ST Kinetics Ou Les Ambitions De Singapour Dans L'armement

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ST Kinetics Ou Les Ambitions De Singapour Dans L'armement ST Kinetics ou les ambitions de Singapour dans l’armement Classé 44e dans le top 100 mondial des (716 km², soit équivalent à l’agglomé- 2nd generation SAF (1990’) : effort industries de défense1, ST Engineering ration parisienne), et d’une faible dé- de défense consacré au renforce- 5 se présente comme un groupe aux mographie face à ses voisins (5,5 M ment des moyens disponibles et à activités duales. Le chiffre d’affaires d’habitants contre 29,5 M d’habitants la modernisation des plateformes. (CA) Défense 2015 atteint 36% du CA en Malaisie et 252 M d’habitants en 3rd Generation SAF : (2004-) : plan total, soit 2,28 Mds SGD2 (~1,52 Indonésie), Singapour se trouve en de développement capacitaire Md€3). situation de dépendance sécuritaire. mettant l’accent sur le développe- Le groupe, dont l’Etat singapourien est Ainsi, dès son indépendance, une Dé- ment et l’acquisition de systèmes l’actionnaire majoritaire (>50% du fense forte et crédible est considérée autonomes, de capacités en capital via le fonds souverain Temasek) comme indispensable par les autorités frappes de précision et de sys- compte quatre branches d’activités du pays, garantie de sa survie face à tèmes de communication avancés. ses Etats voisins. principales : Pour accompagner cette politique, les ST Aerospace (33% du CA) : services Dans ce contexte, les autorités singa- autorités singapouriennes ont placé le d’ingénierie et de maintenances pouriennes ont mené une politique de budget de défense au cœur des dé- aéronautiques. défense au cours des 50 dernières penses du gouvernement. Le budget ST Electronics (27% du CA) : con- années visant à accompagner le déve- défense est même en croissance nomi- ception, développement et pro- loppement capacitaire des forces ar- nale constante, périodes de crises duction de systèmes d’information mées, pour en faire aujourd’hui l’une financières (1997 et 2007) comprises. et de communication avancés. des mieux équipées de la région. Cette De fait, depuis 1988, la part du budget ST Kinetics (22% du CA) : concep- montée en puissance s’est réalisée en de la défense dans le PIB oscille entre 6 tion, développement et production trois temps : 3% et 6%7. En 2016, selon les sources de systèmes d’armes terrestres et 1st generation SAF (1965-1980’): officielles8, le budget atteint 13,97 Mds de munitions. concentration des moyens sur SGD (~9,28 Mds€). Il s’agit encore du ST Marine (15% du CA) : construc- l’établissement de capacités con- premier poste de dépenses (19% du tion et modification de navires ventionnelles et la notion d’infantry budget voté), devant l’Education civils et militaires (patrouilleurs, centric. LPD). Singapour : Dépenses de défense La montée en compétences de ST 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Engineering et l’extension de son por- Budget Def. 11,28 11,83 12,34 12,56 13,12 13,97 tefeuille d’activités défense au cours (Mds SGD) (~Mds €) des dernières années sont à mettre en 6,45 7,37 7,43 7,47 8,61 9,28 % budget 24,2 23,6 23,1 21,1 23 19 parallèle avec la politique de défense % PIB 3,4 3,4 3,3 3,2 3,6 - singapourienne. %recherche 4,2 4,1 3,6 3,4 3,3 4,8 En effet, la création du groupe ST Engi- Source : Comptes nationaux 4 neering en 1997 résulte d’une véri- Principaux organismes singapouriens impliqués dans la S&T militaire table politique industrielle et technolo- La Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) représente le principal chef d'or- gique à destination de la défense. Le chestre de la modernisation des forces armées du pays. La DSTA élabore et met en secteur de l’armement terrestre en œuvre la politique d'acquisition des biens et services pour la défense, et pilote la R&D12. constitue le premier bénéficiaire histo- Issue de la fusion en 2000 du Defence Administration Group et du Defence Technology rique. Group (DTG), la DSTA est structurée en 14 « Programme Centres ». Une situation de dépendance sécuritaire, Pour sa part, la Defence Science and Organisation (DSO) représente le principal centre de R&D militaire. La création du DSO remonte à 1971, avec le projet « Magpie »13 relatif à l’origine des efforts de défense de la au développement de systèmes électroniques avancés destinés à des applications mili- Cité-Etat taires. Renommé en 1972 « Electronics Test Centre », il deviendra officiellement, en Ancienne colonie britannique, Singa- 1977, la DSO. Elle rassemble environ 1 300 ingénieurs et chercheurs, au sein de 7 Divi- pour proclame son indépendance en sions thématiques. La DSO conduit des programmes de recherche en association le cas 1965, après cinq années passées au échéant avec les entreprises du conglomérat ST Engineering ou des partenaires étran- gers. sein de la fédération de Malaisie. Tou- tefois, dépourvue de ressources natu- Enfin, le Future Systems and Technology Directorate (FSTD) est responsable de la R&T et du développement des concepts opérationnels (issue de la fusion en 2013 du FSD et de la relles, disposant d’un espace contraint DRTech). 12 (17%). Grâce à ces efforts de défense, conçu et produit in-house voit le jour spécifiques (Chars lourd, Système Singapour apparaît au premier rang en 1976, sous le nom de SAR-80. En lance-roquettes multiple, véhicule des États d’Asie du sud-est pour les 1984, la SAF en commandera 20 000 MRAP, etc.). Le MINDEF achète ainsi dépenses de défense devant l’Indoné- unités14. sur étagère des plateformes principa- sie et la Thaïlande. Sur le segment véhicules blindés, l'ac- lement à des fournisseurs américains, Enfin, le soutien à l’innovation et la quisition en 1968 de 72 chars légers français, allemands et israéliens. Ces recherche militaire ont joué un rôle AMX-13 issus des surplus de l’armée derniers constituent le socle de coopé- primordial dans le développement des de Défense d’Israël aboutit à la créa- ration en matière de défense et les capacités nationales de défense9. Les tion en 1971 de Singapore Automotive principaux fournisseurs de Singapour autorités singapouriennes ont mis en Engineering (SAE), en charge des activi- sur des segments stratégiques place « un écosystème du secteur de tés de MCO. L’acquisition de 300 véhi- (aviation de combat, de ravitaillement la défense », selon un terme utilisé par cules blindés de transport de troupes et de reconnaissance, missiles & dé- Quek Tong Boon, Secrétaire d’Etat à la M-113 en 1972 renforcera l’activité de fense aérienne, sous-marins, frégates, Défense et à la Transformation10. Il SAE par la modernisation et la produc- hélicoptères, systèmes d’armes ter- décrit la relation étroite qui existe tion d’un certain nombre de compo- restres). entre les utilisateurs (État), les déve- sants. Toutefois, la majorité des acquisitions loppeurs (Laboratoires) et les produc- En 1988, Ordnance Development & réalisées par le MINDEF s’inscrivent teurs (ST Engineering) de solutions de Engineering (ODE) et Allied Ordnance dans le cadre d’un partenariat. Ainsi défense. (AO) développent et produisent en dans le secteur de l’armement ter- En 2016, la part du budget défense propre leur premier obusier, le FH-88, restre, seules les acquisitions de 15 consacrée à la S&T atteint un niveau en remplacement des 38 Soltam M-71 véhicules MRAP Maxx Pro auprès de de 4,8%11 (soit 671 M SGD, ~445,79 israéliens. l’américain Navistar (en 2009, dans le contexte des opérations en Afghanis- M€). Cette stratégie d’acquisition de pre- tan) et de véhicules tactiques 4x4 mier plan menée en parallèle d’un Stratégie d’acquisition & Armement VAMTAC16 (UROVESA) font office d’ex- effort lié au soutien à l’innovation terrestre : entre ToT et partenariats de ception. défense porte ses fruits à partir des années 1990. En effet, c’est à partir de cette Ces partenariats initiés dans le cadre ST Engineering structure aujourd'hui le date que ST Kinetics (résultat du rap- de programmes d’acquisition concou- paysage industriel de défense singa- prochement de CIS, SAE, ODE/AO) rent à trois objectifs principaux. pourien. Il rassemble la majorité des développe une gamme de véhicules 1. Indigénisation des plateformes en 15 capacités industrielles et technolo- blindés et de systèmes d’artillerie en vue de répondre aux besoins spéci- giques de défense créées depuis 1967. coopération avec la DSTA (ex DTG) et fiques de la SAF Son portefeuille d'activités défense a la DSO. Ces équipements intègrent Ainsi, en 2006, le MINDEF a notifié à été constitué au fil des programmes cependant des composants étrangers. l'allemand KMW un contrat relatif à la d'acquisitions lancés en national, et Parallèlement au développement fourniture et la modernisation de 99 des achats d'équipements du MINDEF d’une offre nationale, le MINDEF conti- chars Léopard 2A4 (en coopération réalisés auprès de fournisseurs étran- nue de mener une politique d’acquisi- avec ST Engineering)17. Ce contrat gers (avec accords offsets). tion de premier plan sur des segments intervient un an après la signature L’armement terrestre est le premier d’un accord de coopération de dé- secteur bénéficiaire : les activités in- TOP 5 fournisseurs Singapour période 2000-2015 fense entre les deux pays. Les chars dustrielles dans le domaine de l'artille- Leopard 2SG sont entrés en service en rie remontent à 1967, suite à un ac- 2008. En plus de ce contrat, KMW a cord de production sous licence négo- noué un partenariat avec ST Kinetics cié avec Colt Industries. L'entreprise dans le domaine de la formation du d'État Chartered Industries of Singa- personnel sur la maintenance des pore (CIS), nouvellement créée, se voit systèmes Leopard 2SG18. ainsi chargée de produire en local des A l’occasion de son discours au Parle- M-16 et munitions de calibre 5,56 mm ment en mars 2015, le ministre singa- destinés à la SAF.
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