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Last Refuge for Some of Our Rarest Wild Flowers and Plants

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Last Refuge for Some of Our Rarest Wild Flowers and Plants Road verges Last refuge for some of our rarest wild flowersand plants Our floral verges “No botanist, nor any other decent human being, could help loving those wide grassy ‘verges’, frequently bush-strewn, which add so much charm and elbow-room to almost every lane and road in the district. It is a countryside of quiet beauty, still largely unspoiled, retaining much of the old-time fragrance of the true England, before petrol and its attendant horrors were permitted to defile our most precious heritage.” Edmund B Bishop (1933). A few additions to the Flora of Northamptonshire. The Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles. Across the landscapes of Great Britain, market. But others seem to be in constant our roadside verges are rich and varied flux, always being excavated, bulldozed and habitats home to a wealth of different dug-over. Here, the disturbed soil can support flowering plants and ferns. a flora of poppies, sun spurge and other plants that you’re more likely to find in a cornfield. This tapestry ranges from dry chalk grassland on the South Downs of England to acidic Then there are our motorways and A-roads roadside bogs of Mull in western Scotland. that are regularly salted in winter. The Some verges are damp, lush and shaded - think burnt edges of these highways are now of the sunken wooded lanes of South West exploited by a whole host of coastal plants England lined with primroses and bluebells, or that have found this niche to their liking. the oak-lined avenues of mid Wales, rich with ferns and foxgloves. Others, like those of sandy Danish scurvy-grass (Cochlearia danica) is heaths in the Breckland of East Anglia, are the most famous colonist, spreading inland baked dry and brown under the summer sun. from the coast, but even lesser sea-spurrey (Spergularia marina) and thrift (Armeria Many verges are effectively fragments of maritima) are now gaining a foot-hold. ancient hay meadows and grasslands, white with oxeye daisies, yellow with buttercups and At the back of the verge, hedges, earth walls purple with orchids. Wet or dry, acid, neutral and ditches provide further habitats and can or calcareous, each is home to a characteristic shelter a vast diversity of wildlife. Hedges suite of species. In northern England, the emulate transitions between woodland and grassy verges support iconic flowers like grassland, and can be lined with plants of wood crane’s-bill (Geranium sylvaticum) and semi-shade such as red campion (Silene common bistort (Persicaria bistorta) that dioica), spreading bellflower (Campanula lend local identity to the roadside display. patula) and Bath asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum). Ditches are especially valuable, Some verges have persisted for centuries, tracing allowing flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), bulrush an unbroken history back hundreds of years (Typha latifolia), flowering-rush (Butomus as old drover’s roads, with wide grassy margins umbellatus) and meadowsweet (Filipendula where livestock once grazed on their way to ulmaria) to flourish on our roadsides. Our floral verges 2 The road verge list This list has been produced in order to document the diversity of plants on road verges and help us appreciate their value In order to provide an answer, we have consulted many sources, including county floras, county Which plants rare plant registers, ecological floras, and species dossiers published by BSBI and Plantlife. grow on However, two sources were especially useful in indicating whether species have been recorded from road verge habitats: our verges? Species accounts in Preston CD, Pearman DA, Dines TD (2002) New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lists of species by county given in Way, JM (1974) Co-operation for Conservation of Rural Road Verges. Institute of Terrestial Ecology Occassional Reports No. 2. Monks Wood: Huntingdon. We have listed all native and archaeophyte In the list, we have indicated on which taxa for which we can find evidence of records types of verge each species can generally from road verge habitats in Great Britain. We be found growing. This is again not have not included all subspecies, hybrids comprehensive and neither is it exclusive: or critical taxa. The list is unlikely to be many species grow on many different types completely comprehensive and we invite of verge. The categories for where plants are anyone with information about additional generally found growing are as follows: species to contact us so we can add them to the list ([email protected]). Dry verges – either grassy or heathy in nature, including calcareous, neutral and acidic soils We have included all species growing within the boundary of the wide verge habitat, ie Damp verges – either grassy or heathy in nature, including calcareous, neutral and acidic soils from the enclosed boundary (wall, hedge or fence) to the road edge. This can include plants Disturbed verges – regularly or occasionally disturbed soils, often growing on and around the enclosed boundary, supporting cornfield annuals. the adjacent verge and any ditch and bank Wooded verge – verges in all wooded and shaded habitats, features. This therefore includes all species that including sunken lanes and banks shaded by trees. may be affected by road verge management. Salted verges – halophytes (salt-tolerant plants) spreading on Many verges are unenclosed – especially roads salted in winter. in upland areas of Wales, England and Ditches – emergent vegetation growing in drainage ditches, but Scotland – and in these cases we have taken not submerged or totally aquatic species. a pragmatic view an included species likely Hedgerow – found growing in and around hedgerows of all types, to be found within 3m of the road edge. including woody hedgerow species. Our floral verges 3 How many plants grow on our verges? We asked the question: Of the 1,596 species we looked at which plants grow on our verges? 724 or 45.3% grow on verge habitats. The answer is unexpectedly high. If we add in hedgerow and ditch habitats, the total rises to 809 species or over 50.7% of our flora. The breakdown by verge habitat as follows (note that species often occur in more than one category, so the percentage doesn’t add up to 100%): Verge habitat Number of species % of all species Grassy verges 579 36.3 Disturbed verges 86 5.4 Wooded verges 187 11.7 Salted verges 17 1.1 Total verge species 724 45.4 Ditches 51 3.6 Hedgerows 290 18.2 Total roadside species 809 50.7 This is an astonishing total. As well as highlighting the sheer diversity of our verges and roadsides, it really drives home their value for wildlife. Our floral verges 4 GB Threat Latin name Common Name Category Verge habitat type(s) Adder's-tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum Dry, Hedgerow Agrimony Agrimonia eupatoria Dry Alder Alnus glutinosa Wooded, Hedgerow Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus Wooded, Hedgerow Alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum Damp, Hedgerow Almond Willow Salix triandra Hedgerow Alpine Clubmoss Diphasiastrum alpinum Dry Angular Solomon's-seal Polygonatum odoratum Wooded Annual Meadow-grass Poa annua Dry, Disturbed Annual Pearlwort Sagina apetala Dry Arctic Eyebright Euphrasia arctica subsp. borealis DD Damp Ash Fraxinus excelsior Wooded, Hedgerow Autumn Gentian Gentianella amarella Dry Autumn Hawkbit Scorzoneroides autumnalis Dry, Damp Autumn Lady's-tresses Spiranthes spiralis NT Dry Balm-leaved Figwort Scrophularia scorodonia Dry, Hedgerow Barberry Berberis vulgaris Hedgerow Barren Brome Anisantha sterilis Disturbed Barren Strawberry Potentilla sterilis Wooded, Hedgerow Basil Thyme Clinopodium acinos VU Dry Bastard Balm Melittis melissophyllum VU Wooded, Hedgerow Bastard-toadflax Thesium humifusum Dry Bay Willow Salix pentandra Wooded, Hedgerow Bearded Couch Elymus caninus Dry, Wooded, Hedgerow Bedstraw Broomrape Orobanche caryophyllacea NT Dry Bee Orchid Ophrys apifera Dry Beech Fagus sylvatica Wooded, Hedgerow Bell Heather Erica cinerea Dry Betony Betonica officinalis Dry Bifid Hemp-nettle Galeopsis bifida Dry, Damp, Disturbed, Hedgerow Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus Dry Bird Cherry Prunus padus Wooded Bird's-eye Primrose Primula farinosa VU Damp Bird's-nest Orchid Neottia nidus-avis NT Wooded, Hedgerow Bithynian Vetch Vicia bithynica VU Hedgerow Biting Stonecrop Sedum acre Dry Bitter-vetch Lathyrus linifolius Dry, Hedgerow Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara Damp, Wooded, Hedgerow Black Bog-rush Schoenus nigricans Damp Black Bryony Tamus communis Hedgerow Black Horehound Ballota nigra Dry, Hedgerow Black Medick Medicago lupulina Dry Black Mustard Brassica nigra Disturbed Black Spleenwort Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Wooded, Hedgerow DD – Data Deficient NT – Near Threatened VU - Vulnerable EN - Endangered CR – Critically Endangered EW – Extinct in the Wild Our floral verges 5 Black-bindweed Fallopia convolvulus Dry, Disturbed Blackthorn Prunus spinosa Wooded, Hedgerow Bladder Campion Silene vulgaris Dry Bladderseed Physospermum cornubiense Wooded, Hedgerow Blinks Montia fontana Damp Bloody Crane's-bill Geranium sanguineum Dry Blue Fescue Festuca longifolia Dry Blue Fleabane Erigeron acris Dry Blue Water-Speedwell Veronica anagallis-aquatica Damp, Ditch Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta Dry, Damp, Wooded, Hedgerow Blunt-flowered Rush Juncus subnodulosus Ditch Bog Asphodel Narthecium ossifragum Damp Bog Pimpernel Anagallis tenella Damp Bog Stitchwort Stellaria alsine Ditch Bog-myrtle Myrica gale Damp Boreau's Ramping-fumitory Fumaria muralis subsp. boraei Hedgerow Borrer's Male-fern Dryopteris borreri Damp, Wooded, Hedgerow Borrer's
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