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The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES -
Emperor Qianlong's Compilation of the Erchen Zhuan and N
Official Historiography and Ideological Indoctrination in High Qing: Emperor Qianlong’s Compilation of the Erchen Zhuan and Nichen Zhuan Wing-ming Chan (Hong Kong) The Biographies of Ministers Who Served Two Dynasties or Biographies of Twice-Serving Ministers (Erchen zhuan 貳臣傳 ) and the Biographies of the Traitors (Nichen zhuan 逆臣傳 ) are the last two official his- torical projects completed in the Qianlong reign (1736–1795). Finished in 1794, they brought to an end Qianlong-era evaluations of the early-Qing Han collaborators and traitors. Reflecting Emperor Qianlong’s 乾隆 (Aisin Gioro Hongli 愛新覺羅 .弘曆 , 1711–1799; r. 1736–1795) ambitions to monopolize the authority of “praise and blame” (bao bian 褒貶 ) in the interpreta- tion of Chinese history, these two works, together with other Qianlong historical projects, were considered to be the official guidelines for the subsequent writings on the early history of the empire. The Erchen project was initiated in 1777, a year after the completion of the Records of All Officials [and Subjects] Who Died out of Loyalty to the Fallen Dynasty, Authorized by the Emperor [Qianlong] (Qinding shengchao xunjie zhuchen lu 欽定勝朝殉節諸臣錄 , hereinafter cited as Zhuchen lu), and the Nichen project was derived from the former in around 1783. To the Qing court, the completion of the Zhuchen lu publicly proclaimed the Qing (1644–1911) official recognition of the moral deeds of the Ming loyalists who died in the resistance movement, 1644–1662.1 However, the imperial commendation of these martyrs inevitably required the Qing court to review its previous evaluation of the disloyal Ming officials who were praised during the conquest period for their collaboration with the new government. -
Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Dahpon David Ho Committee in charge: Professor Joseph W. Esherick, Co-Chair Professor Paul G. Pickowicz, Co-Chair Professor Barry J. Naughton Professor Daniel Vickers Professor Charles J. Wheeler 2011 © Dahpon David Ho, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Dahpon David Ho is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii DEDICATION FOR MY LOVING PARENTS Yuping Sandi Ho and Shyh-chin Mike Ho AND MY WIFE Elya Jun Zhang iv EPIGRAPH Defeat, my Defeat, my bold companion, You shall hear my songs and my cries and my silences, And none but you shall speak to me of the beating of wings, And urging of seas, And of mountains that burn in the night, And you alone shall climb my steep and rocky soul. Defeat, my Defeat, my deathless courage, You and I shall laugh together with the storm, And together we shall dig graves for all that die in us, And we shall stand in the sun with a will, And we shall be dangerous. * --Kahlil Gibran * “Defeat,” from The Madman (1918) v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………………iii Dedication.....…..................................................................................................................iv Epigraph.....…......................................................................................................................v -
I.H. Liangguang
I.H. GUANGDONG AND GUANGXI I.H.1. Archival Documents, Published a. MQSL. Ser. 甲, vols. 2, 4; ser. 丙, vols. 6–7, 9-10; ser. 丁, vols. 2–3; ser. 己, vols. 2–6. b. MQDA. Ser. A, vols. 5–6, 11–13, 15–17, 19–23, 27, 30–31, 33–35. c. QNMD. Vol. 3. d. QNZS. Bk. 1, vols. 1–2. e. “Shunzhi shisannian qian de liangxiang zhengji” 順治十三年前的糧餉徵集. Comp. FHA. Lishi dang’an 歷史檔案, 1983 no. 4: 14–24. Here seven docu- ments show in detail the great strains that had built up on Qing military-supply capacities after a decade of campaigning in the far southern provinces. In 1656, exhaustions of supplies and of transport facilities were being felt most acutely in the wake of Li Dingguo’s 李定國 repeated challenges to Qing control in Guangdong and Guangxi, and as a result of Sun Kewang’s 孫可望 use of Guizhou as a base for operations in Sichuan. I.H.2. Chen Yanye xiansheng quanji 陳巖野 [Chen Yanye xiansheng ji (b)]. Chen Bangyan 陳邦彥 [Chen Yanye 陳巖野]: Xingzhuang by (author’s son) Chen Gongyin 陳恭尹 in (a), 4/26a–32b; QDRW, III: 329–34; Yan Xuxin 1941; Li Jie 1970. Editions: (a) 4 j. Ed. Wen Runeng 溫汝能. Tingsongge 聽松閣, 1805. Rpt. in Heshi zhilelou congshu 何氏至樂樓叢書, fasc. 16. Hong Kong: Heshi zhilelou, 1977.* (b) 3 j. In QK, j. 552–54 (rpt. v. 39). Similar to j. 1–3 in (a), but with notable differences. Both editions should be used. Chen Bangyan, a native of Shunde 順德 Co., Guangdong Prov., was re- nowned from an early age for his literary and scholarly talents, striking demeanor, and responsible character, and he attracted a large following of students in his home region. -
Chapter 2. Militarized Adjudication
DESERTION AND THE MILITARIZATION OF QING LEGAL CULTURE A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Eugene John Gregory, III, J.D. Washington, DC August 31, 2015 Copyright 2015 by Eugene John Gregory, III All Rights Reserved ii DESERTION AND THE MILITARIZATION OF QING LEGAL CULTURE Eugene John Gregory, III, J.D. Thesis Advisor: James A. Millward, Ph.D. ABSTRACT I use the adjudication of military campaign deserter cases (congzheng taobing 從征逃兵) from the armies of the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) up through the mid-eighteenth century as a category of analysis to understand the origins of militarizing tendencies in eighteenth-century Qing legal culture. This approach reveals the incorporation into late imperial legal culture of militarized adjudication (yi junfa congshi 以軍法 從事), a discipline-focused, autonomous and harsh mode of adjudicating cases during military campaigns that had long-existed within late imperial military culture. Both military and legal cultures existed within the wider social and political cultures yet were further shaped by their respective institutions, associated-persons, activities, and objectives. The most prominent intersection between the two was the emperor, who served as the highest authority within both. Faced with significant military-operational failures during the early frontier campaigns of his reign, the Qianlong emperor (r. 1735-1798) came to identify lack of military victory with military indiscipline and further identified this lack of discipline with the structural leniency that was part of the routine criminal adjudicative process. -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk3t096 Author Ho, Dahpon David Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Dahpon David Ho Committee in charge: Professor Joseph W. Esherick, Co-Chair Professor Paul G. Pickowicz, Co-Chair Professor Barry J. Naughton Professor Daniel Vickers Professor Charles J. Wheeler 2011 © Dahpon David Ho, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Dahpon David Ho is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii DEDICATION FOR MY LOVING PARENTS Yuping Sandi Ho and Shyh-chin Mike Ho AND MY WIFE Elya Jun Zhang iv EPIGRAPH Defeat, my Defeat, my bold companion, You shall hear my songs and my cries and my silences, And none but you shall speak to me of the beating of wings, And urging of seas, And of mountains that burn in the night, And you alone shall climb my steep and rocky soul. Defeat, my Defeat, my deathless courage, You and I shall laugh together with the storm, And together we shall dig graves for all that die in us, And we shall stand in the sun with a will, And we shall be dangerous. -
Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: the Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia
Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia By Xing Hang A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Wen-hsin Yeh, Chair Professor Kenneth Pomeranz Professor Jan de Vries Professor Marion Fourcade Fall 2010 Copyright 2010 by Hang, Xing All rights reserved Abstract Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia by Xing Hang Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Wen-hsin Yeh, Chair This study examines the Zheng organization, which flourished from 1625 to 1683, during a time when the Ming-Qing transition in China intersected with the formation of an integrated early modern economy in maritime Asia. This quasi-governmental commercial enterprise reached the apex of its power under Zheng Chenggong (1624-1662), and his son and successor Zheng Jing (1642-1681). From bases along the southeastern Chinese coast and Taiwan, they relied upon overseas commerce to maintain a sustained resistance against the Manchus, who had taken over most of China in 1644 from the collapsing Ming, the ethnic Chinese dynasty to which both men had pledged their support. Like their fiercest competitor, the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the organization protected the safety and property of Chinese subjects abroad, engaged in armed trade, and aggressively promoted overseas expansion. Zheng Chenggong and Jing proved far more successful and profitable at these endeavors than the VOC. -
Red Only Western Guangxi and a Small Part of Yunnan
CHAPTER ONE Frontier Youth 1894–1914 ei Baqun’s birthplace, Donglan County of Guangxi Province, was a Wfrontier region in more than one sense. It was not far from China’s southern border with Vietnam. In Wei Baqun’s time, travelers from Donglan would often choose to pass through Vietnam in order to reach Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Wei Baqun himself took that route at least twice. The border between Guangxi and Vietnam could be easily crossed partly because neither the French colonial government in Vietnam nor the local Guangxi militarists took the area seriously. The French concentrated their attention on Yunnan rather than Guangxi, whereas the leaders of Guangxi thought that the regions to the east and north were much more important than the southern borders.1 Donglan was also very close to the border dividing Guangxi from three other Chinese provinces: Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan, making it a frontier county of a frontier province (Map 1.1). In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Donglan fit well the stereotypes of a typical frontier region in China. First of all, it was a multiethnic area. The dominant ethnic group, of which Wei Baqun was a member, was the Turen (which means natives) or Zhuang, whose ancestors, known as Yue, Bai- yue, Luoyue, Xi’ou, Wuhu, Liliao, and Lang in different periods and different places, used to occupy a large part of southern China. By the early twentieth century, however, the Zhuang heartland had shrunk so much that it covered only western Guangxi and a small part of Yunnan. -
Engineering and Technology
Proceedings 2011 World Congress on Engineering and Technology Oct. 28-Nov.2, 2011, Shanghai, China Proceedings 2011 World Congress on Engineering and Technology Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Operations Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. All rights reserved. Copyright ©2011 by IEEE. Compliant PDF Files IEEE Catalog Number: CFP 1148N -ART ISBN: 978-1-61284-365-0 Conference CD-ROM Version IEEE Catalog Number: CFP 1148N-CDR ISBN: 978-1-61284-363-6 Print Version IEEE Catalog Number: CFP 1148N -PRT ISBN: 978-1-61284-362-9 Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Printed in Beijing, China 2011 World Congress on Engineering and Technology (CET 2011) http://www.engii.org/cet2011/ Oct. 28-Nov.2, 2011, Shanghai, China Sponsors: - IEEE Beijing Section - IEEE Wuhan Section - Tongji University - Wuhan University - Engineering Information Institute Welcome On behalf of the Organizing Committee of 2011 World Congress on Engineering and Technology (CET 2011), it is my great pleasure to present this proceedings of the conference held in Shanghai, China, Oct. 28th to Nov.2nd, 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the authors and participants for their support to our conference. -
An Independent Report on the Situation of the June 4 Massacre Victims
1 An Independent Report on the Situation of the June 4 Massacre Victims Jiang Qisheng 1 2 Contents Preface 3 I. The June 4 Massacre: A bloody suppression on 4 the 1989 pro-democracy movement by the governmental authorities II. Human rights disaster after the June 4 suppression: 10 Large-scale arrest and identification III. Tiananmen Mother: The families of the June 4 12 deceased and the disabled i. The pains and sufferings experienced by this group ii. The difficult struggles of the 20-year persuit for justice iii. The current status of the group of Tiananmen Mother IV. The June 4 prisoners of conscience 27 i. Great creation of and suppression on the June 4 prisoners of conscience by the governmental authority ii. The June 4 individuals with unchanged belief after being released from prison iii. The June 4 individuals with bitter life after being released from prison iv. The June 4 prisoners of conscience still in jail till now V. The June 4 individuals suffering 61 in other forms of political persecution VI. The political victims under the One-Party dictatorship system 64 VII. The changes in the living 66 conditions of the June 4 victims Concluding remarks 68 References 69 Appendix 70 2 3 Preface The 1989 pro-democracy movement taken place 20 years ago and the June 4 Massacre carried out by the order of the Chinese government are vital and important events which can never be avoided and denied in the modern Chinese history. The June 4 Massacre and the large-scale arrest and identification followed have created tens of thousands of the June 4 victims. -
War, Trauma, and Social Dislocation in Southwest China During the Ming-Qing Transition by Kenneth M
2019-041 15 May 2019 On the Trail of the Yellow Tiger: War, Trauma, and Social Dislocation in Southwest China during the Ming-Qing Transition by Kenneth M. Swope . Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2018. Pp. xx, 429. ISBN 978–0–8032–4995–0. Review by Xing Hang, Brandeis University ([email protected]). Sinologist and military historian Kenneth Swope (Univ. of Southern Mississippi) has written a viv- id and harrowing account of seventeenth-century China caught in the traumatic and protracted transition from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) to the Manchu-dominated Qing Dynasty (1644– 1912). There is a considerable body of scholarship on this subject, but most of it takes a top-down view, focusing on efforts of state or quasi-state actors to consolidate control of the country, in- cluding the maritime Zheng commercial enterprise (1628–83) in the southeast. Swope, by con- trast, emphasizes the role of commoners in the remote southwestern borderlands of the empire, with special attention to the rise and fall of Zhang Xianzhong, one of the two main rebel leaders who touched off the events resulting in the downfall of the Ming. He also examines Zhang’s legacy for the dynastic transition and beyond. Swope highlights the dichotomy between traditional, Confucian-inspired historians who por- tray Zhang as a killing machine who left behind rivers of blood and mountains of corpses and pre- sent-day scholars in the People’s Republic of China who see him as a class hero struggling against the decadent, feudal Ming elite. Swope takes a more nuanced view, casting Zhang as a rebel who had to negotiate broader circumstances beyond his (or any individual’s) control, notwithstanding his personal force of will. -
Crisis and Hermeneutics: Wang Fuzhi's Interpretation of Confucian
Crisis and Hermeneutics: Wang Fuzhi’s Interpretation of Confucian Classics in a Time of Radical Change from Ming to Qing Dynasty by Mingran Tan A Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Mingran Tan 2010 Crisis and Hermeneutics: Wang Fuzhi’s Interpretation of Confucian Classics in a Time of Radical Change from Ming to Qing Dynasty Doctor of Philosophy Mingran Tan East Asian Studies University of Toronto Abstract In an effort to explore how hermeneutic reason functions in cultural crises, and more specifically, how a Ming loyalist Wang Fuzhi dealt with the political and cultural crises at the Ming-Qing dynastic transition, this dissertation critically examines his commentaries on Confucian classics and historical writings as well as his criticism toward other Confucian scholars and heretical schools. My conclusion is that, unlike his peers’ iconoclastic criticism of Neo-Confucianism, Wang’s uniqueness consists in that he attempted to reconstruct it through such criticism. Through this reconstruction, he tried to provide a solution to the political and cultural crises of his time by promoting universal harmony/he and humanity/ren. In his opinion, humanity originated from the harmonious qi in the universe, was identical with human nature, and demonstrated in the humane governance. Thus, he established a comprehensive system that incorporated cosmology, human nature, and political governance. Wang insisted that human beings’ destruction of the universal harmony caused the rise of perverse qi that gave rise to natural disasters and social conflicts. In order to decrease the amount of perverse qi and in turn the number of bad people and conflicts generated, Wang thought that man could cultivate his own harmonious qi or humanity and thus increase the universal harmonious qi through self-cultivation.