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POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN

Christine Faure EDITOR

Routledge An Imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group New York and London TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction xiii

Christine Faure

On the Threshold of Modernity: Are Women Capable of Governing?

The Salic Law 3 Sarah Hartley -\ ) Female Sovereignty and the Subordination of Women in the Works of , Jean Calvin, and 13 Claudia Opitz Women's Political and Military Action during the Fronde 23 Hubert Carrier

From Natural Subjection to Conventional Indifference: Women in the Political Thought of Sir Robert Filmer, , and 37 Gordon Schochet

The Age of

Women's Role in the English Revolutions 49 Ann Hughes

The American through Women's Eyes 61 Linda K. Kerber

Women's Political Action during the French Revolution 71 Jacques Guilhaumou and Martine Lapied Sex or Rank? Women's Status in the Philosophy of the Enlightenment 89 Catherine Larrere

From the of Man to Women's Rights: A Difficult Intellectual Conversion 109 Christine Faure

Women Militants in the Brabant and Liegeois Revolutions 121 Janet L. Polasky

Women and the Dutch Revolutions of the Late Eighteenth Century 127 Rudolf M. Dekker and Judith A. Vega

The Trade of Black Women Slaves of the Eighteenth Century 139 Harris Memel-Fote

Women's Participation in the Greek Revolution, 1800-1827 153 Eleni Varikas

182S: Women in Philhellenism 165 Matte Bouyssy

Utopia and Counterutopia: Women in the Works of 175 Simone Debout-Oleszkiewicz

1848 in Paris 191 Matte Bouyssy and Christine Faure

Women in the German States, 1848-1849 207 Bonnie S. Anderson

Supplemental Bibliography: Women and the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe 217

The Emancipation of Women in the Works of Marx and Engels 219 Maximilien Rubel

1871: The Paris Commune 233 Jacques Rougerie

Women in Revolutionary Russia, 1861-1926 249 Barbara Alpern-Engel

Women in the German Revolution: and the Workers' Councils 267 Claudie Weill The Women's Section of the Comintern, from Lenin to Stalin 275

Jean-Jacques Marie

Struggles for

Women's Rights and Suffrage in the United States, 1848-1920 289 Francoise Bosch Women's Suffrage and Democracy in Canada 305 Yolande Cohen

From Women's Rights to Feminism in Europe, 1860-1914 315 Florence Rochefort

Political Rights of European Women: An Assessment of the Two World Wars 327 Odile Rudelle

Women's Role in the Spanish Civil War 347 Mary Nash

The Feminine Condition under Nazism: , Modernity, and Racial Hierarchization 357 Rita R. Thalmann

Women's Collaboration and Resistance under Italian 371 Cecilia Dau-Novelli

Women in Vichy France 383 Francois Rouquet

Women and Salazarism 397 Anne Cova and Antonio Costa Pinto

Liberty and Equality for Women in the Socialist Countries of Eastern Europe, 1960-1980 Svetlana Aivazova

Feminism in the 1970s Dominique Fougeyrollas-Schwebel

Universal Suffrage and Direct Democracy: The Swiss Case, 1848-1990 Brigitte Studer

Women and Islam in the West Daniele Djamila Amrane-Minne

Turkish Immigrant Women in Europe Riva Kastoryano The Political Success of Scandinavian Women 473 Elisabeth Elgdn

Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America 481 Christine Pintat, Inter-Parliamentary Union

Building Equality in the Policies of International Organizations 503

Giovanna Procacci and Mariagrazia Rossilli

Notes on Contributors 523

Index of Proper Names 531