Doric Dialects Les Dialectes Doriens, Phonétique et Morphologie by Émile Boisacq; Der Dialekt Megaras, und der Megarischen Colonien by Friedrich Köppner Review by: Edwin W. Fay The Classical Review, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Feb., 1893), pp. 58-62 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/691375 . Accessed: 31/01/2014 10:33
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This content downloaded from 128.83.205.53 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 10:33:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 58 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. mastered, and that philosophy has never Boyce in the eleventh century; that by failed him and must again become his Notker of St. Gall, which perhaps is a little teacher and guide, is not far off a with- earlier; the Roman de Fortune of Simun de drawal from the Christian faith. Fraisne in the thirteenth century-the Perhaps the most interesting chapter in earliest vernacular version after that of the volume is the sixth, on the translators of Alfred; those by Jehan de Meun, Pierre de the De Consolatione. And the most interest- Paris, Renaut de Louhans, and other writers ing section in this chapter, at anyrate for the of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; ordinary English reader, is that on King and lastly Chaucer, whose acquaintance with Alfred's famous translation. 'It is in his the Roman philosopher seems to have begun translation of Boethius that Alfred's person- about 1369 and to have gone on until he ality is most strongly stamped. The theme ' must have known his Boethius almost by was a congenial one. He too had had some heart' (p. 215). Chaucer attempts what taste of changing fortune in his own life; he Alfred made no pretence at attempting, a too had felt the shock of a fall from high es- literal translation and not a mere tate; and though he had now won his way to paraphrase: and it has a special value his throne again, and could look calmly back as an example of fourteenth century prose. at the dangers and vicissitudes he had come Mr. Stewart has tabulated a number of through, he would not for that reason feel mistranslations, and points out that (as we the less sympathy with the Roman patriot might expect) Chaucer is much better in the whose only crime-no crime indeed in bits of Boethius which he has done into Alfred's eyes-was that he had lent an ear verse in his poems than in the same pieces to the prayers of those who would fain be as they appear in the set prose translation. delivered from the yoke of a barbarian It would perhaps be worth the author's tyrant. This very sympathy....led him to while, in preparing a second edition, to look identify himself so entirely with Boethius, at articles bearing on his subject in the that the latter is often quite lost sight of, Grande Encyclopidie now being published the king taking his place and giving utter- by Lamirault, Paris, and of which about ance to sentiments of which the Roman half has been issued. Great attention never dreamt' (p. 173). Other translations appears to have been paid to the biblio- or adaptations of the De Consolatione which graphy. the author notices are the A. PLUMMER. Provencal poem
DORIC DIALECTS.
Les Dialectes Doriens, Phonitique et Morpho- Shortly after the publication of Hoff- ? logie. ThBse d'Agr~gation presentee mann's volume Boisacq published his la Facult6 de Philosophie et Lettres de treatment of the Dorian group. This book l'Universit6 de Bruxelles, par IEMILE we judge to be his doctor's dissertation. BOISACQ,Docteur en Philosophie et Whatever may be the ultimate position as- Lettres. 1891. to the volume, it will a handy Paris, Ernest Thorin, signed prove 220 pages. summary pending the publications of Meis- Der Dialekt Megaras, und der Jlegarischen ter and of Hoffmann. Considerations of had Colonien von FRIEDRICH KsiPPNER.-Be- convenience the author seems to have sondere Abdruck aus dem achtzehnten in mind, for he has cited Cauer's Delectus2 Supplementbande der 'Jahrbiicher fiir wherever possible. To the private student classische Philologie.' Leipzig, Teubner, of dialects the book can be recommended on 1891. Pp. 530-563. 1 Mk. this account. No such feature of practical utility IT is a time of dialect study. Meister is attaches to the little monograph of Kipp- proceeding with deliberateness; eight years ner. elapsed between his first and second Every writer on a group of dialects must volumes Hoffmann has given us lately a of course adopt some principle of grouping. volume on Arcado-Cyprian, which he calls Boisacq gives us by way of introduction a South-Achaean (cf. Class. Rev. Jan. 1892, p. sketch of the various groupings that have 54). prevailed. Since the first edition of Gustav
This content downloaded from 128.83.205.53 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 10:33:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 59
Meyer's Greek Grammar it has been rather deed what our author says, p. 33, seems to the fashion to subdivide as minutely as make the popd'form the continuous one: possible and not recombine in groups. ' Aux formes pleines et primitivement Meister represents the same tendency, accentuees -4•o, -po de l'ionisme et de Hoffmann seems to be returning to the l'arcado-cypriote r6pondent en dorien les older group-system. Boisacq is diplomatic suffixes non accentuds -aLo, -apo.' but perhaps betrays a leaning to Hoffmann, The classification I have above made as elsewhere in the volume. I like how- groups under (a) all the cases of variation ever the point of view indicated by the between a, r, and o, in connection with the following sentence : 'L'6olisme de jadis est, nasals and liquids, and these form a large pensons-nous, d6finitivement condamn6 et majority of all. Can we not explain the les dialectes vulgaires autrefois englobbs sous phenomenon in group (a) as one of gradation? cette rubrique apparaissent aujourd'hui The inference would be fair if not cogent. comme des formes interm6diaires entre le Accent is however the disturbing cause in dorisme et le lesbien.' The transition dia- gradation, and there seems to be no right to lects will never admit of strict classification assume a change of accent in taps as com- we believe. The members of our author's pared with Sk. isird-. A soberer explanation Doric group are as follows: A. Laconia, B. for many of the above words has been Tarentum and Heraclea, C. Messenia, D. reached by Joh. Schmidt in the current Argolis, E. Corinth, Cleonae, Sicyon, Phlius, number of K.Z. (xxxii. p. 323 ft.). Neigh- Corcyra, Syracuse, etc., F. Megara, Chalce- bouring vowels have an assimilating effect don, Byzantium etc., G. Crete, H. Melos, upon one another, e.g. 'Ark~movgave way to Thera and Cyrene, I. Other islands in the 'A~roXXovbecause of the following wo; in the Aegean, K. Rhodes, Gela, Agrigentum. same way o3EXolis more original than /poXo'; The literary texts of Doric are Alcman, K4pKvpa has had its a labialized by the v of Pindar, Theognis (of no great importance), the following syllable; Tr~pos out of arapos Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, Archimedes. is due to the penultimate E,not, as hereto. Doric passages in non-Doric writings are fore explained, to re-association with tl. Thuc. v. 77, 79, Arist. Acharnae vs. 729 ft., For words etymologically insecure however Lysistrata vs. 81-240, 980--1013, 1076-- we may still hold that such variants are 1318. Hesychius and the Grammarians a phenomenon of gradation, and due to ac- furnish isolated words. cent. Accent is the comparative gramma- The phonology of the Doric group is next rian's principle of gravitation and doubtless treated. I turn to the discussion of the lies behind many a yet unexplained change, peculiar uses of a, o, E,in Doric :-- as surely as the attraction of the 1. a= Ion.-Att. E in (a) "AprapLu;lapo' ; planet Uranus on the planet Neptune aTrp4-W-, Trpdo, TpXo, led to the discovery of the latter. rpWi'O), ' 'Arrdpa, IIdvajLo%, KLapo's, xpatoo, /IVTOL. There may be those who will think (b) Ka (KEv), 0 oa(0OEv),pres. ptc. dats. in I am comparing great things with small, y,, 4pact (4pev-). (c) aroVaJE(irovdw Dor. and such will attach no importance to ?ao?, for wrovEw), dEpO-av (Hom. E'poy), &1laL the priority of Eapo' as against kpos. (= opral, Hes.) TEPpo%,dc, The Greek mathematicians were content to 2. E= Ion.-Att. o in (a) TrLdce. work out their conics a thousand years be- 'ArEkXXwv,y7pyvpa, 1E//l?)KOVTa, 63EXo'9(dI/OXo'), IrT~TrE8.LOv. fore there was practical application for the 3. ~= Ion.-Att. a in hXEos. results. We can be humble and imitate (a) pr'•~VE, 4. o=Ion.-Att. a in (a) rTrop~E,averTypo- them, feeling sure that our instrument of ws. (b) KOapd (Kaeapos). precision will at last bring something out of 5. a= Ion.-Att. o in (a) avap (~vap), d v a L- the darkness of the pre-historic time. po v ( yvELpo v), raX la ( o XIa). (b) FLKaTL Under (b) I have classed cases of a=n, numerals in oK7LOL (oKovTLOL), 7rXLac This group Boisacq has explained save Kh (E-KOoL), rr (rrXEo-L). (c) aL&TrKO%,oKL/a7obLO% E2aVdpO'Lo (KEV); he denies the relation of ?0a to 0oEv, Lraopeaypof)v. but cf. Henry's Comp. Gr. ? 187, 6: yd has For many of the above words our perhaps been affected by K. (I). author does not attempt an explanation. Under (c) I have tabulated miscellaneous We are not told for example that iapo' is cases. vidkn has been hesitatingly explained the historically continuous form, although by Boisacq (p. 38) as analogical to raparpd(r Sk. isird- is brought forward, and epo'd etc. I see no reason for the hesitation. the new form, made (as Brugmann suggests aEporat,Iom. has a prothetic vowel, and I. ? 287) on the analogy of the ?pos adjec- is for the present•pcr, out of the reach of inve,- tives of o/E stems, e.g. &Epds, 0oi3Epdo. In- tigation perhaps. In 4rdoval we are sup-
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to have a in of the Schmidt in the current number of K.Z. posed place augment . The same thing occurs a few other times on (xxxii. p. 294 fg.). To the explanation of ? inscriptions but, so far as I know, only with as the ordinary locative suffix he prefers to forms of the verb rovew. I call attention to equate with Sk. ku-vid, but I do not the fact that in these cases the verb begins feel that*rvt his reasons are convincing. I fur- with &iroo instead of nroo. The occurrence ther see no semasiological connection between is only sporadic. Perhaps it was 'stone- ku-vid 'whether' and nrv"as adverb of the cutters' etymology' due to the preposition place to which. It is to be noted that the broo. For & I have no transfer to nominal stems Cat"EopTral explana- (e.g. cLrvL7U-'V, tion to suggest. oKL aTdoO (= ) irXXv) would be facilitated for Greek by the is cited from an inscription inaccessibleLt6OTd/O• to stem beside v-l-s. me. If the a is metrically long there are Ourv-tv- author's discussion of the Greek two possibilities of explanation. We can re- nouns in -evs is not clear. On p. 149 he gard as a case form, an instrumental, cites both Meyer's and Hoffmann's expla- OKLtao either hyperdoric for r (cf. Br. Gr. II. p. nations of the doublets in -s, -Ecs, with a 627), or the result of the contraction of the possible leaning to the latter. We quite stem-o-+a, a mode of formation imitating agree with Meyer (g 323). On p. 152 Brug- that of instrumentals from consonant stems. mann's correction of Wackernagel's equation For 'rt-Lavo'poo, 'cultivating the fields,' and of rrrcv'e= Sk. agvayu-s is given. Wacker- urTToptaypda4mvwe are certainly not far wrong nagel in K.Z. xxiv. p. 295 fg. explains gen. in assuming a conscious pluralizing of nrstov r-rrF)oc from truredJos> ftnr-rnJoo. This in the first case. and re-association with should give us *~YrrfoF (cf. rpEds<*Tpe~EI). in the second. po Brugmann therefore proceeds from a loca- fort•ropia ?rcvrqKoVro is susceptible7rEV7Kov-Ta-raT- of a similar ex- tive *WrrrersL,'re-locativized' into *girrcqF-J planation, rKtLapohcited under 1 (a) for >Urrir)F. A still simpler explanation of the shows re-association with OKLO&, forms see1ns to me possible. A proto-hel- rKLyPdo unless indeed OKLEepdOis analogical like cpo'i, lenic form like was affected by which seems to me the more probable ex- the Greek accentual*~partXQ•eFo principle known as De planation. In DoricrLSd~w for the influ- Saussure's 'loi rhythmique,' whereby e.g. •r5•w ence of PLduO,similar in sound and meaning,is aogor4pos came to stand for *eo4irepos to to be seen: rrtLEo)is, without doubt, a compound avoid the accumulation of short syllables. of Z)rl+ }Jsed 'sit upon.' = Sk. Vpid < pi-sd. We may start then from a *ro- The primary meaning is 'press' for KqEO%, etc., where a stands*/3ayLXZLtE.os, for a rythmri- both words, the derived 'oppress.' Cf. cally lengthened E. A contraction of +r Lat. po-situs < a)po-situs for a similarly would give us our rl,- "TOKyrv'whence clipped preposition-all of which has TOKEVS. long ago been shown by Pott. Etymn.Forsch. A variation between -las, -dca and -tas in I.2 p. 514. proper names exists in the Doric dialects On p. 77 Boisacq discusses the locatives (Bois. p. 53) and this variation seems not to in vi', e.g. Cret. rvi'. The explanation of vt have been explained. The relation of -cas as the regular phonetic resultant of he to -uas is easy cf. edOetc. For -Ea ot •i•o'". very properly rejects, that is to say he adopts and -das I offer the following solutions. A Hoffmann's objections to this theory as name KpaTra& e.g. probably contains the against Meyer. The explanation of Hoff- stem Kpa'rco--. The existence of forms mann is however adopted, itself cumbrous and may therefore be on and not capable of proof. The bulk of the theKpa•TEas same footingKpar•as as wrXei and we r•7dwa: examples are on pronominal stems. Cret. must look for a suffix with initial y (k) and orvi' is on the stem of the interrogation L-E. a meaning like 'possessing power,' 'desir- qo-. This was perhaps qvo- (lvo ?) with weak ing power' or simply 'powerful.' Sk. iyant- forms in qu- (Ko ?), Sk. ku- in ki-tra and in 'tantus' and kiyant- 'quantus ?' may be re- ku-a (kuva) are warrants for the latter stage. garded as showing a 'possessive suffix ' -yant The suffix i is that of the locative, but it is (cf. -vant and -mant): tvayint- 'desiring probable that suffixless locatives were also thee' is generally explained as a denomina- in existence, Gr. ~ri, *&rv. The forms in ?v tive participle; it has a doublet tviyii- ; it is stand in the same relation to these suffix- possibly to be regarded as on the same less locatives as the Delphic dative-locative level with iyant- kiyant- with secondary ac- plurs. in -oet, e.g. o0t Ka(Ahr. II. 367) to cent. All denominative stems do not ac- •roZi, the locative sing. in oo, e.g. oLKOL. cent the suffix, cf. Whitney2 ? 1067. If The above explanation, original with my- we assume then a Gr. *Kpatt'QfT- we reach a self, has alas! been anticipated by nominative For the doublet Joh. *Kpa7tiLta•.
This content downloaded from 128.83.205.53 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 10:33:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 61 tvayint-: tvayu-, we have the significant he seems to dodge the expression on p. 65 Greek doublet 'ApLaTeV and 'ApLOT(L)aS. with his phrase : ' ~ resultant de la r6duction We may however reach the explanation by en simples de consonnes noes d'une assimi- comparing the proper names in -t'ov, e.g. Aev- lation' cf. Meyer ? 74. Compare however p. V(<*vKaXl V?)'AnoXXOw (<'A7roXuw?) 67 where ) KaX• 'par allongement compensateur' with doublet 'ArcXXkas. A weak grade of is discussed. The cases are equally ones of the suffix -jen- is in (cf. Brug. II. p. 335 fg.) 'compensative lengthening.' I cannot help and so we can reach a nominative (voca- thinking he has been misled by Meyer tive 3) 'son of might' (cf. Kpo- who makes a sub-class under *Kpa•-e-A•- 'compensative vtov). In either case the > a of the nomina- lengthening' of what Boisacq has treated tive was the first analogized by prevalent separately. Ki6ppner on p. 543 cites 7rpos&- declension type. The name'Eppe(as however 8&lqwyvavas an instance of 'compensative suggests still another explanation. This lengthening.' I should like to know why. has been compared with great probability to In discussing the explanations of 8a&uop- Saramey&-; we must reconstruct I.-E. *Ser- ydocited above, Boisacq writes: 'Hoffmann meija-; Sk. has anaptyxis of a before m Gr. Dial. I. p. 151 critique cette 4tymologie and secondary vrddhi. In 'Eppelasthe diph- et propose etc.' Again on p. 68: 'Si l'on thong e resolves itself into ey,and this second- compare p. 64 s. 1'6tymologie de 8ap~topy& ary y receives the same treatment as its indiqu6e par Hoffmann etc.' The difference predecessor whence 'Ep,,as. Whatever ex- between Meister and Hoffmann is morpho- planation is accepted, the conservative ten- logical and not etymological, I should say. in dency proper names must be taken into On p. 47, 4 propos of the Doric IIpopa~ev account. Names in -elas and -cas may be we read: 'la relation 6tablie par Kuhn considered the antique parallel of our entre IIpopyOcv'et le sanscr. pra-manthas. R. modern Johnston : Johnson. Math: manth, manthati "faire tourner un T1rwre&4Lov(p. 52) (nom. 'Irrnd8apod?) sa&ELlp- morceau de bois dans un autre (pour allumer 8a/LopyoL (p. 64) and le feu sacr6)" est revoquie en doute.' But yo0 8••wpos 8E9vO'ATov (p. 54) are compounds mentioned by our why If Sk. Vmathwe author. For the latter he cites explanations have in IIpopadeu'•/mathrepresentsI.-E. the deflected grade of the of Baunack and Meyer, all I think unsatis- 5/&series. If Sk. math= I.-E. mith we can factory. 'ITre8rc4ov is given under the explain as *lIpogfeiv, and = Gr. & Ion.- = general rubric e Ion.-Att. o. For 8auop- Att. r : cf. ~3r&~e,Ion.-Att. ~p/o EQc<*fPnre. explanations of Mieister and Hoffmann A thoroughgoing inconsistency of writ- y7~ are given. These are only formally differ- ing the vocalic nasals exists in Boisacq. ent, though Hoffmann clings to ofopyo p. 36 we have &ov(= &/ov), p. 68 instead of oFcpyosas the second part of the On p. 161 I note but fwFn. *rparavlr-rL compound, and elides o of his 8apoo whereas *cpv-yL. On the same page Cretic IrXLaOLis The Meister elides e of his oFcpyos. true ex- explained from lrXLn-oL,which could never be. planation of all these compounds lies in an The proto-hellenic formmusthave been insistence upon accentual effects. Greek aL>*lrXE7aa>*lrXEaoL; in Ion.-Att. theRegn- in- 'I7Zr&a/Los is a bEhuvrihi compound with fluence of Horn. 7rwchvecroeor of the stem accent on the first member but shifted in 7rXeov-gave 7rXE'ooL,in Cretic *rk.Xaoe be- accordance with the Greek law of enclisis. came IrXlaO-as FerTafeda etc. 'I.rdsa/os is a relic of the with On p. 97 we have is=~K; on p. 98 accent on the tatpurusa final member, and the more dans Zevo41Xov et Aecro-= de$uW.' The'o--= first stem form frequent ~irzro-prevailed. O8•&- statement should read i= i~$, cf. Baunack, bdhuvr~ki, proceeds from a, Gort. p. 23. pot, *Oe(-)8
This content downloaded from 128.83.205.53 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 10:33:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 62 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. with aspiration by way of legacy from the tabulation of Megaric words and to nothing original -0-. more. I like his exhibition of common I have noted a good many misprints: p. sense where he speaks on p. 561 of Aristo- 38 varsR- for varg ; p. 49 7roXLdXosfor wroxLa- phanes as a writer of pure MIegaric. Xos,but perhaps purposely according to ? 5, On p. 543 he speaks of 4 HARNACK ON EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der but the vaguest ideas have existed previously Altchristliche Literatur, von OSCARVON on its date, and on the sect to which we are GEBHARDT und ADOLF HARNACK. VII. indebted for producing it. Prof. Harnack Band. Heft. 2. ' Ueber das Gnostische begins by discussing its quotations from the Buch Pistis-Sophia.' ' Brod und Wasser: New, then its relations to the Old Testament, Die Eucharistischen Elemente bei Justin.' and especially the five Apocryphal Psalms of Zwei Untersuchungen, von ADOLF Solomon which it contains. He points out HARNACK. (Pp. 144. Leipzig, 1891.) the light which it throws on the charac- Mk. 4.50. teristics of the Christian Community at the time when it was written. It is significant THEnumber of the Texte und Untersuchungen as showing the importance of the questions before us contains two treatises by Prof. which were then rife as to penitence and the Harnack, both eminently characteristic of forgiveness of sins. Finally he fixes its date their author. to the second half of the third century. It The first is an investigation into the well was written in Egypt, but emanated from a known Gnostic treatise Pistis-Sophia pre- school of Syrian Gnostics whom Epiphanius served in Coptic in a MS. in the British (Haer. 39, 40) mentions as settled there. Museum, and is an excellent piece of work. The method of historical investigation seems The doctrine or philosophy of the work has to us on the whole admirable, and the results, already been adequately discussed, but none as far as we can judge, correct. It and the This content downloaded from 128.83.205.53 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 10:33:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions