 care and inclusiveness 75 engagement and 90, 94, 101, 104 careers 101–6 Collins, H. M. 91 Carey, J. 15 Collins, R. 91, 92–3, 235 Cargas, H. J. 145 Comite´ Mondial Contre la Guerre et le Carlyle, Thomas 126 Fascisme (World Committee against Carnegie Endowment for International War and Fascism) 189 Peace 184, 186 commerce 39, 48 Carter, President Jimmy 142, 231, 232 Commission on Women’s Work 201 Castoriadis, C. 52, 64 commitment 90 celebrity 15, 20, 26, 28, 30–1, 118, 126 Common Culture: Symbolic Work at Play in censorship 103 the Everyday Cultures of the Young Central Europe 195 (Willis) 47

Index 265

communication, reason and 206–8 creativity 4, 36–7, 122 communism 99, 161, 162, 221 action, nature of 52–4 communitarian ethics 133 judgement 53–4 competence and confidence 76–7 sociological approaches 52 Comte-Sponville, A. 66, 67, 69, 72 definitions 38–49 concentration camps 141, 156, 160, 161 anthropological studies 46–7 ‘conductorless orchestration’ 56 cultural studies 47 conflict 85, 93 dictionary 38–9 Congressional Gold Medal 143 eighteenth-century 40–1 Contact with America (Myrdal and Myrdal) Greek 39 201 management studies 48 ‘convention’ 85 nineteenth-century 42, 43–4 cooperation 131–2, 184, 196–7, 212 normal science 44–5 Cooperative Wheat Research and Renaissance 40 Production Program 227 Romantic 41 Coser, L. 13, 16, 28, 34, 96, 225, 241 sociology of science 45–6 Coughlin, W. P. 205 twentieth-century 42, 44 courage 4–5, 31, 34–7, 65–87, 122, 177 democratisation of 48 an impossible subject 67 earliest traditions 39 ‘courageous highwaymen’ 80 forms of 54–64 engagements and see under engagements ‘charismatic inspiration’ 58–9 group allegiance and nonconformity ‘civic creativity’ 64 78–82, 133 collaborative exploration 61 criminal deviance and 79–80 ‘creative insight’ 62 Marcuse on 82 formal 56 Merton on 79–80 habitual 55–6 religion and 78 improvisation 60 Riesman on 81–2 informal 56 Whyte on 82 ‘invisible elbow’ principle 58 of Jane Addams 133 rationalisation 62–3 nature and status 65–73 situation 54–7 ancient Greeks and 65–7, 68–70 ‘taming of ambiguity’ 63 civil 72, 104, 147, 178 ‘taming of anxiety’ 59–60 democracy and 65, 68 ‘taming of chance’ 61–2 heroism 69, 71 imagination and 5, 32, 33 Jewish tradition and 71–2 industry and 47 knowledge and 66 of Jane Addams 132–3 military 66, 67, 68, 69 locating 49–52 morality and 70, 72 holistic approach 49–52 public life and 68–9, 70–1 psychological studies 51 overview 8 systems view 49–52 risk and difficulty 73–8, 85, 86 marginality and see under engagements care and inclusiveness 75 overview 7–8 competence and confidence 76–7 criminal deviance 79–80, 83 fear, studies of 74, 77 Crisis in the Population Question (Myrdal psychological studies and 73–4 and Myrdal) 200, 201 whistle-blowing 75–6 crisis situations 83, 103 value-rational civil 83–7 criticism 96–7 formality 86 of Alva Myrdal 200 forms of 86 ‘critical organic catalyst’ 94–5 informality 86 of Elie Wiesel 145 situations 86–7 of intellectuals 15–16 Weber on 83–5 of Jane Addams 130 Crane, D. 91 of John Boyd Orr 214 Crawford, E. 111, 112–13, 118 of Linus Carl Pauling 219, 221 Creative Action (Joas) 53 of Nobel Prize 111–12

Index266

criticism (cont.). see also Ossietzky, Carl von; Pe´rez of Noman E. Borlaug 230 Esquivel, Adolfo; Sakharov, Andrei critique 28, 34 DNA 218, 221 Cromwell, Oliver 80 Doctors without Borders 118 Csikszentmihalyi, M. 49, 50–1, 51–2, 56, ‘dogmatic nationalism’ 130 64, 224 Donaldson, T. 76 culture contexts 21, 47, 102–4 Dornan, P. 165, 170 Cushing, H. 140 Douglas, W. O. 133 Dreyfus Affair 1, 13, 28, 36, 83, 163, 183 da Vinci, Leonardo 38 Dreyfusard intellectuals 13, 17, 29 daemon (guardian spirit) 39 Dunant, Jean Henri 118 Dahl, R. A. 154 Durkheim, E. 78, 83, 92, 150 Daily Mail 183, 185 Daily Messenger 183 E. L. du Pont de Namours and Company Dalai Lama 118 226 Dalton, B. 55 Easterbrook, G. 230 Darwin, Charles 42, 49, 183 eastern Europe 103, 111, 119, 179 Das Freie Volk 156 Economic Review 185 Das Tagebuch 157 Economist 185 Davis, A. F. 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, eighteenth century 40–1 133 Einstein, Albert 24, 38, 50, 159, 220 Davis, J. 63 Einstein Committee 220 de Jouvenel, B. 97 Ekerwald, H. 198–9, 200, 202, 204 de Klerk, Frederik Willem 120 Elementary Forms (Durkheim) 78 de Solla Price, D. J. 91 Eliot, T. S. 50 Deak, I. 98, 155, 156–9, 162, 163, 179 Emergency Committee of Atomic Debray, R. 25, 28 Scientists 220 Defence of the English-Speaking Role (Angell) Emperor’s New Clothes (Anderson) 154 189 End of Utopia: Politics and Culture in an Age ‘defenders of the faith’ 13 of Apathy (Jacoby) 90 definitions 19, 115–16, 117, 210–11 engagements 88–106 see also under authority; creativity courage and 95–101 delinquency 101 authoritarian regimes 98 democracy 1, 3–4, 33–4, 104, 125, 178 Bourdieu on 100–1 courage and 65, 71, 80, 85 Brym on 98 Democracy and Social Ethics (Addams) communism 99 129 democratisation 98, 99 Democratic Association 156 leftist ideologies 98 democratisation 46, 48, 98, 99, 164 oppositional stance 97, 100 Der Wegwesier 157 Sartre on 95–6 des Peres, T. 142, 146 status quo alignment 100 ‘desaparecidos’ (Argentinian) 144 marginality, creativity and 88–95 Dewey, John 43, 52, 129, 197 collaboration 94 dialogic literary theory 47 Collins on 92–3 Die Weltbu¨hne (journal) 155 conflicts 93 difficulty see courage, risk and difficulty ‘critical organic catalyst’ 94–5 disarmament 199, 203–4 exilic intellectuals 89–90 ‘Disarmament’ (WILPF) 196 free-floating intellectuals 89 ‘discovery’ (Popper) 44 networks 90–3 disobedience, civil 178 Republic of Letters 91–2 ‘displaced persons’ 89 rootlessness 89 dissidents 97, 106, 153–79 sociability 91–2 political closure challenges 177–9 strangers 88–9 civil disobedience 178 overview 8 democracy 178 recurrent patterns and 101–6 political intellectuals 153–5 Abrams on 101

Index 267

careers 101–6 Forster, E. M. 69 cultural context 102–4 fortitudo (strength) 68 historical context 102–4 fortitudo moralis 72 networks 104–6 Foucault, M. 16, 18–19, 30, 62, 69, 96 Swedberg on 102 Foundation for Humanity, Elie Wiesel 144 types of 105–6 Foundation of International Polity (Angell) Engell, J. 40, 41 185 Enlightenment 1, 28, 40, 41 Fram, voyage of 135 entrepreneurs 44 France 17, 19, 22, 59, 141, 157, 163 environmental issues see Borlaug, public intellectual model 2, 13 Norman E. Frangeur, R. 201, 205 Ericsson, D. 39, 41, 48 Frankfurt School 162 Eskimos 140 free play of creativity 44 Ethiopia 144, 189 free public space 3 Etzioni-Halevy, E. 26 free-floating intellectuals 17–18, 89 Euripides 69 Frei, B. 156, 157, 160 Europe 88, 143, 175, 187, 192–3 Freud, S. 42–3, 49 European Council 146 Friendly, A. 155 European Legacy (journal) 103 Fromm, E. 42 Europe’s Optical Illusion (Angell) 184 Fuchs, S. 52 evaluation 25 Fuller, S. 90, 97 evolution 42 authority and 15, 23, 24, 28, 36 exile 89–90, 169 functionalist theory 91 expeditions 135 Furedi, F. 14, 15, 36 expert-intellectuals 28, 29–30 Eyerman, R. 96, 103, 131, 200, 205 Galileo 153, 170 authority and 16, 18, 19, 30 Gallo, Max 14 Galton, Francis 42 Factor, R. A. 84 Game of Disarmament (Myrdal) 204 Farrell, M. P. 91, 93–4 Gandhi, Mahatma 50, 116, 153, 170, 171, Fassin, E. 14, 15, 16 172 fear 73, 74, 77 Gardner, H. 49–50 see also under courage Garibaldi, Giuseppe 69 Feeding the People in Wartime (Boyd Orr and Garton Foundation 184 Lubbock) 215 Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Feifer, G. 178 Chemistry 220 Feldman, B. 113, 117, 119, 238 Gellner, E. 164 feminism 68, 201, 202 genetic modification (GM) 231 Ferree, M. M. 30, 33 Geneva Disarmament Conference ‘fertile genius’ 139 (1962–6) 199 Fettweis, C. 182, 190 Geneva University 183 Fiedor, K. 158 ‘genie from the bottle, The’ (Ossietzky) 160 Fight the Famine movement 187 genius 38, 40, 42, 59, 139 Finkelstein, N. G. 146 ‘German Dreyfus’ 160 First World War see World War I German League for Human Rights 159 Fleck, C. 112 German Peace Association 157 flow (state of mind) 50, 56 German Peace Society 156, 157 Food, Health and Income (Boyd Orr) Germany 98, 103, 192 214–15 heroes and 139, 143 Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Nazi 155, 161, 183, 189, 196 212, 217 Nobel Prize and 111, 115, 121 food policy see Borlaug, Norman E.; Boyd see also Ossietzky, Carl von Orr, John Gerth, H. H. 59 Ford, Henry 193 Gestalt approach to creativity 46 Ford Foundation 230 Gilded Age in America 127 formality 56, 86, 104–5 Glasgow, University of 211, 212, 216

Index268

Glassner, B. 77 heroism 69, 71 Glover, J. 75 Hesser, L. 226, 228, 230, 232 Goertzel, T. G. 221, 223 higher education 15 Goffman, Erving 92 Hiroshima 220 Goldfarb, J. C. 3, 14, 31, 36, 99 Hirschman, A. O. 154 Goldgar, A. 91–2 historical contexts 102–4 Gorbachev, Mikhail 119, 169 Hitler, Adolf 15, 96, 111, 160, 161, 189 Gorky (city) 169 Hobbes, Thomas 70 Gouldner, Alvin 3, 19, 29 Hobbs, A. 67 Graham, Martha 50 Hobhouse, L. T. 3 Gramsci, A. 16, 18, 19, 95 Hobsbawm, E. 32 Great Britain 136, 183, 222 holistic approach 49–52 food policy see Boyd Orr, John Holl, K. 118 Great Heroes 68 Hollander, D. 168, 179 Great Illusion (Angell) 182, 184–5, 187 Holmwood, J. 202 Great Men 83, 126 Holocaust 140–1, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, Greeks see ancient Greeks 147 ‘Green Revolution’ see Borlaug, Norman E. Holocaust Memorial Museum (US) 142 Greenland expedition (Nansen) 134, 135, Homer 125 140 honour 66, 68 Gross, N. 20 ‘hot groups’ 62 Grossman, K. R. 157 Hot Springs Conference 215–16 group allegiance see under courage Hoyer, L. Nansen 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, Gruber, H. E. 49, 50 140 guardian spirit 39 Huizinga, J. 47 Guggenheim Foundation 219 Hull House 127, 128–9, 130, 132, 133 Gussejnow, G. 169 Hull House Maps and Papers (Addams) 129 Habermas, J. 3, 13, 96, 178, 240 human rights 117, 118, 119, 141, 144 habitual action 55–6 Adolfo Pe´rez Esquivel and 171, 173, Hacking, I. 61–2 174–6, 177 Hager, T. 221, 224, 225 Andrei Sakharov and 164, 167–8, 169 Hagstrom, J. 231 Human Rights Commission 174 Hagstrom, W. 91 Human Rights Committee 167 Haiti 195, 198 hunger strikes 167, 169, 176 Hall, H. 133 Hunt, G. 76 Hamilton, R. F. 130 Huntford, R. 134, 135, 137, 138–40 Hammarskjold, Dag 111 Huxley, T. H. 183 Hanson, H. 227, 228 hydrogen bomb 164–6, 170, 221 Harvard University 192 see also nuclear testing Hastrup, K. 46 Havel, V. 2, 153 idealists, realistic 125–6 Havener, R. D. 225 Ideology and Utopia (Mannheim) 17 Hayek, F. A. 97 Ignatieff, M. 14 Heller, S. 77 Iliad (Homer) 125 Hemingway, Ernest 71 Imaginary Institution of Society (Castoriadis) Henley, J. 114, 117, 120 52 Hereditary Genius (Galton) 42 imagination 5, 41 Herman, S. R. 203 immigrant communities 127 Hero of Socialist Labour (Sakharov) 165, improvisation 60 169 inclusiveness, care and 75 heroes 34, 101, 106, 125–50 independence 15, 23 realistic idealists 125–6 India 202, 225, 227–8 wholeness of life/work 147–50 informality 56, 86 see also Addams, Jane; Nansen, Fridtjof; network 91, 104, 147, 149, 181 Wiesel, Elie ‘innovation’ 48

Index 269

insight 46, 62 see also Angell, Norman; Ossietzky, Institute of Physics (Moscow) 167 Carl von institutionalisation 28 judgements 21–34, 53–4, 64 intellectual capital 20, 26 Judt, T. 3, 15, 17 intellectual field 20, 100 justification 44, 104 intellectual production, theory of 93 intelligence in pragmatism 43 Kant, I. 72, 115 Intelligent Man’s Way to Prevent War Karabel, J. 18, 89, 98, 100 (Woolf) 186 Karazijal, R. 112 interaction ritual chains theory 91 Karlfeldt, Erik A. 111 Internal Security Subcommittee of the Karolinska Institute 110 Senate 221 Kateb, G. 66, 67, 70, 73 International Congress of Women Kauffman, G. B. 116 The Hague (1915) 193 Kauppi, N. 25, 31 Zurich (1919) 194 Keene, A. T. 115, 121 International Emergency Food Council champions and 183, 197, 204 212, 217 pioneers and 212, 216, 220, 221, International Federation of Business and 223 Professional Women 201 Kelly, A. 169 International Maize and Wheat Kemp-Welch, A. 15 Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) Kempny, M. 100 227, 232 Kennedy, President J. F. 68, 71, 222–3 International Physicians for the Prevention Kenny, M. 1, 3 of Nuclear War 119 Key (author) 125 International Red Cross 118, 119, 137, 160 Keynes, J. M. 182 Interregional Group of People’s Deputies KGB 168 169 Khrushchev, Nikita 165, 222 investment theory 49 Kilpinen, E. 53 ‘invisible elbow’ principle 58 King, Martin Luther 115, 117, 119, 153, ‘invisible hand’ 58 172 Iphigeneia at Aulis (Euripides) 69 Kissinger, Henry A. 116 Israeli–Arab conflict 145–6 Kjelling, A. C. 118 Klein, V. 204 ‘J’accuse’ (Zola) 29 Kline, E. 169 Jacobsohn, Siegfried 158 Knight, L. W. 129, 133 Jacoby, R. 2, 14, 22, 24, 90 knowledge 28, 66 Jahn, G. 191, 193, 196, 197, 215, 216, ‘society’ 29 217, 223 Koestler, A. 46 James, W. 62 Koht, P. 131, 133 Janowitz, M. 78 Kohut, H. 38 Jasper, J. M. 76 Kolakowski, L. 16 Jay, M. 161 Konrad, G. 29 Jellinek, G. 103 Korchin, S. 77 Jennings, J. 15, 17, 29, 103, 240 Korosenyi, A. 100 Jesus Christ 153 Kreiser, Walter 158–9 Jewell, M. E. 189 Kreisler, H. 220–3, 225, 233 Jews 71–2, 142, 183, 189 Kris, E. 38 Jimmy Carter Center (Atlanta) 231 Kuhn, T. S. 44–5, 59, 61 Joas, H. 52, 53–5, 56 Kurzman, C. 19, 98 defining creativity 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 Johnson, Paul 15 La Nuit 141 Johnson, Samuel 70 Labour Party (British) 188, 189 Johnson-Laird, P. 64 Laches (Plato) 66 Joint Committee of Swedish Organizations Land of Galileo (Brecht) 153 for Cultural Relief in Europe 201 Lange, C. L. 188 journalists 122, 141 Laqueur, W. 161, 162, 163

Index270

Lasch, C. 131 Lyotard, J. -F. 14 Laski, Harold 182 ‘Lysaker Circle’ 138 Lassman, P. 96, 103 Lysenko, Trofim 166 Lasswell, H. D. 98 Last Intellectuals (Jacoby) 22 MacDonald, Ramsay 188 Latin America 120, 122, 143 Machiavelli Niccolo` 67, 70 see also Pe´rez Esquivel, Adolfo Macmillan, Harold 182 ‘Latin America stations of the cross Mainau Declaration 221 1492–1992’ (Pe´rez) 171 management studies 48 Latour, B. 91 Mandela, Nelson 59, 120 laureates, Nobel Peace Prize 118–23 Mann, Thomas 159, 164 ‘law of small numbers’ 92 Mannheim, K. 2, 16, 17–18, 45, 88–9, 90, League of Nations 119, 156, 215 97 Emily Greene Balch and 193, 195, Marcuse, H. 80, 82 196 marginality see under engagements Fridtjof Nansen and 136–40 Marrin, A. 182–3, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190 Norman Angell and 187, 188 Marshall plan for Africa 231 Leahey, E. 98 Martin, B. 76 Learning to Labour (Willis) 47 Martin, P. 60 Leavitt, H. J. 62 Marx, Karl 42, 97, 164, 184, 194 Lectures on Heroes (Carlyle) 126 Massachusetts Minimum Wage leftist ideologies 98 Commission 192 legends see heroes Mauriac, Franc¸ois 141 Lemert, C. C. 22 Mayer, R. E. 38 Lemmel, B. 110, 111, 113 McCarthy era 219, 221, 222, 225, 233 Lenin, V. I. 137 McGown, J. 53–4 Lerner, D. 98 McLaren, R. 40 Letter from Birmingham Jail (King) 153 Mead, G. H. 43 Levine, D. H. 129, 131, 132, 133, 172 Medal of Freedom (US) 226 Levinovitz, A. W. 110 media 47, 114, 116, 118, 126 Levy, L. W. 131, 133 authority and 24–5, 26, 28, 30, 36 Libak, I. 121 Mehta, Ashoka 228 Liep, J. 40, 42 Meir, Golda 145 Life Magazine 223 Memoir in Two Voices (Wiesel and Lila, M. 2, 96–7 Mitterrand) 145 Limited Test Ban Treaty (Moscow 1963) Memorial Council (US) 142 165 Menchu´ Tum, Rigoberta 119–20 Lin, N. 149, 207 Merton, R. K. 45–6, 79–80, 83, 91 Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Mesquite Indians 144 Medicine 223 Mexico 225, 226–8 Lionaes, A. 168, 225–6, 228–9 Miceli, M. P. 76 Lipman-Blumen, J. 62 Michels, R. 97 Lipset, M. 16, 98 Middle Ages 39, 40 Literature, Nobel Prize in 111, 113 Middle East 119, 195 Lockwood, D. 79 migrants 128 Lofgren, O. 39, 47 Milbank Memorial Fund 215 Lonely Crowd (Riesman) 80 military courage 66, 67, 68, 69 Lourie, R. 164, 168, 170 Milk Consumption and the Growth of School Lubart, T. L. 39, 42, 49, 51 Children (Boyd Orr) 213 Lubbock, David 215 Mill, J. S. 80–1, 153, 183 Luke, T. 22 Miller, J. D. B. 190 Lundestad, G. 114, 115, 117, 119, 120 Miller, W. I. 65, 66, 67, 72 Luther, Martin 85 Mills, C. W. 22, 59 Luthuli, A. 117 Minerals in Pastures and Their Relation to Lyce´e de St Omer 183 Animal Nutrition (Boyd Orr) 213 Lyon, E. S. 204 Minnesota, University of 78

Index 271

mirror of modernity 39, 48 Nettl, J. P. 97 Misztal, B. A. 57 networks 90–3, 98–9, 104–6, 176 Mitterrand, Franc¸ois 145 of enterprises 49 Mjos, Ole Danbolt 117 informal 147, 149, 181 models Jane Addams and 133 of action 53–4 Linus Carl Pauling and 224, 225 of gift exchange 91 types of 105–6 modernity 39, 42, 48 Neutral Conference of Continuous Momkauskait, A. 112 Mediation 193 Montesquieu, C.-L 71 Neutrality League 186 Monument to the Refugees 171 ‘new ideas’ 92 Mooney, R. L. 49 New Republic 185, 186 morality, courage and 70, 72 New Scientist 218 Moscow University 164 ‘new social class’ 29 Mother Teresa 119 new sociological conceptualisations 20 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 174 New York Times 131, 226 Myrdal, Alva 122, 198–205, 206 Newer Ideals of Peace (Addams) 130 criticism of 200–1 Nicaragua’s Indians 142 disarmament 203–4 Nie Wieder Krieg (No More War) 157 feminism and 201, 202 Nietzsche, Friedrich 23, 44 population issues and 200–1, 202 nineteenth century 42, 43–4 rationalisation and 205 No More War! (Pauling) 222 Social Democratic party and 199, 200, Nobel, Alfred 109–10, 111, 112, 113, 114, 201, 205 115, 116 United Nations (UN) and 199, 202 Nobel Peace Prize 5–6, 106, 109–23 women’s rights 200, 201, 202, 204, broad definition 115–16, 117 205 controversies 116–17 Myrdal, Gunnar 199, 200, 203 differences 114–15 myths 39 human rights and 117, 118, 119 international reputation 117–18 Nagasaki 220 laureates 118–23 Nansen, Fridtjof 117, 122, 134–40, 178 media coverage 114 expeditions and 135 Norwegian Parliament (Storting) League of Nations and 136–40 113–14 Norway and 134, 136, 138 prestige of 116, 118 oceanography and 136 selection 114 refugees and 137 Nobel Peace Prize (Stenersen) 121 research and 134–5 Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates Soviet Russia and 137, 139, 140 (Abrams) 121 wholeness of life/work 147 Nobel Prize Nation 194 Committees 110, 228 Nation and Family (Myrdal) 201 criticism 111–12 National Academy of Art (Buenos Aires) history 109–13 171, 172 Nobel Foundation 110, 112 National Defense Research Commission statutes 110, 111, 113, 114 220 see also Nobel Peace Prize national particularism 17 Nobel Prize Winners (Wasson) 121 natural science 40, 122 nonconformity see courage, group Nature of the Chemical Bond (Pauling) allegiance and nonconformity 220 ‘Nonconformity as a type of reference Nazi Germany 155, 161, 183, 189, 196 group behaviour’ (Merton) 79 Near, J. P. 76 non-democratic polities 178 ‘negotiators’ 132 non-democratic societies 104 Nehru, Jawaharlal 80 normal science 44–5 Nehru Award for International Norman Angellism 184 Understanding 203 Norman Borlaug University 229

Index272

Norman E. Borlaug International Papenburg-Esterwegn 160 Agricultural Science and Technology Paris agreement (Vietnam) 116 Fellows Program 229 Paris Commune 103 North Pole 134, 135 Parsons, T. 16, 32 North Vietnam 116 Passy, F. 105, 150 Norway 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 135, 160 Pasternak, Boris 111 Fridtjof Nansen and 134, 136, 138 Patriotism under Three Flags: A Plea for Parliament (Storting) 110, 113–14, 117 Rationalism in Politics (Angell) 183 Norwegian Nobel Committee (Peace) Patterson Meyer, E. 137, 159, 160, 193 113–21, 143, 217, 223 Pauling, Ava Helen 221 champions and 188, 197, 204 Pauling, Linus Carl 115, 122, 218–25, dissidents and 160–1, 175, 177 241 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 219, 222, 223 addressing problems 232–6 nuclear testing 164, 219–23, 225 criticism of 219, 221 Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews (Rowett DNA and 218 Institute) 213 networks and 224, 225 nuclear testing and 219–23, 225 objective dimension 16, 56 vitamin C and 223–4, 225 Occupied Haiti (Balch) 195 Pawson, L. 230–1 oceanography 135, 136 Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) journal Odyssey (Homer) 125 172–3, 174, 175 Oliner, P. M. 75, 85 peace Oliner, S. P. 75, 85 conference (1915) 130 One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse) 80 movement 189 Ongania, Carlos 173 world 130–1 Oppenheimer, A. 158 see also Nobel Peace Prize Oppenheimer, R. 35, 96, 170, 220 Peace and Bread (Addams) 235 oppositional stance 97, 100 Peace League 157 Oregon Agricultural State College 219 Peace Seekers: The Nobel Peace Prize organic intellectuals 18 (Aaseng) 121 organisation analysis 91 Peace Treaty and the Economic Crisis of organised peace movement 118 Europe (Angell) 187 Organization Man (Whyte) 80 Peacemakers: Winners of the Nobel Peace originality 45 Prize (Keene) 121 Ortega y Gasset, J. 23 Pears, D. 70, 77 Orwell, George 15 Peat, F. D. 45 Osborne, P. 89 Peirce, C. S. 44 Osborne, T. 48 Pels, D. 30, 89 Oslo 111 Pe´rez Esquivel, Adolfo 122, 171 Oslo, University of 136 human rights 171, 173, 174–6, 177 Ossietzky, Carl von 155–64, 240 hunger strikes and 176 Die Weltbu¨hne 158–9, 162, 163 imprisoned 173, 175 imprisoned 158–61 Paz y Justicia 172–3, 174, 175 Nazism and 155, 160 political challenge and 178–9 Nobel Prize and 111, 115, 116, 117, 122 SERPAJ and 174, 175–6 political challenge and 178–9 Pericles 65 ‘other half’ of humanity 131 Perrin, A. 3, 33 Our Responsibility for the Poor People personality 46 (Myrdal) 203 Phillips, J. O. C. 129 Our Slavic Fellow Citizens (Balch) 193 philosopher-kings 1, 4 Owens, L. 19 physicists see Sakharov, Andrei Physics Institute of the Academy of Paine, Tom 153 Sciences (Russia) 164 Pakistan 225, 227–8 Piaget, J. 49 Palestinians 144, 145–6 Picasso, P. 50 Palmieri, P. A. 197 Piccone, P. 22

Index 273

pioneers 106, 210–36 Red Cross 118, 119, 137, 160 addressing problems 232–6 Reduction in World Tensions definitions 210–11 (conference) 189 visionary ways 210–11 reference group theory 79 see also Borlaug, Norman E.; Boyd Orr, Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence John; Pauling, Linus Carl and Intellectual Freedom (Sakharov) Plato 39, 44, 65, 66, 72, 239 166–7 ‘pluralistic globalisation’ 120 reform, public opinion and 181–2 Polanyi, M. 32 refugees 134, 137, 171, 201 polis 33 Refugees as Assets (Balch) 196 political issues 24, 99 ‘regulated improvisation’ 56 see also under dissidents Reichmann, W. 112 Pope, R. 39, 50 Reichstag Fire 160 Popper, K. R. 44–5 Reichswehr Command 159, 160 population issues 200–1, 202 Reiff, P. 1–2 Porter, Roy 153 relief work 131 Posner, R. A. 36, 90 religion and courage 78, 83 authority and 15, 17, 23–5, 26, 36 Jewish tradition 71–2 ‘practical knowledge’ 132 Renaissance 40 pragmatism 43, 52 Republic (Plato) 40, 66 Pravda 168 Republic of Letters 91–2 Presidential Medal of Merit (Pauling) research 134–5 220 Resistance to Civil Government (Thoreau) President’s Commission on the Holocaust 153 142 ‘Responsible citizenship in a world’ primary groups 78, 94 (speech) 203 prison 158–61, 173, 175 revolution 42 production 42 rewards system 45 professionalisation 14 Reynolds, E. E. 134–5, 139 professionals 23, 26–7, 30, 33, 43 Richards, E. 218, 224 Progressive Era in America 127, 131 Richmond, S. 111 progressive politics 99 Riesman, D. 80, 81–2 psychodynamic theory (Freud) 42–3 Ringer, F. K. 89, 98, 103 psychological studies 46, 49, 51, 73–4 Ringertz, N. 110 Public Assistance of the Poor on France risk 34, 35, 56, 85, 87, 105 (Balch) 191 difficulty and see under courage public intellectuals see under authority Ritzer, G. 63 Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline Robbins, B. 27 (Posner) 24 Robin, C. 35, 69, 71, 77, 81 public life 3, 68–9, 70–1, 181–2 Rockefeller Foundation 199, 226, 227, Public Mind: Its Disorders; Its Exploitation 230 (Angell) 186 Rockford Female College 127 Pyszczynski, T. 77 Roebuck, John 41 Rogers, C. R. 42 Quebec conference 216–17 role of public intellectuals performance in 20–1, 104 Rachman, S. J. 73–4, 77, 78 see also under authority racists 73 Rolland, Romain 195 radicalism 97, 103 Romantic period 41, 71 Randall, M. M. 161, 192, 193–4, 195, 196, Roosevelt, President F. D. 215 197, 198 Roosevelt, President Theodore 117, 118 rationalisation 62–3, 205 rootlessness 17–18, 98 Reagan, President R. 143 Rorty Oksenberg, A. 66, 68, 70, 72, 75, 77 realistic idealists 125–6 Rosaldo, R. 47 reason and communication 206–8 Rossbach, S. 65 recurrent patterns see under engagements Rowett Institute 212–13, 216

Index274

Royal Commission on Educational security 187 Reform 202 Sejersted, F. 115, 116 Royal Institute of International Affairs 189 self-expression 41 Royal Society 213, 221 September 11 70 Ruff, G. 77 SERPAJ (Servico de Paz y Justicia en Rules of Sociological Method (Durkheim) 83 Ame´rica Latina) 174, 175–6 Runco, M. 40, 41, 42 Service for Peace and Justice 171 Russell, Bertrand 24, 186, 195 Sharansky, N. 153 Russia 62, 193 Shils, E. 4, 59, 78, 84, 206, 240 intelligentsia of 1, 28, 103, 164, 179 authority and 19, 31, 32 see also Soviet Russia Shklar, J. N. 70 Russia and Peace (Nansen) 137 Siegel, F. 22 Simmel, G. 88–9 Safire, W. 153 Singer, P. 69, 76 Said, E. 2, 89–90 Singer, R. 69, 76 authority and 15, 18, 22–4, 26 situations 54–7, 86–7, 102 sources 29, 32, 34, 35 Skilling, H. G. 179 St Andrews, University of 138 Small, Albion 129, 130 St Joseph’s University (Philadelphia) 175 Smiles, S. 41 St Louis Globe-Democrat 183 Smith, Adam 58 Sakharov, Andrei 96, 153, 164–70 Social Democratic Party (Sweden) 199, exile and 169 200, 201, 205 human rights and 164, 167–8, 169 social integration, theory of 78 hunger strikes and 167, 169 social partisanship 17 hydrogen bomb and 164–6, 170 social reform 128–9 Nobel Prize and 116, 117, 122 social relationships 85, 91–2, 102 political challenge and 178 social sciences 46, 122 San Francisco Chronicle 183 sociology 45–6, 101, 129 Sanness, J. 171, 172, 174, 176, 178 approaches 19, 20, 52–4 Sartre, J. P. 95–6, 111 Sociology of Philosophies (Collins) 92 authority and 14, 15, 24, 27, 35 Socrates 34, 40, 65, 66, 83, 90, 153 Sasakawa Africa Association 230 Sohlman, R. 109, 110, 113 Sasakawa-Global 2000 231 soldiers 72, 74, 77, 78 Sawyer, R. K. 60 see also military courage Scandinavia 193 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 153 Schaffer, S. 45 Sonnenburg 160 Schopenhauer, Arthur 43 Sontag, S. 70, 72 Schuff, S. 230 Sorbonne University 141, 191 Schumpeter, J. 15, 44, 97 South Africa 117, 120, 142, 143 Schutz, A. 61 South Pole 135 Schutz, Joseph 69 Soviet Academy 168 Schwan, G. 72, 85 Soviet Russia 134, 189–90, 203, 222 Schwartz, N. L. 66, 71–2 Constitution 167 Schweber, S. S. 234–5 Fridtjof Nansen and 137, 139, 140 Science, Technology and Society in Jewry 142 Seventeenth-Century England (Merton) Nobel Prize and 111, 119, 121 45 see also Sakharov, Andrei ‘Scientific approach to international social Spanish, D. 131 welfare’ (speech) 203 Spanish-American War 183 Scientific Committee on Food Policy 215 Sparks, H. 68, 153, 154, 177 scientists 35, 42, 44–5, 91, 96 specialisation 14, 18–19, 21–2, 24, 25 see also pioneers authority sources and 28, 30, 34 scientists, social 46, 122 ‘specific intellectuals’ 19 Scorza, J. A. 70, 71 Spencer, Herbert 183 sculptors see Pe´rez Esquivel, Adolfo spiritual creativity 42 Second World War see World War II Stalin, J. 15, 166, 169, 190

Index 275

Stalin Prizes 165 Taylor, C. M. 68 Stalker, G. 40–1, 44 Taylor, C. W. 38, 46 Stanford University 223 Taylor, M. 91 Stang, F. 140, 160 Tec, N. 75 Stapleton, J. 103 Technical Commission on Nutrition 215 Starr, Ellen 128 technical paradigm for growth 44 status quo alignment 100 Teller, Edward 96, 170 statutes, Nobel Prize 110, 111, 113, 114 Texas A&M University 232 Steed, Wickham 160 theories Stenersen, Ø. of action 42, 53–5 champions and 184, 187, 188, 192–3, of creativity in context 49 195, 196, 197, 205 dialogic literary 47 dissidents and 156, 157, 158, 160, 171, functionalist 91 173, 175 of intellectual political afflictions 98 heroes and 127, 130, 134, 137 of intellectual production 93 Nobel Prize and 110, 111, 113, 120, interaction ritual chains 91 121 investment 49 pioneers and 217, 218, 220, 226, 227, psychodynamic theory (Freud) 42–3 228–9 reference group 79 Sternberg, R. J. 38, 39, 42, 49, 51, 64 of situated creativity 54 Stockholm 111 of social integration 78 Stockholm International Peace Research systems 49–52 Institute 204 Theorin, B. M. 203, 204, 205 Stockholm Organisation of Business and Thomas, W. I. 54–5 Professional Women 201 Thoreau, Henry David 153 Stockholm University 199 ‘thought styles’ (Mannheim) 45 Stone, Norman 15 Tillich, P. 68 Stouffer, S. A. 74, 78 Tilly, C. 58, 60 strangers 88–9, 95 Times of London 160 ‘strategy of underdogs’ 47 Tims, M. 133, 191 Stravinsky, Igor 50 Tobias, S. 68 structural theory of intellectual political Tocqueville, A. de 68, 80–1, 99 afflictions 98 Tonnesson, O. 114, 115, 116–18 structural-functionalist perspective 45, 46 ‘Towards a planetary civilization’ structuralism 52 (Balch) 196 Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn) 44 Toynbee Hall 127 Summer, Charles 191 tradition ‘supraprofessional community’ 32 creativity and earliest 39 Sustein, C. R. 154 definitions and 16 Sveen, A. 121 intellectuals and 18 Swedberg, R. 1, 101, 102, 125 training 229–30 courage and 69, 72, 73, 85 Training College for Nursery and Sweden 121, 134, 136, 138 Kindergarten Teachers 201 institutions 110, 111 Transylvania 141 welfare state and 200, 201, 207 Treason of the Intellectuals (Benda) 16 see also Myrdal, Alva Treaty of Versailles 158, 187, 188 Swedish Academy 110 Trilling, L. 71–2 systems theory 49–52 ‘truth’ 28 Szacki, J. 15, 27, 32 Turner, B. S. 103 Szelenyi, I. 29 Turner, S. P. 84 Sztompka, P. 45 twentieth century 42, 43, 44, 71 Twenty Years at Hull House (Addams) 129 Tamm, Igor 164–5, 170 Tardif, T. Z. 64 UNESCO (United Nations Educational Tave, M. 22 Scientific and Cultural Organization) Tawney, R. H. 153 199, 202

Index276

UNHCR (United Nations High ‘weapon of the weak’ 39 Commission for Refugees) 171 Weber, M. 34–5, 239 Union of Democratic Control 186 courage and 78, 80, 82, 83–5 United Kingdom (UK) 121, 138 creativity and 48, 58–9, 62–3 see also Britain Weimar Republic 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, United Nations (UN) 141, 216 163, 179 champions and 189, 199, 202 Weisberg, R. W. 38 dissidents and 174, 175 welfare state, Swedish 202 Nobel Prize and 118, 119, 120 Wellesley College 191, 192–3, 194, 196, United States of America (USA) 88, 215, 197 217 Wellhausen, E. J. 232 champions and 183, 186–7, 189, 193, Weltbu¨hne journal 158–9, 162, 163 203 Werhane, P. H. 76 dissidents and 153, 166, 175 West, C. 94–5 heroes and 139, 141, 144, 145 Western Europe 111, 120, 168 Nobel Prize and 116, 117, 120, 121 whistle-blowing 75–6 see also Addams, Jane; Pauling, Linus White, F. M. 222 Carl White, H. 105 universal ideas 13, 17, 19, 26, 28, 34 wholeness of life/work 147–50 universities 15, 22–3, 129, 142, 219 civil courage in 150 ‘unpolitical position’ (Germany) 96 informal networks 147, 149 Uppsala University 199 Whyte, W. H. 80, 82 urban sociologists 129 Wiesel, Elie 115, 122, 140–7 utopian projects 97 criticism of 145 Foundation for Humanity 144 value-rational civil courage see under Holocaust and 140–1, 142, 143, 144, courage 145, 146, 147 Versailles, Treaty of 158, 187, 188 Israeli–Arab conflict and 145–6 Victorian era 71 journalism and 141 Vietnam War 116 Norwegian Nobel Committee and 143 vitamin C 223–4, 225 wholeness of life/work 147 Vitamin C and the Common Cold writing and 141–2, 146–7 (Pauling) 223 Williams, R. 38, 40 Vogt, C. E. 136, 137, 138, 140 Willis, P. E. 47 Voltaire 69, 183 Wilson, President Woodrow 130, 187, 193 von Herder, J. G. 41 Wolfe, A. 15, 25, 26 von Mises, L. 97 women 121, 122 Women’s International League for Peace Wacquant, L. J. D. 55 and Freedom (WILPF) 130–1, 191, Wagner, P. 57 194–6 Wall Street Journal 226 Women’s Medical College (Philadelphia) Wallace, J. D. 74 127 Walther, Gustav 156 Women’s Peace Party 130, 194 Walton, D. N. 66, 73, 74, 126 women’s rights Walzer, M. 23–4, 35, 36, 97 Alva Myrdal and 200, 201, 202, 204, 205 War on World Poverty (Boyd Orr) 217 Jane Addams and 130 Ward, L. 66 Women’s Trade Union League 192 Warshow, Robert 71 Women’s Two Roles (Myrdal & Klein) 204 Wasson, T. 121 Woods, Maud 156 champions and 185, 187, 188, 189, Woolf, Leonard 186 191–2, 194–5, 196 Woolgar, S. 91 dissidents and 156, 157, 164 ‘Work of Elie Wiesel and the Holocaust pioneers and 213, 215–16, 220, 221, universe’ (conference) 142 226, 227, 228 World Bank 230 Watson, James 221 World Council for Early Childhood Watt, James 41 Education 202

Index 277

World Food Board 217 writers 122, 141–2, 146–7 World Food Prize 226, 229 see also Angell, Norman world peace 130–1 World War I 119, 212 Yom Kippur War 145 champions and 187, 188, 191, 193 Young, A. 131, 133 dissidents and 157, 161 heroes and 131, 134, 136 Zivilcourage 72 World War II 149, 212, 215, 220 Znaniecki, F. 23, 31 champions and 189, 196, 197, 201 Zola, Emile 2, 27, 29, 163 Nobel Prize and 119 Zuckerman, H. 113