Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: the Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12184-3 - Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720 Xing Hang Index More information

Index

aborigines, Taiwanese, 33, 34, 63, 129, Cheju, 14, 94, 106, 179, 252 136, 139, 159, 160, 162, 180 Chen De, 179, 180 adopted son, 43, 93, 95, 255 Chen Shangchuan, 166, 218, 219, 228, African mercenaries, 2, 60, 71, 87 230, 254 Andrade, Tonio, 10, 41, 78, 117, 167, 245, Chen Yonghua, 93, 146, 150, 156, 158, 258 177, 179, 180, 195, 196, 200, 206, Anhai, 42, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 216, 224, 225, 226 70, 74, 75, 77, 92, 112, 135, 192, Cheng Wei-chung (Zheng Weizhong), 10, 194, 206, 239, 245 13, 110, 118, 175, 188, 209, 235, Anping, Fujian. see Anhai 243 Anping, Taiwan, 135, 139, 143, 153, 159, Chengtian, 135, 138, 158, 159, 161, 162, 161, 162, 166 185, 193, 224, 226, 227, 232 Asian Mediterranean, 24 Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 5 China Seas. see maritime East Asia Balthasar Bort, 152 Chinese identity, 6–7, 12, 21, 72, 177–180, Banten (city and sultanate), 35, 36, 188, 185–188, 195–197, 199, 200, 228, 192, 193, 194, 207, 209, 245 234, 246–247, 248–250 Batavia, 36, 38, 51, 53, 56, 93, 108, 114, Chinese Interpreters’ Ofﬁce (Tō tsūji 115, 118, 119, 137, 151, 167, 174, kaisho), 103, 154 188, 190, 192, 206, 207, 221, 236 Chongming, 122, 124, 125, 126 Beijing, 2, 14, 15, 26, 65, 69, 71, 75, 76, 80, Chongzhen emperor, 51, 65, 212, 214 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 116, 121, 122, Chosŏn. see Korea 126, 127, 131, 140, 149, 176, 183, Cocks, Richard, 37 184, 188, 190, 191, 204, 213, 225, Congzheng shilu (Veritable record of 236, 239, 259 accompanying the expedition),4 Bian Yongyu, 212 Constantijn Nobel, 152, 166 Blussé, Leonard, 10, 11, 46, 151 Coyett, Frederick, 8, 119, 120, 127, 133, 134, 137, 139 C. E. S. see Coyett, Frederick Croizier, Ralph, 4, 79, 134 Cai Yin, 212, 216 Cai Yurong, 184, 185, 186, 187 daimyo, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 45, 58, 68, Cai Zheng, 125, 126, 127 69, 104, 106, 121, 242 Cambodia, 93, 98, 105, 151, 173, 174, 193, Danshui, 49, 63, 167, 227, 230, 232 205, 207, 219, 228, 254 Dasu, 122, 126, 130, 131 cangan, 114, 192 Deshima, 155, 253 Captain China. see Li Dan divergence, between China and Western Carioti, Patrizia, 10, 13, 106, 243 Europe, 16–17, 20–21, 250–251, Casteel Zeelandia, 33, 38, 47, 49, 56, 63, 257–258 115, 117, 128, 129, 132, 133, 134, Division of the Censorate (Chayan si), 94 135, 137, 138, 139, 143, 152, 167 Dong, Madame, 80, 141, 181, 206, 223, Chao kingdom, 228 226 Chaozhou, 61, 78, 86, 165, 207 Dongdu Mingjing, 135, 156

326

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12184-3 - Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c. 1620–1720 Xing Hang Index More information

Index 327

Dongning, 146, 156, 182, 200, 203 gongsuo, free trade zone under joint Dorgon, 65, 70, 71, 84, 85 administration, 220, 225, 257 Dutch East India Company Grand Canal, 116, 122, 124 and access to China, 36–38, 49, 50, Guangdong, 24, 28, 31, 33, 54, 57, 60, 61, 55–57, 59–60, 153 64, 69, 78, 79, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, and Bengali silk, 97–98, 170–171 112, 127, 130, 140, 164, 165, 166, and Tonkin silk, 97 172, 173, 187, 189, 193, 198, 204, colonization of Taiwan, 37–38 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 216, competition with the Zheng, 99–100, 218, 219, 221, 223, 224, 230, 237, 102, 114–115, 150–151, 173–174, 245, 255 194, 205–206 Guangzhou, 28, 60, 80, 96, 107, 188, 193, cooperation with the Zheng, 108–109, 206 207, 252, 254, 256, 257 decline and dissolution, 235–236 or VOC, 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 37, 38, 45, Haicheng, 28, 30, 31, 35, 47, 51, 61, 89, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 113, 130, 165, 184, 202, 211, 216, 59, 60, 63, 64, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 217, 218, 220, 222, 225, 257 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 127, haijin. see Maritime Prohibitions 129, 135, 137, 138, 150, 151, 152, Hainan, 9, 24, 219 153, 154, 155, 160, 161, 163, 166, Hall for Nourishing Descendants 170, 171, 174, 181, 188, 191, 194, (Yuzhouguan), 88, 203 205, 209, 221, 225, 236, 237, 243, Hangzhou, 65, 91, 122 244, 245, 246, 253 He Tingbin, 63, 115, 119, 120, 127, 128, predation of shipping, 37 132, 136, 139, 144, 168 structural comparison with the Zheng, Hirado, 29, 31, 35, 37, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 17–21, 243–246 54, 74 Ho, Dahpon, 12, 23, 71 Eastern Ocean, 73, 93, 98, 99, 151 Hội An, 106, 108, 172, 219 EIC. see English East India Company Hong Kong, 4, 248, 259, 260 English East India Company, 7, 35, 37, Hong Xu, 53, 55, 82, 93, 141, 150, 156, 185, 188, 193, 194, 197, 207, 209 158, 163, 165 Hongguang emperor, 65 Feng Xifan, 156, 179, 195, 197, 198, 200, Hongwu emperor. see Zhu Yuanzhang 207, 213, 215, 216, 218, 220, 223, Huang Yong, 198, 199, 200 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, Huang Zhimei, 213 233, 234, 240 Five Firms, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 113, 116, Indian Ocean zone, 10, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 163 28, 35, 36, 58, 98, 99, 112, 114, 115, Formosa. see Taiwan 151, 170, 171, 172, 188, 192, 194, Fu Weilin, 220, 227 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 218, 235, Fujian, 22–24, 25, 27–28, 30, 39 237, 244, 248, 251 Fuzhou, 23, 24, 27, 28, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, Ingen. see Yinyuan (Ingen) 75, 126, 130, 135, 152, 153, 154, intermediacy, 30, 39, 47 166, 181, 188, 189, 190, 198, 201, Iquan. see Zheng Zhilong 204, 208, 211, 217, 220, 227, 229 Iron Men (tieren), 105

galleons, 32, 58, 108, 169, 195, 198 Jakarta. see Batavia Geng Jimao, 79, 86, 96, 130, 152, 153, 154, Japan 155, 163, 164, 166, 181, 184, 185, and independence from the Sinocentric 188, 189, 191, 275 order, 32, 253–254 Geng Jingzhong, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, and sympathy for the Ming cause, 100, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 216, 223, 154, 204 229 and trade with China, 28–29, 31, 59, 97, Giohoto, 210, 213, 214, 215 154, 163, 170–171, 192, 194, Giyešu, 208, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 205–206, 224, 253–254 220, 225 sources from, 5–6

328 Index

Japanese pirates (wokou), 29, 30, 32, 33, loss of legitimacy, 127–128, 139–142, 38, 41, 106 143 Ji Quan, 184, 185, 187 relations with Japan, 100–106, 121–122 Jiang Risheng, 5 shadow government in Taiwan, 109, Jiang Sheng, 165, 189, 199, 231 118–119 Jilong, 49, 63, 120, 153, 154, 166, 167, 202, Kyushu, 5, 29, 31, 33, 58, 102 204, 205, 227, 230, 232 Jin Ji, 203 Lahada, 210, 213, 214, 215 Jingguo xionglue (Grand strategy for ordering Laita, 225, 229 the country), 40, 44, 67 Lakjemeuse. see Lu’ermen Jinmen, 53, 73, 78, 84, 89, 112, 130, 132, Lara, Sabiniano Manrique de, 119, 142, 150, 152, 153, 189, 199, 211, 218, 168 220 Leizhou Peninsula, 24, 166, 173, 218, 219 junks León y Sarabia, Manuel de, 192, 195, 198 composition of, 94 Li Dan, 35, 37, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 55, dimensions, 92 64, 242 number going to Nagasaki, 59, 170, 191, Li Dingguo, 80, 87, 111, 116, 125, 140 205 Li Guozhu, Augustin, 47, 55, 56, 57 Liaodong, 9, 64, 140, 184, 185, 201, 212 kaikin. see Maritime Prohibitions Lin Yinguan, 180, 252 Kangxi emperor, 7, 131, 180, 184, 187, lineage, 19, 24, 28, 35, 43, 44, 46, 61, 81, 190, 198, 208, 210, 213, 214, 216, 215, 244, 255 221, 223, 226, 229, 230, 233, 236, Liu Guoxuan, 83, 201, 207, 216, 217, 218, 237, 238, 247, 253, 255 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, Ke Ping, 185, 186, 187, 201, 226 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, Keey Nebe Secredana, 193, 194 239 Ketting, Pieter, 174 Liu Xiang, 55, 56, 57 Kokusenya kassen,5 Longwu emperor, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, Korea 75, 76, 134 as model for Zheng relations with the Lu’ermen, 38, 132, 133, 166, 234 Qing, 86, 150, 178, 183, 185–186, 187, 212, 213, 220, 229, 247 Ma Degong, 80, 85, 152 pro-Ming sentiments in, 13–14, 252–253 Ma Fengzhi, 125, 126, 127 role in East Asian world order, 33, 58–59, Ma Xin, 83, 88, 123, 124, 133, 143, 146, 252 149 role in the East Asian world order, 32 Macao, 2, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 46, sources from, 2, 13–14, 94, 105, 179, 57, 58, 59, 60, 96, 106, 165, 166, 180, 252 192, 193, 216, 223 Koxinga macroregions, 23, 24 appropriation for national narratives, 5–8 Manila. see Philippines, The as Martial King (Wuwang), 228 Maritime Prohibitions, 52, 64 biculturalism of, 74–76 Ming-era, 28, 31, 34, 50, 59, 241 character of Ming loyalism, 73, 78–83, Qing-era, 113–114, 130, 164, 170, 201, 86–87, 111, 115–116, 122–123, 237, 257 124–125, 131, 133–135, 137 Tokugawa, 59, 68, 104, 105, 106, 155 composition of followers, 82–84, maritime spaces, 23, 254 123–124, 249–250 maritime vs. continental China, 3, 9–13, death, 143 14–15, 16, 18, 19, 20–21, 22–23, 39, discipline, 81, 88–89, 123–124 72, 83–84, 244, 249 ﬁlial piety toward Zheng Zhilong, 73, Mekong River Delta, 173, 174, 219, 230, 75–77, 85–86, 87, 112–113, 254 117–118, 140 Melaka (strait and sultanate), 1, 24, 27, 28, invasion of the Yangzi River Delta, 116, 31, 58, 115, 259 120–125 military colonies, 135, 136, 153, 158, 159, justiﬁcation of Taiwan campaign, 131, 160, 163, 179, 180, 184, 197, 219, 133–134 229

Index 329

Military Office, 90, 91, 93, 131, 158 Penghu, 36, 37, 38, 45, 48, 57, 83, 132, Ming 138, 153, 159, 180, 185, 199, 220, collapse, 64–65 225, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233 commercialization, 27–29 permit (paixiang), 95, 96, 101, 102, 103, maritime prohibitions, 26 108, 193 recruitment of mercenaries, 30, 34 Pescadores. see Penghu recruitment of Zheng Zhilong, 50 Philippines, The, 2, 7, 20, 93, 98, 107, 112, tributary order, 14–15, 26–27 114, 117, 118, 119, 142, 143, 144, Ming loyalist movement, 9, 65, 66, 70, 168, 176, 182, 192, 194, 195, 196, 73, 77–78, 79, 83, 87, 92, 103–104, 197, 199, 206, 209, 228, 248, 249, 111, 116, 121–122, 131, 137, 140, 256 146–147, 148, 234, 249–250, Piauwja, 173, 174, 228 252 Pinqua. see He Tingbin Ming restoration Pomeranz, Kenneth, 16, 257 attitude of Koxinga toward. see under Portuguese, 2, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, Koxinga 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 58, 60, 96, 135, attitude of Zheng Zhilong toward. 165, 192, 193 see under Zheng Zhilong Prasat Tong, 107 attitudes among Zheng followers toward, Prince Kang. see Giyešu 82–84, 128–129, 145, 179–180, Prince of Lu, 73, 77, 78, 82, 83, 146, 148 199, 200, 203–204, 208, 216, Prince of Ningjing. see Zhu Shugui 246–247, 249–250 private fields (sitian), 135, 159, 160, 227 factions around, 195–198, 200, 215, 216, Provintia, 38, 63, 111, 115, 117, 129, 218, 220, 225–226. see under Zheng 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 156, 182, Jing 185 Mingju, 184, 185, 186, 187 Public Firm (Gongsi), 163, 165, 206, 255, Mu Tianyan, 184, 185, 186, 187 256 Putian. see Xinghua Nagasaki, 5, 31, 32, 35, 44, 48, 54, 58, 59, Putmans, Hans, 55, 56 60, 68, 69, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, Putuoshan, 154, 164 103, 104, 106, 114, 121, 131, 154, 155, 163, 166, 170, 171, 172, 174, Qi Jiguang, 30 179, 190, 191, 192, 194, 204, 205, Qing 208, 224, 239, 253, 254 alliance with the Dutch East India Nakhon Si Thammarat, 173 Company, 137, 151–152, 166–167, Nanjing, 65, 75, 80, 91, 123, 124, 125, 126, 181, 221 131, 144, 164, 165, 176, 257 defense of Chongming, 125–126 Narai, 107, 151, 173 encouragement of defections from the New World, 16, 32, 35, 58, 98, 108, 168, Zheng, 126, 149–150, 152–153, 171, 195, 251 219–220, 221–222, 227 Nurhaci, 40, 41, 65, 71, 72, 260 haircutting order, 70–71 Nuyts, Pieter, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55 negotiations with Koxinga, 84–87 negotiations with Liu Guoxuan, 229 Oboi, 139, 184 negotiations with Zheng Jing, 181–188, official fields (guantian), 135, 159 212–216, 218, 220, 225 official merchant (guanshang), 93, 94, 95, negotiations with Zheng Zhilong, 107, 165, 179, 180, 198, 227 69–71 Okinawa. see Ryukyu Qiu Hui, 165, 189, 231 Oudong, 173 Quảng Nam, 97, 106, 108, 172, 173, 193, overseas Chinese 219, 228 divide with Chinese in mainland, 129 Quanzhou, 23, 24, 27, 28, 35, 36, 42, 46, multiplicity of roles, 15, 95, 129 47, 50, 51, 55, 61, 64, 69, 78, 84, 86, 89, 112, 140, 185, 186, 187, 199, Pacific Ocean, 10, 32, 58, 98, 251, 259, 260 201, 208, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, Parián, 108, 118, 119, 142 221, 222, 239, 241, 252, 257

330 Index

Reijersen, Cornelis, 37, 38 as smuggling haven, 33–34 Revenue Office, 90, 91, 93, 95, 102, 120, co-colonization in, 63, 109 158, 226 food shortages in, 132, 136 Riccio, Vittorio, 8, 74, 142, 169 Japanese designs on, 34 Ryukyu, 23, 24, 26, 27, 33, 34, 59, 104, Koxinga’s claim as part of China, 111, 182, 190, 191, 198, 204, 229, 253, 134, 136 254 Koxinga’s embargo on, 118–120 negotiations between Dutch East India Saccam. see Provintia Company and Ming court over, Satsuma, 33, 104, 191 36–38 Shang Kexi, 79, 86, 96, 130, 166, 173, 188, opposition from Zheng subordinates for 193, 198, 207 invasion of, 127–129 Shang Zhixin, 198, 207, 211, 212, 223 or Formosa, 33, 109 Shen Guangwen, 179, 180 role in maritime trading networks, 36–38, Shengzu. see Kangxi emperor 98, 112, 115, 150–151, 171, 175 Shepherd, John Robert, 160, 161 support from Chinese residents for Shi Hai, 222 Koxinga’s invasion, 129, 132 Shi Lang, 7, 80, 81, 82, 113, 153, 163, 164, transition to monoculture, 63 183, 222, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232, transition to Qing periphery, 254 233, 234, 236, 237, 239 weak state of defenses in, 117 Shichizaemon, 45, 54, 68, 69, 101, 102, Zheng administration in, 135–136, 155, 239 155–162 Shijing, 42, 238 Taiwan fengwu (Taiwan folkways), 8 Shizu. see Shunzhi emperor Taiwan Strait, 3, 23, 33, 34, 35, 39, 46, 47, shogunal deputy (daikan), 48, 101, 205 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 127, 138, 153, Shunzhi emperor, 65, 69, 70, 84, 86, 111, 166, 220, 231, 246 112, 113, 122, 126, 130, 131, 139, Taiwan waiji (Unofficial record of 213 Taiwan), 5 Siam, 28, 32, 93, 98, 105, 107, 115, 138, Taiwan wenxian (Taiwan historica),8 151, 173, 188, 192, 193, 209, 219, Taiwan wenxian congkan (Taiwan historical 224, 242, 252, 254 documents collectanea),8 silk allotment guild (itowappu), 48, 96, 253 Taiwan wenxian huikan (Compendium of Siming (Cherishing the Ming). see Xiamen Taiwan historical documents), 13 Six Offices (Liuguan), 90, 91, 158, 199 Taiwanese identity, 6, 259–260 Sizong. see Chongzhen emperor Tayouan. see Casteel Zeelandia Spanish Three Feudatories, Rebellion of the, 3, 176, and the Tokugawa Maritime 189, 198, 199, 202, 206, 209, 215, Prohibitions, 58, 60 223, 224, 229, 235, 253 geopolitical competition with the Dutch, Tianxing, 135, 158, 161 17–18, 35, 46, 49–50, 58, 63 Tingzhou, 83, 207, 208, 211 sources, 7, 11, 13 Tokugawa Ietsuna, 100 Specx, Jacques, 45, 53, 55 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 43, 44 Struve, Lynn, 9, 12, 79, 87, 113, 116 Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) Suetsugu Heizō Masanao, 45, 48, 49, 51, 55 relations with Koxinga. see under Koxinga Suetsugu Heizō Shigetomo, 155, 205 relations with Zheng Jing. see under Zheng Sun Kewang, 80, 111, 116 Jing relations with Zheng Zhilong. see under Tagawa Matsu, 45, 54, 68, 70, 74 Zheng Zhilong Tai Bay, 38, 115 as model for Zheng organization, 79, Tainan, 5, 33, 38, 238 105–106 Taiwan subjects overseas after the maritime as focal point for cooperation between prohibitions, 104–106, 121–122, Koxinga and the VOC, 97, 109, 115 131, 204 as outside the traditional imperial trade policies of, 32–33, 34, 49, 51, Chinese realm, 33, 128 96–97, 188, 191, 253–254

Index 331

Tonkin, 97, 106, 108, 151, 166, 172, 190, 218, 220, 222, 223, 224, 237, 250, 266 252, 256 tributary system, 13–15, 24–25, 26–28, Xinghua, 24, 184, 199, 202, 208, 211, 212, 30–31, 32–33, 39, 100, 107, 222 141–142, 176, 185–187, 190–191, Xiong Wencan, 51, 55 198, 210, 212, 213, 214, 220, 229, Xu Xinsu, 38, 47, 50, 64 244, 247, 254, 259 Yan Siqi, 35, 38, 46, 47, 48, 53 Urk, 102 Yang Yandi, 166, 218, 219, 228, 230, 254 Yang Ying, 4, 89, 139, 158, 226 van Waerwijck, Wijbrand, 36 Yangzi River Delta, 23, 29, 30, 34, 48, 60, vermillion seal (shuin) vessels, 32, 33, 34, 64, 67, 91, 92, 113, 115, 116, 121, 35, 45, 48, 57, 58 122, 124, 128, 144, 165, 181, 189, VOC. see Dutch East India Company 199, 204, 206, 207, 208, 249 Yao Qisheng, 193, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, Wan Zhengse, 221, 222, 223, 227 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, Wang Zhongxiao, 82, 146 237 Wankan, 33, 47, 48, 109, 132 Ye Heng, 185, 186, 187 Wannian, 135, 138, 158, 161 Yinyuan (Ingen), 103 Warehouse for Beneﬁting the People Yongle Emperor. see Zhu Di (Limin ku), 95 Yongli emperor, 77, 81, 83, 87, 90, 100, Warehouse for Enriching the Country 111, 112, 116, 125, 130, 135, 140, (Yuguo ku), 91, 94 142, 145, 146, 147, 155, 172, 180, Wei Geng, 92, 121, 125, 181 182, 228, 246, 252 Western Ocean, 73, 93, 98, 99, 107, 151, Yu Dayou, 30, 38 172, 173, 174, 192, 206, 207, 209, Yu Zigao, 38, 47, 50, 51, 52 224, 230, 245 Yuegang (Moon Harbor). see Haicheng wild history (yeshi), 5 Yunnan, 111, 125, 140, 172, 190, 194, 223, Wills, John E., Jr., 10, 11, 12, 39, 42, 47, 67, 225 79, 115, 128, 134, 141, 144, 151, 167, 270, 271 Zhang Huangyan, 73, 82, 121, 123, 124, Wong Young-tsu, 9, 78, 144, 243 125, 137, 146, 148, 181 Wong, R. Bin, 16, 247 Zhang Mingzhen, 73, 82, 121 world-region, 24, 25, 27, 30, 39, 57, 112, Zhang Zhongju, 212, 217 151, 171, 252, 254 Zhangzhou, 24, 28, 35, 47, 50, 51, 55, 57, world-system, 23, 24, 32, 98, 112, 171, 64, 83, 84, 86, 89, 112, 140, 198, 192, 194, 209, 235, 244, 251, 252, 199, 201, 202, 203, 211, 216, 219, 254 241, 257 Wu Gonghong, 213, 215 Zhejiang, 24, 29, 61, 65, 69, 73, 79, 82, 83, Wu Hao, 128, 129, 138 84, 86, 88, 92, 121, 122, 123, 124, Wu Sangui, 65, 125, 130, 140, 172, 173, 125, 127, 140, 146, 148, 154, 179, 189, 190, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207, 181, 189, 201, 208, 210, 257 208, 212, 214, 215, 222, 223, 249, Zheng Cai, 73, 78 253 Zheng Chenggong. see Koxinga Wu Shifan, 223, 225 Zheng clique, 61, 70, 71, 73, 77, 82 Wu Xingzuo, 216, 217, 223 Zheng Cong, 226 Zheng Dexiao, 176, 195, 196, 200, 228, Xiamen, 28, 47, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 61, 73, 233 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, Zheng family, interpretations of 91, 92, 95, 102, 107, 108, 112, 117, among historians of late imperial China, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 8–10 128, 130, 131, 136, 138, 140, 141, among historians of maritime China and 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, East Asia, 10–12 153, 167, 189, 199, 200, 202, 203, during the Qing, 4–5 204, 206, 207, 211, 212, 215, 216, in Japan, 5–6

332 Index

Zheng family, interpretations of (cont.) and overseas trade, 52–54, 59–61 in modern China, 6–7 and Taiwan, 45–46, 47–49, 63–64, in western historiography, 7–8 117–118 primary narratives behind, 4, 7–8, conflict with pirates, 52, 54–55, 56–57 13–14 correspondence with Koxinga, 92, 105, Zheng Hongkui, 61, 65, 70, 77, 78, 117–118 80, 81 cosmopolitanism of, 43–45, 53–54, 60 Zheng Jing date of birth, 41–42 as Civil King (Wenwang), 228 execution of, 140 as dissolute youth, 141, 148 multiple aliases of, 2, 42 attitude toward restoration, 155–156, negative historical interpretation of, 5 162, 177–178, 180, 200 relationship with Li Dan and Yan Siqi, death of, 226 43, 45–46 disputed historical interpretation of, 5, 7, relationship with the Dutch East India 174–175, 176–177, 209 Company, 45–46, 47–49, 51–52, first retreat to Taiwan, 152–153 55–57, 59, 63–64 nature of anti-Manchu sentiments, 147 relationship with the Longwu Emperor, poetry of, 177–178 65–67, 70 relations with Japan, 154–155, 170, relationship with the Ming court, 50–51, 190–191, 194, 204–205 54–55, 61, 64–65 second retreat to Taiwan, 222–224 relationship with the Qing court, 73, succession struggle, 146–147, 148–150 84–85, 86–87, 112–113, 140 Zheng Keshuang request for aid from Japan, 68–69 and formalization of the Zheng legacy, Zheng Zhiwan, 77, 80, 81, 88 228 Zheng Zuanxu, 150, 204 final years, 238–239 Zhenjiang, 122, 124, 125 image of weakling puppet, 3, 5 Zhoushan, 73, 92, 112, 154 surrender of, 233 Zhu Di, 26, 27 Zheng Kezang, 224, 225, 226 Zhu Shugui, 82, 180, 187, 200, 233, 234 Zheng Kuan, 223, 231, 233, 234 Zhu Shunshui, 103, 104, 105, 122 Zheng Lian, 73, 78 Zhu Yihai. see Prince of Lu Zheng Mingjun, 150, 183 Zhu Youlang. see Yongli emperor Zheng Tai, 53, 55, 93, 102, 103, 120, 127, Zhu Yousong. see Hongguang emperor 129, 141, 147, 149, 154, 155, 158, Zhu Yuanzhang, 26, 27 191, 203 Zhu Yujian. see Longwu emperor Zheng Weizhong. see Cheng Wei-chung Zou Weilian, 55 Zheng Zhilong Zu Zepu, 181, 184, 185