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ANTI ARMOUR WARFARE JOINT SURVIVABILITY SPECIAL MISSION DISMOUNTED ISTAR AIRCRAFT NAVAL DIRECTORY MILITARY

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MAY 2013 ContentsContentsVOLUME 21 / ISSUE 3 06

Front Cover Photo: The fuel cell powered HDW Class 212A have been in service with the German Navy since 2005. A The Wide Blue Yonder second batch of two boats in currently under construction Martin Streetly at ThyssenKrupp Marine As a region dominated by the vastnesses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Systems in , © the Asia-Pacific nations have always had a strong interest in the ability to police ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems and monitor their national and economic regional interests

14 Singapore’s 48 Defence Stance

Gordon Arthur Singapore may be the smallest country in SE Asia but it has 54 region’s most able military. Perched on tip of Malay Peninsula Survivability: Submarine warfare where Malacca and Singapore Stopping Enemy and upgrades Straits converge, Singapore Fires On Sea achieves world’s 4th highest Ted Hooton A century ago naval power was defence expenditure per capita AndLand counted in battleships, but the Gordon Arthur modern arbiter of naval power Survivability on the battlefield is consists of invisible battleships 40 important… obviously! Threats submarines which have played a 23 come from multiple directions major role in shaping modern Asia and in many shapes, so the per- and are likely to continue to tinent question is how to protect do so. A market survey calculated personnel and their platforms to that by the end of the decade the maximum extent possible the region’s expenditure on submarines will total $46 billion

DismountedISTAR To Kill a AMR Naval 62 Peter Donaldson Tom Withington Directory 2013 While soldiers have always func- When they first graced the Peter Donaldson tioned as sensors, now they are mud and horror of the battle- Asia is home to a very active among the greatest producers and fields of the First World War they made the horse cavalry naval market that is absorbing consumers of Intelligence, some of the most capable obsolete almost overnight. At Surveillance, Target Acquisition and the same time, these vessels and systems that the Reconnaissance (ISTAR) informa- global industry can offer. Many armoured land struck tion for immediate tactical use and nations in the region are either fear into the hearts of infantry, advancing or initiating their own for building the long-term under- able to pour down fire onto shipbuilding, engineering and standing of the operational the- their positions, with near systems integration capabilities atres and human cultures in which impunity from retaliation they find themselves

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Index of Advertisers AIRBUS MILITARY 9 AM GENERAL 47 AMR DSI 43 BOEING - F 18 17 BOEING INSITU 39 DIMDEX 61 DSA MALAYSIA 71 DSEI COVER 3 EXELIS COVER 4 HONEYWELL 13 IAI ELTA 5 IAI RAMTA 27 PACIFIC 59 PLASAN 29 RAFAEL 25 ROSTEC 66-67 SAGEM 21 SINGAPORE AIRSHOW 73 TADTE 53 THYSSENKRUPP MARINE 57 VIASAT COVER 2 VIKING 33

Advertising Offices Australia Peter Stevens, Publisher’s Internationalé Tel: (61) 8 9389 6601 Email: [email protected] /Spain Stephane de Remusat, REM International Tel: (33) 5 3427 0130 E-Mail: [email protected] Germany/Austria/Switzerland/Italy/UK Adam Baddeley (1972 - 2013) Sam Baird, Whitehill Media Tel: (44-1883) 715 697 Mobile: (44-7770) 237 646 E-Mail: [email protected] Vishal Mehta, Media Transasia India Limited On Tuesday, April 2, ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW's editor in chief, Adam Baddeley Tel: (91) 124 4759625, Fax: (91) 124 4759550 E-Mail: [email protected] passed away suddenly. He was so much more than AMR’s editor. He was a Tarun Malviya, Media Transasia India Limited treasured colleague and friend to those who had the privilege of working with Tel: (91) 124 4759609, Fax: (91) 124 4759550 E-Mail: [email protected] him — or just knowing him! Liat Heiblum, Oreet - International Media He brought unparalleled expertise to AMR when he assumed his position over Tel: (97 2) 3 570 6527 E-Mail: [email protected] four years ago, re-energizing this respected title with comprehensive content East-Central Europe// organization, a stable of highly recognized global contributors, and his unflagging Zena Coupé Ph: +44 1923 852537, [email protected] good humor. Kamran Saeed, Solutions Inc., His credentials as an electronics and communications specialist were already Tel/Fax: (92 21) 3439 5105 Mobile: (92) 300 823 8200 E-Mail: [email protected] well established when he assumed his position. While with AMR, he worked Russia Alla Butova, NOVO-Media Ltd, tirelessly to hone his experience in the Asian defense marketplace. He never Tel/Fax: (7 3832) 180 885 Mobile : (7 960) 783 6653 Email :[email protected] lost his enthusiasm to learn about the region by participating at industry Scandinavia/Benelux/South Africa events and brainstorming with the AMR team to come up with new ways to Tony Kingham, KNM Media Tel: (44) 2081 445 934 Mobile : (44) 7827 297 465 improve the magazine. E-Mail: [email protected] AMR will carry on in its mission of providing valuable editorial to those who have Young Seoh Chinn, Jes Media Inc. Tel: (82-2) 481 3411/13 come to rely on it over the years. Not only do we owe it to them, but now we E-Mail: [email protected] owe it to Adam, an extraordinary editor and human being. USA (East/South East)/Canada Margie Brown, Blessall Media LLC. Tel : (+1 540) 341 7581 He will be missed. Email :[email protected] USA (West/South West)/Brazil Diane Obright, Blessall Media LLC. Tel : (+1 540) 341 7581 Email :[email protected]

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04 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l Safe Harbor. Under and Above Water.

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S P E C I A L MISSIONAIRCRAFT The Wide Blue Yonder

As a region dominated by the vastnesses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Asia-Pacific nations have always had a strong interest in the ability to police and monitor their national and economic regional interests. by Martin Streetly

oday, regional maritime patrol In no particular order, regional maritime first identified during November 2011 and remains to the fore as and patrol recapitalisation currently focuses on is characterised by a large surveillance India vie as regional (if not global) national programmes such as China’s Y-8 radar radome beneath its nose, a multi- T super powers, disputes over natu- Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) variant blade ventral antenna farm and a Magnetic ral resources continue to fester, and Japan’s Kawasaki P-1 platform, the Anomaly Detection (MAD) boom attached United States (US) foreign policy refocuses on impending introduction of the Boeing P-8I to the aircraft’s tailcone. Other identified the Pacific and a number of regional players into Indian service, Australia’s longer term features include a bay located recapitalise their aviation patrol assets. Hand P-8A acquisition and future for Unmanned ahead of the platform’s main undercarriage in hand with such developments, the region’s Aircraft Systems (UAS) as persistent sur- sponsons, rear fuselage observation win- nations are also looking to ‘special mission’ veillance tools. In more detail, the Shaanxi dows, an Electro-Optical (EO) sensor turret platforms to provide intelligence on unpre- Y-8 ASW platform (variously referred to as beneath its forward fuselage and fore and dictable neighbours such as North Korea. the Y-8FQ, the Y-8GX-6 or the Y-8Q) was aft radar warning and missile approach

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Over time, Australia, tified as the Y-8GX-2 or the Y-8JB. India and Japan have all expressed interest in the For its part, development of Japan’s acquisition of an MQ-4C indigenous Kawasaki P-1maritime patrol Triton-type UAS capability aircraft began circa 2003 and is intended to © Northrop Grumman provide the Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force (JMSDF) with a replacement for its P- 3C ASW and patrol fleet from Japanese Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 onwards. As such, the P-1 is powered by four 59.8 kN IHI XF7-10 and is flown by a pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, observer, tactical command- er, navigation/communications operator and four mission system operators. Onboard equipment includes an X-band (8 to 12.5 GHz) Toshiba Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) surveillance radar, a Fujitsu HAQ-2 EO sensor, a Mitsubishi HSQ-102 MAD application, an Electronic Support (ES) system, a sonobuoy launching and monitoring architecture, a glass cockpit and a Kawasaki HAS-108 datalink system. Again, the type has an internal weapons bay and eight underwing hardpoints that are each capable of carrying a 907 kg payload. In performance terms, the P-1 is understood to have a maximum range and cruising speed of 7,963 km and 833 km/h respectively. The prototype P-1 was rolled-out on 4 July 2007 and made its maiden flight on the 28th of the following September. A second prototype entered the platform’s flight test programme during June 2008 and, as of late 2012, four production examples were sched- uled to have been delivered by the end of

A total of four of the JMSDF’s next generation Kawasaki P-1 maritime patrol aircraft are scheduled to have been delivered by the end of 2013 © Kawasaki

warning sensor heads. Again, the type appears to be based on the Y-8F-600 trans- port airframe and, at the time of writing, it was not clear as to whether or not the two Y-8FQ/GX-6/Q aircraft so far spotted rep- resent a test programme or the precursor to a production run for China’s naval air arm. In the ‘special mission’ context, it is also worth noting that the Chinese Navy already operates a quartet of Y-8 ELectronic INTelligence (ELINT) collection platforms that European sources have variously iden-

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In the interim, the JMSDF intends to undertake discover any plans to replace such aircraft scheduled for sometime between now and a limited life extension and update programme to keep its P-3C maritime patrol aircraft viable with appropriate P-1 derivatives. mid-2016, with IOC following at sometime until the P-1 platform comes into service Turning to the seemingly unstoppable between Australian FY2017 and FY2020. circa 2016 © USN rise and rise of Boeing’s P-8 Poseidon, both Here, the initial Poseidon purchase has been Australia and India have signed up to quoted as eight aircraft (to replace 18 AP- acquire the type, which will also become a 3Cs), with the latest (at the time of writing) March 2013. In all, the JMSDF has a require- familiar sight in US colours as it begins to speculation leaning towards an increase of ment for 65 P-1s to replace its current force of replace the US Navy’s (USN) legacy P-3s in at least four. In terms of any UAS procure- approximately 80 P-3Cs. In this latter con- the Pacific. In the order given, the Royal ment, the RAAF has had a long association text, the Japanese Ministry of Defence is also Australian Air Force’s (RAAF) Project AIR with the Global Hawk and has long been known to have embarked on a limited P-3 7000 envisages the replacement of its AP-3C expected to procure the type. As AIR 7000 life extension programme to maintain the Phase 2B is looking for a UAS maritime type’s viability until the P-1’s introduction India’s P-8I patrol/surveillance capability, the USN’s into service. Here (and as of late 2012), the programme is of forthcoming MQ-4C Triton maritime Global intention was to refurbish one P-3C during Hawk derivative would appear to be a natu- Japanese FY2011, two aircraft during greater interest ral shoe-in for the programme. This said, Japanese FY2013 and a “few” aircraft in each specifically designed recent informed speculation has suggested year thereafter up to 2016. In a parallel effort, for the that a platform such as the Guardian config- AMR further understands that the JMSDF uration of General Atomics’ Predator B UAS also wishes to upgrade the acoustics aboard multi-role surveillance aircraft with a mix of might be becoming a more attractive solu- “some” P-3s in order to facilitate active bi- P-8A manned aircraft (AIR 7000 Phase 2B) tion to a potential Australian requirement and multi-static functionality as a counter to and High-Altitude Long-Endurance for up to seven such UASs. the latest “advanced” submarine threats. (HALE) UASs (AIR 7000 Phase 1B). Of the Staying with the MQ-4C for a moment The gradual withdrawal of the JMSDF’s two, a final Phase 1B acquisition decision is (and assuming the type passes all its test P-3C maritime patrol fleet may well also scheduled for the period mid-2015 to mid- and evaluation hurdles), a percentage of the affect the retention of the service’s ‘special 2018, with an Initial Operating Capability USN’s 60 Triton Air Vehicle (AV) procure- mission’ EP-3 SIGnals INTelligence (SIG- (IOC) to follow during Australian FYs 2019 ment are likely to become a common sight in INT) and OP-3C multi-sensor surveillance to 2022. For its part, the formal Phase 2B pro- the Asia-Pacific region. To this end, current aircraft. To-date, AMR has been unable to curement decision is understood to be USN planning envisages the establishment

08 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l

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of two MQ-4C operating units (designated India’s P-8I programme is of perhaps from the USN’s P-8A in being equipped Unmanned Patrol Squadrons (VUP) -11 and greater interest in that the type has been with an aft-facing radar (in addition to the -19) to service its Atlantic and Pacific Fleets. specifically designed for the Indian Navy P-8’s standard AN/APY-10 forward-look- Of the two, VUP-19 is expected to stand-up and incorporates a relatively high Indian ing equipment) and a MAD system. In terms at Naval Air Station (NAS) Jacksonville in off-set package. Intended to replace the ser- of indigenous content, AMR identifies Florida on 1 October 2013, with VUP-11 to vice’s eight Tupolev Tu-142MK-E long- Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) as supplying its follow sometime later and to have its Main range maritime patrol and ASW aircraft Data Link II datalink, an Identification Operating Base (MOB) at NAS Whidbey (themselves upgraded with the Novella/Sea Friend-or-Foe (IFF) interrogator and what is Island in Washington. Again, VUP-11 will Dragon ‘complex’ (mission system) in a pro- termed a “finger printing system” ; ECIL, a support the USN’s Third and Seventh Fleets gramme that started in 2003), the P-8I differs “speech secrecy” system; Tata Advanced (with VUP-19 serving the Fourth, Fifth and Materials, the P-8I’s auxiliary power unit Sixth Fleets, US Fleet Forces Atlantic door fairing and radomes; Dynamatic Operations and Commander, Task Force 20) South Korea has Technologies Ltd, the type’s power and mis- with a concept of operations that will see firmed-up its interest sion equipment cabinets; Avantel, the P-8I’s AVs being launched and recovered from in acquiring Global mobile SATellite COMmunications (SAT- Forward Operating Bases (FOB) and con- Hawk UAS to boost COM) system and Hindustan Aeronautics trolled from the MOB. As currently sched- Ltd (HAL), the type’s bay doors, uled, the MQ-4C is set to achieve its IOC its overall surveillance tailcone and IFF transponder. In addition with the USN during 2016. capabilities (and as of 2011), four more offset contracts

10 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l Special Mission Aircraft May13:AMR 6/10/13 4:33 PM Page 7

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Boeing handed over its first P-8I (aircraft IN320 to the left of this picture) to the Indian Navy during December 2012 © Boeing

eight aircraft (with options for four more) during the same year. The P-8I made its maiden flight on 28 September 2011, with the first aircraft being handed over to the Indian Navy during December 2012. As of February 2013, Boeing was understood to have all but completed the type’s company flight trials (with 175 sorties (more than 500 flight hours) having been completed by the 5th of the month) and was expected to deliv- er P-8I aircraft number two during the third quarter of 2013, with aircraft number three following in 2013’s fourth quarter. Alongside the recapitalisation of its manned maritime patrol aircraft inventory, India also appears keen to expand its use of UASs for sea surveillance. In this context, the Indian Navy is understood to have stood-up three UAS squadrons (all under- stood to be equipped with surveillance con- figured Searcher and Heron AVs) and is known to be interested in acquiring more capable unmanned platforms. Here, the service is understood to have investigated available High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) UASs such as the MQ/RQ-4 and, most recently, Israeli contractor Elbit Systems has thrown its hat into the ring with a Hermes® 900 variant that is optimised for the maritime surveillance role. Publicised at the February 2013 Aero were being “definitized”. an armament package that India is under- India tradeshow, Maritime Hermes® 900 is Looking at some of these elements in stood to want to augment with Raytheon’s designed for naval surface warfare, econom- more detail, usually reliable sources suggest Mk 54 lightweight and Boeing’s ic exclusion zone monitoring and control, that the AN/APY-10 application used on AGM-84H SLAM-ER air-launched cruise coastal protection, search and rescue, envi- the P-8I provides air-to-air and air-to-sea missile. Again, identified P-8I growth ronmental monitoring, anti-piracy surveil- surface modes that are not available in the options include Ultra High Frequency (UHF lance and asset protection. As such, it is radar installed aboard the P-8A, while the – 300 MHz to 3 GHz) SATCOM or mobile equipped with line-of-sight and SATCOM type’s X-band Telephonics APS-143C(V)3 broadband provision, a COMmunications datalinks and can be equipped with a mis- installation is designed to provide rear INTelligence (COMINT) capability, night sion suite that can include Selex ES’s X-band hemisphere coverage. Again, the P-8I’s vision goggles compatibility, an Automatic Gabianno T-200 surveillance radar, a MAD capability takes the form of Canadian Identification System (AIS) application, DCoMPASS EO/Infra-Red (IR)/laser sen- contractor CAE’s AN/ASQ-508A equip- additional tactical workstations (currently sor, an AES 210V ES/electronic intelligence ment, while BEL’s Data Link II (the first of numbering five), additional APS-143C(V)3 system, an AIS application and the Skyfix which was delivered to Boeing during 2010) modes, and the carriage of a radio frequen- COMINT equipment. In addressing specific provides connectivity with other aircraft, cy jamming pod. Indian requirements, Elbit have teamed ships and shore-based facilities. Elsewhere, In terms of programmatics, India selected with fellow Israeli contractor Windward Ltd India’s P-8Is are compatible with depth the P-8I as its Tu-142 replacement during to incorporate the latter’s satellite-based charges, naval mines and Boeing’s AGM- 2009, with the country’s Ministry of Defence maritime analytical technology into the 84L Block II anti-shipping missile; placing a then year USD2.1 billion order for Hermes® architecture.

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Israeli contractor Elbit Systems used the February 2013 Aero India trade show to publicise its Maritime Hermes® 900 solution to India’s next generation maritime surveillance UAS requirement © Elbit Systems

Recent informed speculation has suggested possible Australian interest in the Guardian variant of General Atomics’ Predator B UAS as a solution to its AIR 7000 Phase 1B requirement © CBP

As a final thought concerning the current Integrated Sensor Suites (EISS – comprising potential sale has been justified by South state of Asia-Pacific maritime patrol and and EO/IR imager and a Synthetic Aperture Korea’s need to assume primary responsi- ‘special mission’ AV provision, AMR read- Radar (SAR)/Ground Moving Target bility for intelligence gathering on the ers should be aware that South Korea has Indicator (GMTI) radar); mission control Korean Peninsula from the US-led firmed-up its interest in acquiring the and launch/recovery elements; a SIGINT Combined Forces Command post 2015. Global Hawk UAS in order to boost its over- package; an imagery intelligence exploita- While the need for the capability is self- all surveillance capabilities. According to tion system; test and training equipment; explanatory in terms of the region’s flash the US Defense Security Agency (who noti- ground, operational flight test and logistical points, it will be interesting to see whether fied the US Congress of a potential sale on support services; communications equip- or not the US will be able to supply and/or 21 December 2012), South Korea wishes to ment and relevant publications and techni- support such AVs if national production of acquire four RQ-4 Block 30 (I) AVs together cal data, with the whole costing an estimat- both the Block 30 and Block 40 RQ-4 config- with their associated Raytheon Enhanced ed then year USD1.2 billion. Again, the urations are cut back and/or axed.

12 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l efficiency pays

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REGIONAL MILITARY Singapore’s Defence Stance

Singapore may be the smallest country in Southeast Asia but it arguably has the region’s most able military. Perched on the tip of the Malay Peninsula where the important Malacca and Singapore Straits converge, Singapore achieves the world’s fourth-highest defence expenditure per capita. Its record FY2013 defence budget of SGD12.3 billion represents a 4.2 percent year-on-year increase for the Singapore Armed Force’s (SAF) 60,500 servicemen and 255,000 reservists. by Gordon Arthur

14 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l Singapore Defence May13:AMR 6/10/13 4:35 PM Page 3

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he bedrock of the country’s mili- possible solutions are conscripting females tary stance is the ‘Total Defence’ or returning to a 30-month NS period. Singapore’s concept whose five pillars are Chief of Defence Force Lieutenant T military, civilian, economic, General Neo Kian Hong described the SAF social and psychological defence. mission as follows: “To deter any threat to The SAF is cognisant of Singapore’s disad- our security, territorial integrity and sover- Defence Stance vantages in terms of size (710km² land area) eignty, and should that deterrence fail we and population (5.3 million). It has no are able to effect a swift and decisive victo- manoeuvring space to fall back on so it can- ry.” Deterrence and diplomacy are funda- not absorb an attack. Instead, forward mental to security as Singapore attempts to defence is imperative and the SAF maintains reassure neighbours such as Malaysia and high levels of readiness. The state has devel- Indonesia of non-aggressive intentions. As oped a surprising ability to project power well as overcoming limited training oppor- well beyond its own shores, even as it seeks tunities at home, the dispersal of equipment to leverage human and technological advan- overseas (Australia, Brunei, France, New tages via its much-vaunted ‘Third- Zealand, Taiwan, the USA and possibly Generation SAF’. India) represents Singapore as a smaller The SAF’s strength is contingent upon threat to neighbours. However, this policy National Service (NS) which requires every has obvious disadvantages in terms of 18-year-old male to perform 24 months of strategic and logistic complications if it must and remain a reservist until respond to a fast-moving crisis. the age of 40. NS may seem an anachronism Relations with powerful allies are crucial for a country that does not face any credible to Singapore’s wellbeing, and a significant security threat. As well as a ‘rite of passage’, decision was approval for the US Navy to it could be argued NS is a tool to promote rotationally base four Littoral Combat Ships national identity/compliance and unite a there. USS Freedom set sail for Singapore on potentially divisive community. A low birth 1 March to initiate this new arrangement. rate has tremendous implications for NS and Singapore’s location is of strategic impor-

The core of the naval combat fleet is six French La Fayette-class , of which five were licence-built in Singapore © Gordon Arthur

l MAY 2013 l 15 Singapore Defence May13:AMR 6/10/13 4:35 PM Page 4

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tance to the USA as Chinese naval ships pass artillery pieces and armoured vehicles. defence competitions for ten years. The by to access the Indian Ocean. Exports are an important cornerstone of company has vowed to clear its name. Singapore is a player on the international local industry and one of the most signifi- scene. The SAF has 39 troops deployed in cant sales to date was 115 Warthog all-ter- Sea Afghanistan to support reconstruction, rain vehicles delivered to the British Army The Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) while maritime task forces have been for use in Afghanistan. Shipbuilding has fields a proficient fleet but it recently got despatched on counter-piracy operations to been another success area. Last year ST better after receiving two 1,500-ton Archer- the Gulf of Aden since April 2009. It has sig- Marine delivered a 141m-long landing plat- class submarines. Acquired second-hand nificant interoperability experience via the from Sweden, Kockums upgraded them for Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) ST Marine delivered a tropical service in Singapore by inserting a and joint exercises with numerous other 141m-long LPD to 12m hull plug containing a Stirling Mk III countries. Nevertheless, Singapore has min- air-independent propulsion (AIP) system, imal experience in combat operations. Thailand, plus it has as well as modernised combat data, won a competition for weapon control, flank array and Local industry four 75m OPV to mine/obstacle avoidance sonar systems. Singapore is surprisingly self-sufficient in The first-of-class RSS Archer was commis- terms of military-equipment production form dock to Thailand, plus it has won a sioned to 171 Squadron in December 2011, with the notable exception of aircraft. A competition to supply four 75m offshore while RSS Swordsman should enter service vibrant industrial sector is central to Total patrol vessels to Oman. In January, ST mid-year. An ST Marine/Kockums joint Defence, with ST Engineering’s stable of Aerospace received a contract from Oman’s venture known as Fortis Marine Solutions companies dominating the scene. In FY2012, air force to upgrade three C-130H Hercules. will service them plus four incumbent ST Engineering reported 6 percent growth Unfortunately, STK was blacklisted by India Challenger-class boats. The new sub- in revenue. ST Kinetics (STK) is a major sup- in March 2012 over corruption allegations marines will give Singapore parity with plier to the army, including small arms, and it is debarred from participating in regional neighbours, and it could well be a

RSS Dauntless is one of twelve Fearless-class patrol boats. This class will be replaced by eight new boats now under design © Gordon Arthur

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REGIONAL MILITARY

The highly capable Boeing F-15SG Strike Eagle Squadron. The navy is extremely well expendable mine disposal system and gives the air force much greater reach than was equipped with missiles, including six towed synthetic aperture sonar. The navy is possible with F-16C/Ds © Gordon Arthur Victory-class missile from 188 pioneering the use of unmanned surface Squadron. In April 2010 a USD39.3 million vehicles with its first operational deploy- stepping stone to even more modern boats Upgrade Programme was contract- ment occurring back in 2005. Important such as Sweden’s future A26. ed and all vessels are to be upgraded by 2015. news announced in January was ST Singapore takes very seriously its loca- The navy also has amphibious capabili- Marine’s contract to design and build eight tion astride one of the world’s busiest sea ties via four locally built 6,000-ton new vessels to replace Fearless-class patrol lanes as commercial ships ply to and from Endurance-class amphibious transport vessels. These will be built at the company’s the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Singapore docks. Four Bedok-class mine-countermea- Benoi Yard. Design work has begun and has the world’s busiest port and it is sures vessels are being modernised by first delivery should occur in 2016. extremely wary of terrorist and pirate Thales, including fitment of an integrated attacks. With Malaysian and Indonesian mine-countermeasure combat system, mine Air support, the island state has been instru- information system, hull-mounted sonar, Doubtlessly the Republic of Singapore Air mental in clamping down on piracy via Force (RSAF) is the most capable regional Malacca Strait Sea Patrols (MSSP) and Eyes air force. It is able to strike targets across in the Sky (EiS) maritime air patrols. The navy is integrating Southeast Asia and even East Asia, thanks to Nevertheless there were 104 pirate attacks in the Boeing-Insitu an intrinsic aerial-refuelling capability. The Southeast Asia last year, this compared to 80 ScanEagle onto RSAF has been challenged in recent times by in 2011, with the majority occurring in Victory-class corvettes the global rise in unconventional threats, Indonesian waters. forcing it to balance its core homeland At the heart of the RSN’s combat fleet are as part of their life defence mission with new asymmetric six Formidable-class frigates of 185 extension programme threats. 111 Squadron’s four Gulfstream

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G550 Conformal Airborne Early Warning MRTT is also a strong candi- (CAEW) aircraft fitted with Israeli EL/M- date for a six-craft requirement. 2075 Phalcon active electronically scanned A peculiar fact relating to Singapore’s array (AESA) radar are all operational. small size is that nearly one-third of its air- The RSAF’s combat capability was boost- craft are based outside the territory. For ed enormously when it inducted 24 F-15SG example, 19 Pilatus PC-21 basic trainers Strike Eagles featuring Raytheon’s APG- reside in Western Australia. Singapore also 63(V)3 AESA radar. These fighters have a purchased twelve Alenia Aermacchi M-346 more potent punch than existing F-16s and aircraft under the RSAF’s Advanced Jet they will serve as the mainstay fighter until Trainer requirement, with the first aircraft any decision is made on procuring the F-35 delivered last August. The M-346s will be Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). Singapore has based in Cazaux, France, and will replace invested in the tempestuous programme as incumbent Skyhawks. Singapore also con- a Security Cooperation Participant. tracts its F-16 pilot-training programme at ST Aerospace is upgrading the RSAF’s Luke Air Force Base in Arizona to the USA. ten C-130B/H Hercules transport aircraft by The air force flies all SAF helicopter inserting new navigational equipment, assets, including six new Sikorsky S-70B modernised avionics and a digital ‘glass’ Seahawks of 123 Squadron that were cockpit. The first upgraded aircraft was declared operational last May. These oper- delivered in 2010 and all should be refur- ate from the navy’s Formidable-class bished by 2014. Singapore operates four age- frigates. The SAF possesses 20 AH-64D ing KC-135R Stratotanker tankers plus KC- The Terrex Infantry Carrier Vehicle is a new 8x8 130s. It was the first overseas country to platform that has been attracting attention from request information about Boeing’s KC-46 overseas buyers © Gordon Arthur tanker as a potential replacement, but the

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This G550 CAEW aircraft with Elta’s EL/W-2085 sensor package participated in Exercise Pitch Black in Darwin last year © Gordon Arthur

Apache Longbow attack helicopters too. Land Another exciting addition for the army Meanwhile, the Israeli truck-mounted SPY- The army took delivery of the first of 18 was 66 operational Leopard 2A4 main battle DER-SR surface-to-air missile system is High-Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (MBT) purchased from Germany at a replacing the 30-year-old Rapier. It is (HIMARS) in late 2009. The six-round sys- bargain price. Singapore initiated a major rumoured Singapore is interested in Israel’s tem can fire 227mm rockets as far as 70km. upgrade featuring IBD’s Evolution passive too. Bravo Battery of the 23rd Battalion, armour package. The MBTs now boast the The RSAF has an unmanned aerial vehi- Singapore Artillery became operational German company’s fourth-generation cle (UAV) arm, possibly the most impressive with HIMARS on 5 September 2011. Advanced Modular Armour Protection in all of Asia. It operates exclusively Israeli Meanwhile, STK is conducting feasibility (AMAP) system claimed to offer twice the craft – the Heron 1, Hermes 450 and studies on a 155mm Advanced Mobile Gun performance of traditional steel armour. It is Searcher II. In 2011 the Heron began replac- System on an 8x8 chassis. The conceptual believed the tanks also have an active ing the Searcher. The air force’s UAV 28-tonne vehicle would offer improved defence system (ADS) though this has never Command was established in May 2007 and strategic mobility compared to the in-ser- been seen publicly. The upgraded 60-ton it includes 116 Squadron (H-450), 128 vice, tracked Primus self-propelled how- tank is known as the SG, plus an Squadron (Heron) and 119 Squadron itzer or towed Pegasus. armoured recovery vehicle (LARV) and (Searcher). The RSAF uses the Bronco One of the army’s most significant new armoured vehicle-launched bridge (L2- tracked vehicle as a mobile ground control vehicles is STK’s 24-tonne Terrex Infantry AVLB) based on the same chassis were station, enabling UAV operators to keep up Carrier Vehicle (ICV). The Terrex was unveiled to the public last year. Indonesia with armoured units and to feed real-time declared fully operational with the 2nd has since selected a similarly configured data to relevant assets. Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment, in Leopard 2A4 as its first ever MBT. Smaller in scale, the 8km-range Skyblade mid-2011. Production has been ramping up As well as being widely used in the III mini-UAV is in army service, while the with a contract for 145 vehicles awarded so , the Bronco tracked carrier larger developmental Skyblade IV has a far. Further batches are certain, as are vari- has been sold to the British Army and 100km range. The navy is integrating the ants such as Command, Anti-Tank, Pioneer, Thailand. It has been exhibited with Amsafe Boeing-Insitu ScanEagle onto Victory-class and Reconnaissance. The Terrex Industries’ Tarian rocket-propelled grenade corvettes as part of their life extension pro- complements the 23-ton Bionix infantry net protection system as a lighter alternative gramme. The ScanEagle will give the navy fighting vehicle, of which 720 are estimated to bar armour. Elite Guards units have been enhanced seagoing surveillance capabilities. to be in service. using STK’s manoeuvrable Spider Light

20 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l YOUR SIXTH SENSE ONBOARD

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This Singapore Army soldier displays all the major elements of the innovative Advanced Combat Man System © Gordon Arthur

Strike Vehicle (LSV) for a number of years. In late 2011 the company was awarded a SGD68 million contract to supply new-gen- eration Spiders in 2013-14. Possessing modern weaponry and equipment does not necessarily contribute to effective armed forces. Singapore has thus invested heavily in training and equipping its infantrymen, and indeed its Advanced Combat Man System (ACMS) puts it among Asia’s vanguard in terms of soldier equipment. The ACMS project was launched in 1998 and the first set of equip- ment weighed 25kg. However, the latest suite has been whittled down to 8kg. Under an ACMS contract awarded to ST Electronics, the 5th Singapore Infantry Regiment was the first battalion equipped in January 2010. A second battalion has subsequently been furnished though not every infantryman in a seven-man section is equipped with a full ensemble. The ACMS has five components: a Communication and Navigation Subsystem (Selex Soldier Personal Radio, GPS, dead- reckoning module); Soldier Computer (1.5kg device with alphanumeric keyboard, Ad Hoc Network Communication); Head- Mounted Display (four-colour organic light- emitting diode); Weapon Subsystem (short- barrelled 5.56mm SAR 21 rifle with Modular Mounting System for an ITL MARS reflex

sight, camera, round-corner firing device and push-to-talk wireless radio); and Power Subsystem (a battery). Infantrymen also enjoy a range of other technologies like sur- veillance balls, remote-control surveillance vehicles, keyhole sensors and UAVs. Dismounted soldiers, digitally connected to commanders in Terrex or Bionix vehi- cles, have the capacity to call in air or artillery support. ACMS evaluations have demonstrated that command-and-control information reaches users twice as fast, and the time taken to locate a casualty has been reduced fourfold.

The heaviest vehicle in the Singapore Army line- up is the 60-ton Leopard 2 SG upgraded with an AMAP armour package © Gordon Arthur

22 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l Asian Naval Directory May13 final:AMR 6/11/13 3:35 PM Page 1 AMR NAVAL DIRECTORY 2013

Prepared by Peter Donaldson

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ncompassing many of the cost A$8bil. and due to MOTS option world’s most important trade enter service in 2016- dropped. Eroutes, economies relatively 19, in re-baselined  Minewarfare untouched by the economic woes programme two years 6 Huon class (Gaeta); of the US and Europe, nascent superpow- later than original commissioned from ers and simmering disputes, Asia is home schedule [confirmed] 1999-2003 to a very active naval market that is  Frigates  Replenishment and Support absorbing some of the most capable ves- 8 ANZAC class (Meko); 1 Success AOR (Durance sels and systems that the global industry ASMD Upgrade to class); being replaced can offer. At the same time, many nations include ESSM, CEFAR, under Project 1654 in the region are either advancing or initi- MU90, 9LV MK3E, Phase 3 ating their own shipbuilding, engineering Vampir IRST for all. 1 Sirius tanker and systems integration capabilities. This Government intends to 1 Cantabria on lease edition includes basic details on Russia’s continue investment in from Spanish Navy pacific fleet, which dwindled severely in ANZAC sensors and with crew from February the post Cold War environment but is now missile systems until to November 2013 while more active than it has been for years and replacement by Success refits is set to receive new surface combatants Future .  Amphibious and submarines. 4 Adelaide (FFG-7); 3 Balikpapan LCH; may Like all AMR directories, this has been upgraded with SM-2 be replaced by result of compiled from open sources and the pub- Block IIIA and ESSM Australian-Spanish lisher would like to encourage readers to in Mk 41 VLS since 2010. collaboration contact us with any information they may Scheduled for replace- 1 Tobruk LSH; set to have that may make the directory more ment by Hobart class. take part In Pacific informative and accurate.  Submarines Partnership 2013 6 Collins class likely to 2 Building Canberra class LHD; AUSTRALIA serve into mid 2030s. Canberra hull arrived in Royal Australian Navy 12 Future Submarines Australia in October 2012,  planned; decision in Commissioning planned 3 Ordered Hobart Air Warfare 2016-18, est cost A$40 for January 2014, Destroyers; based bil. “Evolved Collins” Adelaide to follow in on modified Navantia and new designs June 2015. Will be F-100 with Aegis. Est. being explored after equipped with 12

Royal Australian Navy Collins-class submarine HMAS Waller (SSG-75) pic- tured before 2013 dive trials following a period of deep maintenance. The class’ service life may be extended to 2038 © Royal Australian Navy image

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Navantia LCM-1E 2 BNS Abu Bakar and 1 Karnaphuli PB (Yugo. LCU BNS Ali Haider are Krajievika class) 1 Choules; former HMS British Type 41 Leopard 2 Durdharsha FAC (PRC Largs Bay, returned class frigates due to be Huangfeng class) to sea in April 2013 replaced by Type 053H2 1 Durbar Missile FAC after generator repairs Jianghu-III class frigates, (PRC Hegu class) 1 ADV Ocean two of which will take 1 BN name unknown Shield; interim solution over the names. (PRC Type 025 until LHDs come 3 on order? BNS Abu Bakar, BNS Ali Huchuan class) into service, to be Haider and one other are 4 Shaheed FAC (PRC transferred to ex-PRC Navy Type 053H2 Shanghai II class); four Australian Customs and Jianghu-III Class guided vessels previously Border Protection missile frigates transferred to Service in 2016 2 on order Surplus US Coast Guard Coast Guard  Light Forces Hamilton class cutters to 4 Titash FAC (ROK Sea 14 Armidale PB; transfer to Dolphin class); Australian Customs and Navy based at Border Protection during 2013-2014 and refit 16 Defender class PB Service with missile systems donated by US 8 Ordered Cape-class; Australian 1 Osman (PRC type 053H1  MCM Customs and Border Jianghu II class) 4 Shapla Class (UK Protection Service  Submarines River class); one ship Armidale successor due 2 planned Negotiations on-going also equipped for for delivery between with 'friendly country', hydrographic survey March 2013 and probably China 1 Sagar (PRC T43 class); August 2015. First  Corvettes equipped with Celsius vessel named 2 Durjoy class Tech CMAS 36/29 mine HMAS Cape St George 2 ordered Type 056 class detection sonar in 1998 on 15 March 2013  Light Forces  Amphibious Warfare 2 Dhaleshwari (RN 2 Shah Poran LCU; ex-US NOTES: RAN and UK RN may cooperate Castle class) OPVs; Army on development of Future Frigate and Type commissioned in 5 Darshak LCT (PRC 26 Global Combat Ship. Future frigate num - April 2011 Yuchin class) bers cut from eight to six. Collins sub - 6 Kapatakhaya OPV (UK 1 LSL marines' service could by extended by one Island class) 3 LCVP seven-year operating cycle. Government 1 Mahumnati PB (ROK intends to upgrade and extend the existing Sea Dragon class) NOTES: Requirement for AOR still not Mine Hunter Coastal and Survey Motor 1+1 LPC; first vessel acted upon. Defence budget to grow by Launch Hydrographic vessels until the launched at Wuchang seven percent in 2013, naval funding longer-term solution can be delivered. The Shipyard in August 2012, expected to increase to help police interna - capability provided by supply ships missile and gun equipped tionally established EEZ with Myanmar Success and Sirius is to be replaced at the 1+4 Padma class 50 m patrol and reportedly seeking two F-22P/Type first possible opportunity. vessels are built locally 054 based frigates from China. The govern - by Khulna Shipyard, ment announced in February that it had BANGLADESH armed with 37 mm and agreed to buy two submarines from an 20 mm cannons. Padma unspecified ally.  Frigates commissioned in Jan 1 BNS Bangabandhu; 2013, four more are due BRUNEI modified Daewoo Ulsan for delivery in Royal Brunei Navy class vessel upgraded December  Light Forces with FM-90N/HQ-7 SAM 1 Nirbhoy PB (PRC 3 Darussalam 80 m Lurssen equipped with Hainan class) PV80 OPV AgustaWestland 2 Salam/Barkat (PRC 3 Waspada Missile FAC; AW109 [extended] Haizhui class) to be replaced by

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Darussalams, with two Hong Leong-Lurssen carrier-borne aviation transferred to Indonesia Shipyard force announced on 10 3 Perwira PB 2 21m FPBs from Fassmer May 2013. 4 Ijhtihad class Pbs; numbered M 1105 and 2-3 Uncertain ‘Indigenous Carriers’; Lurssen built, M 1106 reports of two being commissioned in March 15 Nine Chinese patrol boats built at Changxingdao and August 2010 reportedly delivered in yard described as "not 4 LCU 2007 following six in 2005 accurate" by Song Xue, CoS of PLA Navy on NOTES: Indonesia has agreed to buy three Notes: Extrem ely modest forces supple- 23 April 2013. "The next BAE Systems Nakhoda Ragam F2000 design mented by a mixture of Soviet and, increas- aircraft carrier we need frigates from Brunei following a November ingly, Chinese sourced patrol boats and will be larger and MoU signed by the two countries and a sub- amphibious forces. carry more fighters." sequent meeting between defence ministers. The purchase was reported still to be in the CHINA  Destroyers planning stage in January. People’s Liberation Army Navy 2+6 Ordered Type 052D; lead ship of  Aircraft Carriers new Luyang III class CAMBODIA 1 Liaoning; former RFS launched in August Royal Cambodian Navy Varyag being 2012, expected in service  Light Forces refurbished at Dalian, in 2014, equipped 2 Modified Stenka class; completed several trials with PLAN's Soviet era acquisition in 2012 before first multipurpose in 1987, new gun, engines commissioning on 25 vertical launch system. radars in mid 1990s September. Official 4 Hangzhou class 2 Kaoh Class; Built by establishment of (Ru. Sovremenny class); Asian Naval Directory May13 final:AMR 6/11/13 3:35 PM Page 6

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The Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy AsuW focus via SS-N-22 1 Type 092 Xia-class (PLAN) Type 053H3 frigate (NATO code name Sunburn missiles Jiangwei II) Mianyang. The 2,393 ton vessel is SSBN; probably not 2 Luzhou/Type 051C pictured here on a visit to Sydney. © Royal operational class; based in North Australian Navy image 2+4 Shang/Type 093-class Sea fleet SSN; two operational, 2+4 Luyang II/052C class; 053H2G and Type four improved Shangs based with South Sea 053H3 vessels reported under Fleet, 6 expected by 29 Jianghu I/II/III/IV/V; construction end 2013 several ships have been 3 Han/Type 091-class 2 Luyang I/Type 052B; transferred to export SSN; troubled design incorporates stealth customers, some being replaced by features PLAN vessels relegated Shang 1 Shenzen/Type 051B; to training 13 Song Type 039 SSK better known as Luhai 6 Ordered Type 056 light frigate; 8 Yuan Type 039A SSP 2 Harbin; better known as 1800 tonne design with air-independent Luhu class 30 + requirement propulsion 14 Luda class, total significant focus on 10 Kilo Project 636/M combination of Types 051 export markets 2 Kilo Project 877EKM / 051D / 051DT / 051G /  Corvettes 14 Ming-class 051GII / 051Z 1+5 Type 056 Jiangdao; 8 Romeo-class, training  Frigates at least 6 reported and reserve only 12 +6 building Jiangkai II/Type 054A launched in 2012,  Light Forces class; a potential first entered service 18 Houxin-class missile requirement for 26 in Feb 2013, requirement FAC; production 2 Jiangkai I/Type 054 for 20-30 anticipated. ongoing, missile 14 Jiangwei I/Jiangwei II;  Submarines equipped Hainan class a combination of Type 3+2 Ordered Type 094 Jin-class SSBN 5 Houijan-class missile

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FAC; production construction continuing refit has extended life by ongoing 7 Yukan Type 702 LST three years, could refit 60 Type 022 Houbei-class 28 Yuliang Type 079 LSM again in 2016 to operate missile 10 Yunshu LSM until first Indigenous FAC; production  Replenishment vessels Aircraft Carrier (IAC-1) ongoing, equipped with 1 Nanyun class AOR enters service around C802/C705 missiles, 2 Fuqing class AOR 2018. entered service in 2005, 2 Fuchi class AOR 1 Ordered INS Vikramaditya catamaran stealth design (Ru Admrial Gorshkov); 3 Haiji-class large patrol NOTES: US DoD expects aircraft carrier reportedly being painted craft; leaving service Liaoning to embark an operational air wing below waterline at 95 Hainan PB after 2015. JIN-class SSBN expected to carry Sevmash yard before June  Minewarfare new 4,000 nm range JL-2 SLBM. Next gen- sea trials and December 1 Wozang class MCMV eration Type 096 SSBN and Type 095 SSGN hand over to Indian 38 T43 mineweepers; over programmes expected to proceed over Navy. half in reserve next decade. PLAN is expected to build 1 Ordered Indigenous Aircraft  Amphibious forces more than 12 Luyang III DDGs to replace Carrier; launch of first 3 Kunlunshan/Yuzhao/ Luda class. PLAN developing naval version vessel Vikrant, of 40,000 Type 071-class LPD; of DH-10 cruse missile. May build a base tonnes, expected 12 two entered service in Seychelles. August 2013 at Cochin, in 2012 commissioning in 6 Planned Type 081 Helicopter INDIA 2017-18. Second, larger carriers; built at Dalian Indian Navy vessel of 65,000 tonnes, and Wuchang yards  Aircraft Carriers INS Vishal, planned for 20 Yuting I/II class LST; 1 INS Viraat (UK Hermes); around 2025

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 Destroyers  Submarines  MCM 3 Delhi-class 10 Sindhughosh/Kilo 8 Pondichery/Ru. Natya/ 5 Rajput-class (Ru Project 877EM/8773; Project 266M-class Kashin/Kashin II) last of seven planned upgrading with Thales 3 Ordered Kolkata Project boats completed equipment 15A-class; due to be upgrade in July at 2 Mahe-class (Yevgenya) delivered in 2013-14 Zvezdochka shipyard 2 Ordered Osprey class, ex-USN 4 Planned Imp. Kolkata/Project 6 Ordered P75 Scorpene SSK; vessels 15B-class; first vessel to uncertainty surrounds 8 Order imminent ; Korea's be delivered in 2018 project as Indian builder Kangnam selected to  Frigates Mazagon Dock Ltd build first two, further six 3 Talwar class; modified reports an 18-month to be built by India's Goa Russian Krivak IIIs delay from 2015 deadline shipyard. Talwar, and Tabar while DCNS insists  Amphibious Warfare commissioned between it is on track. French 1 Jalashwa/US June 2003 and April 2004 ambassador announces Austin-class LPD 2+1 Imp. Talwar; costs 2014 first delivery. Project 5 Polnochny from $1.2bil to 1.5bil. value estimated at 2 Magar-class LST Brahmos missile capable, Rs 23,562 crores (around 8 LCU Teg and Tarkash commis- $4.071 billion). 8 Ordered LCU; first block cutting sioned April and 6 Planned P75I; AIP equipped in September, first November 2012, Tarikand first two ships built delivery in October 2013 set for delivery summer overseas. The DCNS  Replenishment and Support 2013. Super Scorpene, 2 Fleet carriers Jyoti 3 Brahmaputra-class/ ThyssenKrupp Marine and Aditya Project 16A with its HDW Type 2 Deepak class Fleet 3 Godvari/Project 16 214/216, Navantia S-90 Tankers; $210m order 1 Nilgiri (Leander class) and Russian Amur 1650 with Fincantieri, first 3 Shivalik/Project 17; last are expected to bid vessel INS Deepak ship inducted in July 2012 4 Shishumar/Type commissioned Jan. 2011 7 Ordered Project 17A; $9 billion 209/1500, upgrade to project divided between operate Harpoon Mazagon Docks (4) and mooted Garden Reach 1+2 Planned Arihant SSBN, due to Shipbuilders (3), enter service in 2015 equipped with Barak-2 1 INS Chakra/Project 971  Corvettes Akula II, leased from 4 Khukri/Type 25; all Ru. in 2009 entered based at service in 2012 Vishakapatnam 2 DSRV; RFI issued 4 Kora/Type 25A early 2011 12 Veer/Tarantul I-class;  Light Forces all based at Mumbai 7 Sukanya patrol ships; 2 Prabal/Tarantul IV-class first 3 built in Korea, 4 Abhay/Pauk II-class Saryu; built by Goa 4 Ordered Kamorta/Project 28; Shipyard stealth ASW frigates, 7 Super Dvora II-class third vessel launched by 4 Bangaram/SDB Mk5 PB Garden Reach 2 SDB Mk3 PB Shipbuilders & Engineers 10 Car Nicobar Ltd on 26 March 2013, a 1 + 5 Makar-class; catamaran fourth planned for 2014. survey vessels with A further eight secondary patrol planned. capability

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NOTES: The Indian Navy has issued its ten- 3 Fatahillah  MCM year plan to acquire naval platforms under 4 Diponegoro/Sigma 2 Pulau Rengat the Maritime Perspective Plan (MPP) issued class; final ship (Tripartite) in April covering nearly 100 ships with 50 transferred in March 2009 9 Pulau Rote (GDR currently under construction. Plans for 16 Pattimura/Parchim Kondor II-class) Navy’s INS Kadamba deep-water naval class; re-engined in 2005  Amphibious base in Karwar, close to Goa, known as 3 Purchase agreed 5 Makassar LPD; Phase-IIA, close to being given go ahead. F2000 Nakhoda Ragham; third and the first INS Vikramaditya will be based there. BAE Systems design. locally built vessel MoD's capital budget for 2012–13 is over-  Submarines commissioned Nov whelmingly focused on the Navy which has 2 Cakra/Type 209/1300; 2009, the last Banda received a 72 percent hike in its modernisa- Daewoo refurbishment Aceh handed over in tion to INR241.51 billion. Defence ministry in ROK underway March 2011 report leaked in April anticipates low point 3 Ordered Type 209/1200; ROKN 6 Teluk Semangka; of 6-7 active submarines in 2015 as Kilos Chang Bo design, deal Tacoma type LSTH and 209s begin phasing out, according to announced Dec. 2011 12 Teluk Gelimanuk LSM Indian media. with two boats built in (GDR Frosch-class) Korea the third by PT 3 Kupang-class LCU INDONESIA Pal in Surabaya  Replenishment and Support  Light Forces 1 Arun oiler  Frigates 4 Dagger-class Missile (UK Green Rover) 6 Ahmad Yani (Ne. Van FAC; built in Korea 1 Sorong Replenishment Speijk) 4 Kakap class PB (PB57) Tanker 1 ordered SIGMA 10514-class; 4 Andau class FAC (FPB57) 1 Tanjung Dr Soeharso 2400 tonne, first ship 4 Todak class PB57; two (ex Dalpele); transport built by Damen in converted to carry C802 hospital ship $220 mil., delivery in ASuMs 6 Troop transports 2017 and up to 19 8 Sibaru class (ex-Aus. converted from liners and vessels built locally Attack-class) ferries: KRI Tanjung  Corvettes 13 Boa class patrol boats Oisina, Tanjung Nusanive, Tanjung Fatagar, Karang Pilang, Karang Tekok, Karang Banteng

NOTES: Indonesia has a requirement for around 20 frigates largely based on Damen's SIGMA 10514 design and built by PT Pal. MoD say that there are plans to field 10-12 submarines in 2024. New submarine base opened in Palu, central Sulawesi in April 2013. Indonesia has agreed to buy three BAE Systems Nakhoda Ragam F2000 design frigates from Brunei following a November MoU signed by the two countries and a sub- sequent meeting between defence ministers. The purchase was reported still to be in the The Indonesian Navy corvette KRI planning stage in January. Wiratno is a former East German Navy Parchim class vessel. She is pic- JAPAN tured here between Australia and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Indonesia with HMAS Maryborough  Helicopter Carrier © Royal Australian Navy image 2 Hyuga-class ‘DDH’; carries 3 SH-60K with

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The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force 11 Oyashio-class; life to Kawasaki P1 MPAs, life extension work for helicopter carrying JDS Hyuga (DDH 181), left, conducts a replenishment at sea with be extended by five years Hatsuyuki (3), Asagiri (6), Abukuma (4) US fleet USNS Walter S. to boost sub numbers and Hatakaze (1) destroyers and sub- Diehl © US Navy image 3 Harushio-class; marines Oyashio and Uzushio. remaining three of seven option of further 7 SH- reported to be training NORTH KOREA 60K or MCH-101. Hyuga submarines Korean Peoples Navy commissioned in March  MCM  Frigates 2009, in March 2011, 2 Uraga, MCMC support 2 Najin-clas built by IHI Marine ships 1 Soho; six were planned  Destroyer 3 Yaeyama class but no further activity 2 Atago class; 10,000 minesweepers; funding  Submarines tonnes, for replacement class in 23 Romeo-class; Aegis-equipped 2013 budget operational status 4 Kongo-class; 9,500 tonnes, 5 Uwajima minesweepers in doubt also Aegis-equipped, to 2 Niijima-class 20-25 Sang-O class coastal subs receive SM-3 for BMD 3 Hirashima coastal 30 Yugo/Yono midget subs 2 Hatakaze-class; command minesweepers  Light Forces capable 2 Ordered Improved Hirashima 10 Soju Missile FAC (Ru. 2 Shirane; to be replaced 12 Sugashima coastal I-Osa class) by ‘22DDH’ minesweepers 12 Osa-class Misile FAC 5 Takanami-class  Light Forces 19 SO-1 class 9 Murasame-class 6 Hayabusa PB 12 Komar-class Missile FAC 6 Asagiri-class  Amphibious and support 6 Hainan-class 8 Hatsuyuki-class 3 Oosumi-class LPD 62 Chaho-class 1+5 Ordered Akizuki/19DD; to 2 Yusoutei-class LCU 52 Chong-Jin-class replace Hatsuyuki 2 Yura class LCU 6 Chong-Ju - class 1+1 Ordered 22DDH; FoC keel laid 12 LCM 13 Shanghai II class in Jan. 2012, delivery in 2 Mashuu class AOE 12 Taechong-class 2014 a 24,000 tonne 3 Towada class AOE 37 Sin-Hung-class design to replace 88 Ku Song Shirane-class NOTES: The two Atago and four Kongo 33 Sinpo 1 Ordered New 5,000 tonne ASW class ships will receive the Standard  Amphibious Forces destroyer Missile-3 interceptor. The country's Coast 8 Hantae-class LSMs  Frigates Guard has been given increased funding to 16 Hungnam-class LSMs 6 Abukuma acquire large patrol vessels to patrol islands 100 Nampo-class LCPs  Submarines contested by China. FY 13 budget request 7 Hanchon-class LCMs 5+4 Ordered Soryu-class; 9th vessel included Y72.3 billion for construction of a 130 Kongbang-class ordered in FY2013 budget new 5,000-tonne destroyer “25DD”, 2 x hovercraft

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REGIONAL NAVALDIRECTORY

3 Tsaplya ACV RoK Navy 5,250 tonne destroyer  Replenishment and Support Chungmugong Yi Sun-Shin (975) pictured in the Sea of Japan in March 3 Chung Jee 2012. Launched in 2002, she is the lead KDX II vessel © US Navy image NOTES: Studies into enhancing maritime defences in contested waters against the North but also in islands claimed by Japan and China. Has a requirement to replace midget sub with five new boats. The ROKN has requested 18 UGM-84L HARPOON Block II All-Up-Round Missiles worth $18 million. A new base at Baengnyeong island is being built. MALAYSIA Royal Malaysian Navy  Frigates SOUTH KOREA being transferred to 2 Lekiu-class; BAE Republic of Korea Navy Colombia Systems F2000 design  Destroyers 4 Dong Hae; to be  Corvettes 3 Sejong Daewang (KDX- replaced by FFX too 4 Laksamana class 3); third ship the Ryu  Light Forces 6 Kedah-class (Meko 100 Seong-ryong, plans for 3+6/11 Gumdoksuri missile FAC RMN); last Kedah three more ships 80 Chamsuri/’Sea Dolphin’ commissioned on cancelled in favour of PB; to be replaced by Nov 28th 2010 KDX-2X, based on Gumdoksuri 2 Katsuri (Type FS 1500); DDG-51 Flight IIA  Submarines SLEP began in 2009 6 Chungmugong Yi Sun 3+6 Son Won Il KSS-2 6 Ordered Next-Generation Patrol Shin (KDX-2); 6 more (Type 214); Batch 1 Vessels; Gowind class Aegis equipped production by HHI ships from DCNS KDX-2X vessels complete, two of six  Light Forces planned for in next batch being built 4 Handalan Missile FAC 2019-26 by Daewoo with first 4 Perdana Missile FAC 3 King Kwanggaeto from that yard due to 6 Jerong Gun FAC (KDX-1) be commissioned in 2014 17 CB90  Frigates 9 Chang Bogo Type  Submarines 9 Ulsan-class; to be 209/1200 SSK; MLU 2 Scorpene Class; based replaced by FFX funded in 2013 budget at Sepanggar Naval programme 2 KSS-1 Dolograe midget base, training and 5 Ordered Incheon-class FFX; subs, ADD has shown support from DCI- being produced by KSS 500A design as NAFCO Hyundai Heavy possible replacement  MCM Industries and STX, 7 Cosmos midget subs 4 Mahamiru (Lerici) commissioned from  MCM Minehunters 2013-2018. A total of 20 3 Yangyang-AM (I-Kang  Amphibious and Support are required. 1 active, Keong) MCMV 1 TLDM Bunga Mas Lima 2 under construction 6 Ganggyeong MCMV Auxiliary  Corvettes 1 Won San; minelayer 1 Gunga Mas Lima; heli- 20 Po Hang; Cho-An  Amphibious copter capable support (Cheonan) lost in 1+1 Ordered Dokdo LHD; third ship 2010, to be replaced vessel planned 2 Sri Indera Sakti Class; by FFX, steadily being 3 Alligator Combat Support Ship decommissioned with 2 LST the Kun San recently 10 LCM NOTES: Se cond batch of Lekiu class frigates

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reportedly planned, leading to eventual fleet to operate as a tanker but continues as cargo 2 Jurrat-class of 6. Expansion of the submarine fleet is also vessel with reduced capacity until replace- 1 Town-class PB reportedly under consideration. Reports that ment. Statement of Intent for 2013-16 2 Multi-Role Tactical RMN considering acquiring ex-US FFG-7 includes start of frigate systems upgrade Platform-33 and Whidbey Island-class LSD. and remediation of MRV HMNZS 2 MRTP-15 fast patrol craft Canterbury. Remedial work on Project 12 Griffon class MYANMAR Protector vessels planned. US has lifted ban hovercraft (UK) on naval visits to New Zealand.  MCM  Frigates 3 Munsif-class (Tripartite) 2 Jianghu II-class (Project PAKISTAN  Replenishment and Support 053H1) 1 Moawin (Ne. Poolster) 1+1 building Aung Zeya class built  Frigates 1 Nasr (PRC Fuqing) by Myanmar Naval 4 Zulfiquar (Chinese F-22P) 2 Coastal oil tankers (PNS Dockyard 5 Tariq (UK Type 21) Gwadar, Kalmat)  Corvettes 1 Almagir (US FFG-7); 1 Hydrographic vessel 3 Anawratha-class transferred to Pakistan (PNS Behr Paima) 1 ‘Stealth ship’ reportedly  Submarines 1 Dredger (PNS Behr entered service in 2012 3 Khalid (Agosta 90B); Krusha)  Light Vessels all vessels to receive 2 Small tankers/utility 6 Houxin Missile FAC MESMA AIP ships (PNS Madadgar, 9 Myanmar-class PB 2 Hashmat (Agosta 70) Rasadgar) 2 Osprey-class OPV 2 MG 110 Midget-sub; 12 Gulf Craft 9 Hainan-class enlarged SX756 design 12 PGM PB  Light Forces NOTES: In talks with China about a replace- 3 PB90 2 Azmat-class FAC; ment of all current subs. Agosta 90s missile equipped first described as 'good' but old Agosta 70s as NOTES: Building up forces to match boat built in China, 'decrepit' by former Australian defence Bangladesh. ‘Stealth ship’ pictured on second in Pakistan attaché to Pakistan. Reports that Pakistan Myanmar navy Facebook page. based on Houjian- may acquire four modified F22P using sys- class (Type 037/2) tems from Type 054A with unit cost of NEW ZEALAND equipped with eight approximately $200m. Fourth F22P and the Royal New Zealand Navy C-802A/CSS-N-8 first locally built, PNS Aslat, commissioned  Frigates Saccade ASuW in April 2013. Economic and political difficul- 2 ANZAC class (MEKO 1 Larkana-class ties make transfer of US FFG-7 class frigates 200); Platform Systems 2 Jalalat-class or UK Type 42 destroyers to replace Type 21s Upgrade on HMNZS Te Mana completed in Pakistan Navy destroyer Shahjahan late 2010 (D-186) is an ex- Type 21.  Light Vessels These extensively modified ships are to begin decommissioning during 2 Protector OPV 2013 as the service adopts Chinese 4 Lake-class Inshore designs © US Navy image Patrol Vessels, entered service in 2009  Replenishment and Support 1 Canterbury MRV; part of Project Protector 1 Endeavour Fleet Tanker; due to be replaced by 2017/18 1 Manawanui Dive Support Vessel NOTES: Incre ased defence budget by 9 per- cent for 2013. Tanker Endeavour no longer complies with environmental requirements

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unlikely. First of the Type 21s, PNS Badr, decommissioned in April 2013. Plans to acquire HDW type 214 submarines reported- ly on hold due to lack of money. PHILIPPINES Philippines Navy  Frigates 1 BRP Rajah Humabon (US Cannon); to be replaced by USCG Russian Navy guided missile cruiser Varyag Hamilton six other tugs. The Navy also seeking 12 (011) works with the US Navy in the 2 Ramon Alcaraz Cyclone class Coast Patrol Interdiction Craft, Philippine Sea during Exercise Pacific Eagle. (ex-USCG Hamilton 30 Patrol , 42 Multi-Purpose Assault Varyag represents an increasingly active Cutters); unit cost Craft and 24 Rigid Hull Inflatables. Pacific fleet © US Navy image $13.8m ex-US AsuW Philippines government reportedly plans to and AAW upgrades spend P18 billion on two new frigates to be  Fast attack craft funded in 2013 budget based on western seaboard, source may be 4 Project 12341  Corvettes Spain, South Korea or Singapore. Nanchuka III class 2 Rizal (US Auk)  Missile boats 6 Miguel Malvar (US PCE) RUSSIA 11 Project 1241/12411 3 Jacinto (UK Peacock); Pacific Fleet Tarantul I/III class AsuW and AAW  Heavy nuclear powered Guided  Ocean minesweepers upgrades funded in missile cruisers 2 Project 266ME Natya class 2013 budget 1 Inactive Project 11442 Orlan  Coastal minesweepers  Light Vessels (Kirov) class 7 Project 1265 Sonya class 1 Mariano Alvarez (US 'battlecruiser' Admiral  Large landing ships Cyclone) Lazarev (ex Frunze). 4+2 Includes Project 775 2 Aguinaldo Class Plans to upgrade and Ropucha class vessels 22 Jose Andrada Class reactivate Lazarev and Peresvet and Admiral 2 PC 394 (USCG Point- others discussed in Nevelskoy, Oslyabya and class Cutter) Russian media Project 1171 Tapir/ 10 Conrado Yap Class  Guided missile cruisers Alligator class ship 8 Tomas Batillo Class 1 Slava Class cruiser Nikolay Vilkov. Two (ROKN Chamsuri PKM Varyag) French-designed Mistral Class)  Large anti-submarine ships BPCs named Vladivostok 3 Kagitingan Class 4 Project 1155 Udaloy class and Sevastopol reported- destroyers including ly earmarked for NOTES: The (PN) has pub- Admiral Panteleyev (BPK Pacific fleet. lished its 15 year $11.5b plans for ‘Philippine 548), Marshall  Fleet Desired Force Mix’ comprising six anti- Shaposhnikov (BPK 543), 4 1 project 11770 Serna air warfare frigates each with a helicopter; 12 Admiral Vinogradov class and 3 Project 1176 anti-submarine warfare corvettes also with (BPK 554) and Admiral Ondatra class its own helicopter; 18 Offshore Patrol Vessels, Trubuts (BPK 552),  Logistic support vessels three submarines and three Mine Counter all active Includes tankers such as Measure Vessels. Support and deployment of  Destroyers Pechenga, rescue ships, ground forces by sea will be provided by 4 Project 956 Sovremenny tugs, ships, Four Strategic Sealift Vessels which together class ships of uncertain repair ships would be capable of deploying a brigade of serviceability, only 715  Nuclear powered ballistic missile Marines or similar with each vessel equipped Bystryy believed active submarines (SSBN) with two Multi-Purpose Helicopters. Other  Guard ships 2 4 +1 Project 667BDR (Delta III) support forces would include 18 Landing  Small anti-submarine ships submarines: K-223 Craft Utility, three Logistics Support/ 9 Project 1124M Grisha Podolsk, K-433 Sv. Replenishment Ships, three Ocean tugs and III and IV Georgiy Pobedonosets,

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Zelenograd and K-44 Nakhimov may join Pacific fleet by end of  Amphibious Ryazan reportedly based decade. Other surface combatants expected 4 Endurance LSTs at Vilyuchinsk on the include Project 22350 frigates and Project with well dock and Kamchatka Peninsular. 20380 corvettes. Miscellaneous new ships flight deck Project 955 Borey class including Project 18280 reconnaissance  Support submarine Alexander vessel Yuriy Ivanov, Project 21980 anti- 1 Submarine rescue vessel Nevsky reportedly sabateur vessels, Project 11770 Serna and (MV Swift Rescue) preparing to join the Project 21820 Dugon landing craft also Pacific fleet. anticipated. Reportedly re-arming the NOTES: Ne w submarine rescue agreement  Nuclear powered cruise missile submarine base on Kamchatka peninsular, signed with Royal Australian Navy. Mindef submarines (SSGN) negotiating for naval bases in Yemen ordered eight new ships from ST Engineering to 5 Believed to include Project and Vietnam. replace Fearless class patrol vessels from 2016. 949 Oscar II vessels K150 Tomsk, SINGAPORE K456 Vilychinsk and K186 Republic of Singapore Navy Sri Lankan Navy Omsk plus Project 949A  Frigates  Light Vessels subs K132 Irkutsk and 6 Formidable-class (Fr. 1 Sukanya OPV K442 Chelyabinsk, mod. La Fayette); now 1 P621 (USCG some inactive operational with S-70B Courageous PB)  Multipurpose nuclear-powered Sikorsky Seahawks 2 Vikram class OPV submarines (SSN)  Submarines 1 Jayasagara OPV 5 Believed to include Project 4 Conqueror (Ne. 2 Nandimithra Class Saar 971 Akula 1 Sjoormen-class) 4 FAC vessels K295 Samara, 2 Archer (Swe. 1 Ranarisi (Mod. K322 Kashalot, K331 Vastergotland-class) Shanghai II) FAC Magadan, K391  Light Forces 5 Weeraya (Shanghai II) Bratsk and K419 Kuzbass, 6 Victory-class; missile 7 Ranajaya (Haizhui) some inactive corvettes now 2 Prathapa (PRC Lushun  Diesel submarines (SSK) operating ScanEagle Class) 8 Project 877 Kilo class UAVs 4 Super Dvora Mk. I 11 Fearless-class 4 Super Dvora Mk. II NOTES: Fleet now active after long dor- patrol vessels 3 Dvora mancy. First Borey class SSBN could be  MCM 3 Trinity Marine class joined by three more by 2020; Delta IIIs to 4 Bedok (Landsort) 3 ROK ‘Killer’ FAC be decommissioned. Four project 885 Republic of Singapore Navy Endurance class 6 Shaldag-class FAC Severodinsk SSNs expected after 2015. LPD RSS Endeavour in the Gulf of Aden with 5 Trinity Marine-class PB Mistrals expected in 2014/15. Project 1164 USS George HW Bush (CVN-77). The 10 Colombo FAC Endurance class are the RSN’s largest ships © CG Marshall Ustinov may join Pacific fleet US Navy image after repairs. Project 1144 CGN Admiral  Amphibious 2 Yunnan LSM 1 Yuhai LCT 1 M10 Hovercraft TAIWAN  Destroyers 4 Kee Lung (US Kidd-class)  Frigates 8 Cheng Kung (Mod. US Perry) 6 Kang Ding (Mod. Fr. La Fayette) 8 Chi Yang (US Knox)  Light Forces

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1 Ordered Hsun Hai (Swift Sea); Saab 9LV Mk4 CMS with funding reallocated to new frigates new catamaran corvette  Frigates although reports RTN is interested in PRC design to be equipped 2 Planned 'New Frigates'; $1bil. Type 039s. Agreed to buy nine Evolved Sea with HF-2E land attack Funding agreed by missiles for the two Naresuan cruise and HF-3 AsuW government in class frigates in Jan 2013. Plans to accept supersonic missiles, due September, DW3000H two surplus US Navy Oliver Hazard Perry to enter service in 2014. A from South Korea's frigates held up by failure of transfer bill in total fleet of 12 planned Daewoo Shipbuilding and US Congress. 12 Jin Chiang OPV; 7 of Marine Engineering class to be equipped reportedly selected VIETNAM with HF-3 ASuW 2 Phutta Yofta Vietnamese People’s Navy 47 Hai Ou (Dvora) Missile (US Knox-class)  Frigates FAC 2 Naresuan (PRC Jianghu 5 Petya II Class 2 Lung Chiang Missile Type 25T); upgrade inc. 2+2 Dinh Tien Hoang; FAC Sea Giraffe and 9LVCMS Project 11661 Gepard 8 Ning Hai 4 Chao Phraya (PRC  Corvettes and Light Forces 30 Kunh Hua VI Jianghu 053HT/HT(H)) 4 Tarantul I 1241RE  Submarines 1 Makut Rajakumarn; 6+4 Tarantul /Project 1241.8 2 Hai Lung/Sea Dragon training vessel Missile FAC SSK (Mod. Ne.  Corvettes 2 Imp. Pauk Project 1241.2 Zwaardvis) 2 Hai Shih 2 Pattani; OPV built by 4+2 Svetylak PB 1041.2 (US Guppy II) training Hudong Shipyard 8 OSA II FAC  MCM 2 Rattanakosin-class 5 Turya FAC 2 Osprey Minehunters; 2 Tapi (US PF103 class) 4 Shershen FAC delivered to Taiwan in 3 Khamronsin class; taken 18 Zhuk/Mod. Zhuk PB August on OPV roles 2 Poluchat PB 4 Yung Feng (MWV-50) 1 Modified UK River class, 4 Stolkraft-class 22.5 m minehunters locally built to BAE patrol vessel 4 Yung Yang (US Systems design  Submarines Aggressive)  Light Vessels 6 Ordered Kilo Project 636M; 4 Adjutant/MSC 268 3 Hua Hin PB ordered in December minesweepers 3 Chon Buri Gun FAC 2010 worth around  Amphibious and Support 2 Ratcharit Missile FACM $2.8billion; builder 2 Chung He LST (US 3 Prabprarapak Missile Rubin says the first will be Newport-class) FAC delivered during 2013 1 Xu Hai (US 6 Sat Tahip PB 2 Yugo-class Midget subs Anchorage class) LSD  MCM  Mine Warfare 1 Wu Yi AOE-530 oiler 2 Lat Ya (Gaeta) 2 Yurka 3 Wu Kang transports 2 Bang Rachan 2 Yevgenya minesweeper 1 Da Quan survey ship 2 Bangkeo-class 4 Sonya Minesweepers (AGS-1601) (Bluebird)  Miscellaneous 1 Thalang; MCM Various amphibious NOTES: All Hai Ou retired in by mid-2012. Support Ship landing ships and Reports of plans to acquire 2-4 four Oliver  Amphibious and Support Force auxiliaries of US and Hazard Perry-class frigates to replace 1 Ang Thong LPD; Soviet origin Knox/Chi Yang-class frigates . modified Endurance class LPD $155 mil. NOTES: Plans to build SS-N-25 Switchblade THAILAND Delivered to RTN in locally under agreement with Russia. 2012 April 2012 defence budget saw a leap in spending by 35  Aircraft Carrier 1 Similian (PRC Fusu AOR) percent. Vietnam and Damen Schelde 1 Chakri Naruebet CVM, 2 Normed-class LST reportedly finalising contract for four Sigma operates as helicopter frigates. Second pair of Gepard frigates carrier, rarely goes to sea, NOTES: Plans to acquire ex-Bundesmarine reportedly scheduled for delivery by being equipped with Type 206A SSK collapsed earlier this year Zelenodolsk Shipyard in 2016 and 2017.

38 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l 292mm in. Bleed 292mm in. 286mm Trim 260mm Live

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URBAN ISTAR

In May, DARPA asked industry for information on technologies that can provide digitised squads of 9-13 members with better tactical awareness for a mile around © DARPA image

40 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l Dismounted Istar May13:AMR 6/11/13 3:29 PM Page 3

URBAN ISTAR Dismounted ISTAR

While soldiers have always functioned as sensors, now they are among the greatest producers and consumers of Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) information for immediate tactical use and for building a long-term understanding of the operational theatres and human cultures in which they find themselves. by Peter Donaldson

uch capabilities are central to soldier systems develop- ments around the world S and are rapidly evolving thanks to new sensors for sol- diers to carry and for better, faster means of exploiting existing ISTAR sources. ACMS on exercise The (SAF), for example, put its dismounted soldier ISTAR capabilities through their paces in December when troops equipped with the Advanced Combat Man System (ACMS) exercised in seven-man tacticalsections at the Murai Urban Training Facility (MUTF) within the Lim Chu Kang training area. Developed by Singapore Technologies Engineering, ACMS is a key element of the 3rd Generation SAF’s progressive provi-

l MAY 2013 l 41 Dismounted Istar May13:AMR 6/11/13 3:29 PM Page 4

URBAN ISTAR

A US Army soldier launches an Aerovironment RQ-11 Raven lightweight UAV, a key use of which is to capture insurgent activity on video including the planting of IEDs © US Army image

all domains, including that of thedis- mounted soldier. The idea, says QinetiQ, is to apply the best science and technology to demonstrate cost-effective solutions that will significantly improvetheinfor- mation and intelligence available to UK armed forces, either by developing new technologies or by other means such as challenging current operational practice. ICS, which includes the industry-led collaborative environment known collo- quially as the“ICS EngineRoom”, and which QinetiQ has been selected to lead, is managed by MoD staff at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), working closely with colleagues in industry and academia. “QinetiQ is delighted to have the opportunity to work with DSTL on theICS project”, said Jeremy Ward, Managing Director of QinetiQ’s C4ISR Division. “We will lead a strong, pan-industry and aca- demia team, which includes some of the UK’s most respected scientists, engineers and academics. The team will provide the MoD with access to world leading innova- sion of network capabilities to tactical units, transmit them to higher levels of com- tions in C4ISTAR technology and will enabling them to get the most of their mand using buttons on the rifle’s hand explore novel ISTAR technologies and ISTAR capabilities. With the section com- guard. Additional ACMS sensors include processes, which will really make a differ- manders and team leaders equipped with a surveillance ball, a small Unmanned encetofront linetroops in thefuture.” the ACMS, says Singapore’s Ministry of Ground Vehicle and a key-hole sensor. A medium scale integrated tactical Defence (MinDef), the section becomes part ISTAR experiment is due to take place of a larger network that can tap into the ISTAR Concepts and Solutions under the auspices of ICS in June to exam- wider resources of the battalion and call for In August of last year, the United ine how dismounted soldiers can have moreresponsiveandprecisefiresupport. Kingdom Ministry of Defence (UK MoD) more timely access to the range of sensors “These sections function not only as awarded QinetiQ a £6.4 million prime con- that the UK employs, to gain improved fighting units but also as ground sensors, tract for four years of research under the awareness of their surroundings, and to tracking the positions of friendly and hos- ISTAR Concepts and Solutions (ICS) pro- better share information. tile forces and feeding images back to the gramme, which is intended to drive the The concept of every soldier becoming a command headquarters for enhanced next generation of ISTAR developments in sensor is one focus of the experiment and command and control of the battlefield.” will look at how information can be better ACMS includes a helmet-mounted ACMS is a key element passed around the battlefield between display that can show satellite pictures, teams, and how the information collected digital maps with positions of friendly of the 3rd Generation by soldiers on the ground can be used for forces and detected hostile forces SAF’s progressive wider effect. Adaptable tactical situational imagery from various sensors. The sec- provision of awareness will be another focus, examin- tion commander is to have a camera network capabilities ing how information and intelligence col- attached to his SAR-21 that lected from a wide variety of sources can will enable him to capture images and to tactical units be brought together for greater effect.

42 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l

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URBAN ISTAR

Acoustic gunfire locators like the ones used by sive system integration, architecture and Massey, Programme Lead for DSTL's these US special operators — the soldier on the right has a sensor on his helmet — can be experimentation role. C4ISR Domain. “The intent is to develop networked to improve location accuracy and One important goal is to develop an the UK's dismounted soldier as an inte- team situational awareness © US Army image open system architecture that is compatible grated sensor capability within the wider with the developing GenericSoldier ISTAR enterprise, thus providing him Finally, reach-back and reach-out to Architecture (GSA). This will allow for the with greater local and shared situational geospatial information and intelligence integration of multiple sensor-based sub- awareness whilst increasing his overall resources will also be investigated with the systems, such as acoustic, thermal imaging combat effectiveness. Over the next three aim of identifying tools that can be given to and Radio Frequency subsystems, says years, Roke, along with its partners, will the basicuser to enable them to perform Roke, enhancing situational awareness, be developing the key low-power, low- tasks previously delivered by specialist facilitate collaborative targeting and weight sensor and processing technologies teams, according to DSTL. increase operational tempo, while minimis- that will realise the benefits envisaged.” ing the size, weight and power burden. “DSTL encourages all sensor technolo- Dismounted Close “The DCCS research to be delivered by gy suppliers with potential offerings to Combat Sensors Roke is an important programme for the contact Roke with details as to how they Under the related Dismounted Close Ministry of Defence,” said Dr David may be able to contribute to the pro- Combat Sensors (DCCS) programme, gramme,” Massey said. Roke Manor Research was awarded a The concept of every three-year £5 million contract by DSTL in Cargo pocket ISR March. The company will lead a team of soldier becoming In early April, for example, the US Army industrial and academic specialists to sensor will look at asked industry and academia for enabling assess, mature and integrate innovative how information can technologies that could lead to a close combat sensor technology for the be better passed system that a dismounted soldier. With Roke as prime soldier could carry in a cargo pocket and contractor, the team which includes SEA around the battlefield deploy effectively inside or out for ISR and QinetiQ, will perform a comprehen- between teams missions. A cargo pocket measures 7.5 x

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URBAN ISTAR

Soldiers need ISR/ISTAR information from a wide variety of other sources, with full motion video from aircraft being particularly vital. The US Army is experimenting with 4G networks to provide dismounts with actionable intelligence. © US Army image

7.5 x 1 in, yielding a volume of 56.25 in3. The two enabling technologies in which the service is interested are night- and low-light-capable sensors that consume very little power and weigh around two grams, plus guidance, navigation and control systems that support navigation indoors and in Global Positioning System- denied environments. These systems should also provide capabilities including semi-autonomous operation (station keeping, hovering and waypoint naviga- tion), collision avoidance and recovery of stability after a collision. The request came from the Army Contracting Command at Aberdeen Visualisation programme, known as ty during the day or night, and then pack- Proving Ground on behalf of the PIXNET, is intended to provide these age this technology for maximum porta- Unmanned Systems and Warfighter capabilities to increase the battlefield bility. What we really need are break- Technology Team based at the Natick awareness and threat detection and iden- throughs in aperture design, focal plane Soldier Research Development and tification capabilities of dismounted arrays, electronics, packaging and materi- Engineering Center (NSRDEC), in Natick, warfighters and small combat units. The als science,” said Nibir Dhar, DARPA’s Maryland. Initially, the Army wants idea is to show the fused, information-rich PIXNET programme manager. “Success white paper proposals from which to image on the soldier’s heads-up display will be measured as the minimization of choose the most promising ideas, whose and enable it to be shared over communi- size, weight, power and cost of the system originators would be invited to submit cations networks. and the maximization of functionality.” formal proposals. “The desired final, out- “Existing sensor technologies are a DARPA intends PIXNET to exploit the come,” according to the Broad Area good jumping-off point, but PIXNET will processing power and communications Announcement (BAA), “would be proto- require innovations to combine reflective capabilities of an Android-based smart type hardware and software that will be and thermal bands for maximum visibili- phone for image fusion and for network- used to advance the state of the art in sol- ing among units, connecting with the DARPA researchers have demonstrated a new dier ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and five-micron pixel LWIR camera that could phone wirelessly. The agency has also Reconnaissace) and integrate with an make this class of sensor small, light and asked industry to develop whatever soft- overall Cargo Pocket ISR system when inexpensive enough for use in dismounted ware apps are needed for the desired func- they reach the requisite Technology soldier sensors © DARPA image tionality and to develop plans for transi- Readiness Level (TRL).” The BAA is to tioning the low-cost camera system into remain active until 30 March 2015. manufacturing. With the helmet-mounted system, for example, DARPA wants a unit PIXNET sensor fusion that would cost $3,300 based on a produc- The Defense Advanced Research Projects tion rate of 10,000 per month. Agency (DARPA) has initiated a pro- gramme to develop a clip-on or helmet- TerraSight EX mounted camera system that would fuse The enormous numbers of sensors on and visible, near infrared, and infrared images over the modern battlefield generate vast into a single picture containing the best quantities of video imagery that could be information from each sensor under all of critical importance to soldiers on the visibility conditions. DARPA has ground – if they can exploit it in time. approached industry for ideas. Enabling timely exploitation of multi- The Pixel Network for Dynamic source video is the purpose for which SRI

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map. Operators can generate target fold- DARPA’s Wireless Network Defense ers and messages by point and click for (WND) effort seeks to develop new technologies to help make wireless forwarding to fires networks, command networks more resilient to failures centres, or systems using the Cursor-on- in individual nodes, interference Target (CoT) method, says SRI. and attack © DARPA image A related SRI software application called Salience-Based Compression (SBC) for handheld devices delivers “relevant, high-resolution, geo-registered video and data to the dismounted soldier over band- width-limited communication networks”. These features are designed to elimi- nate serious problems with conventional and legacy systems such as location drift and metadata synchronisation errors that hurt target location accuracy and the use of separate windows for video and maps that make it more difficult for the user to create a coherent mental picture. Networking acoustic sensors One of the most immediately critical ISR functions that soldiers must perform to survive and prevail in combat is rapidly and accurately locating sources of hostile gunfire. There are now several acoustic gunfire location systems that can be worn by a soldier or mounted on a weapon available from manufacturers such as International developed its TerraSight context,” said Mark Clifton, vice presi- AAI, Metravib, QinetiQ, Raytheon, Ultra software; software that the company says dent, SRI Sarnoff products and services Electronics and others. While useful indi- is in use with all branches of the US division. “The TerraSight EX system over- vidually, these systems can generate Department of Defense including Special comes these limitations, giving users much more accurate solutions if they can Operations Command. greater situational awareness and faster be networked and their outputs fused, In late October, the company launched reaction time. Increased precision means which is the subject of an effort by scien- an expeditionary version dubbed more space and time to anticipate and tists Jemin George and Lance M Kaplan of TerraSight EX that works on a rugged respond to threats.” the US Army Research Laboratory’s laptop. SRI says that the software can TerraSight uses a mosaic process to Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate. process standard video feeds from UAV stitch individual video frames together to George and Kaplan have developed a systems and convert them in real time create a broader view with more context. fusion algorithm that enables such fusion into integrated tactical information. It also uses geo-registration, assigning of outputs sent via EPLRS radio to a central TerraSight EX takes Full Motion Video accurate latitude, longitude, and elevation node for processing and returned to the (FMV), stabilises, mosaics and geo-regis- coordinates for each video pixel and over- individual soldiers the same way. The sol- ters it and drapes it over a relief map in a laying them onto a three dimensional dier worn sensors have integral GPS single integrated display. It also gener- receivers, providing ‘ground truth’ for sen- ates precise, accurate targeting coordi- sor locations while a consistency weighting nates from FMV and, says the company, Critical ISR functions helps the algorithm work out which sen- enables ground teams to reach back that soldiers must sors have the best view of a particular gun- while sharing critical, time-sensitive perform to survive in fire source. The researchers describe is as a information with headquarters. combat is accurately ‘non-linear least-squares algorithm’ and “With conventional UAS video, expe- say that it can improve localisation accura- ditionary teams are often confronted with locating sources of cy by a factor of four compared with a sim- ambiguous, imprecise images that lack hostile gunfire ple averaged solution.

46 l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l Right-Hand Drive HMMWV versatile Mobile adaptable affoRDable

AM General’s Right Hand Drive HMMWV is now engineered for the 70-plus countries that have this driving requirement. Developed by the company’s award-winning engineering and design team, this workhorse brings with it the same unsurpassed rugged performance, reliability and affordability that has made the AM General HMMWV the Light Tactical Vehicle of choice around the world.

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SURVIVABILITY ANDUPGRADES Survivability:Survivability: StoppingStopping EnemyEnemy FiresFires OnOn SeaSea AndAnd LandLand

Survivability on the battlefield is BAE Systems, KDH Defense Systems, Point important… obviously! Threats come from Blank Body Armor, Protective Products multiple directions and in many shapes, Enterprises (PPE) and UNICOR. Replacing so the pertinent question is how to protect Interceptor Body Armor, it was first used in action in late 2007 and a complete system personnel and their platforms to the weighs 13.6kg. One innovation is that the maximum extent possible. entire suite can be released by pulling a hid- by Gordon Arthur den lanyard, ideal for situations where the wearer is trapped in a hazardous environ- ocussing on the sea and land worn by soldiers – primarily helmets and ment (e.g. underwater) or to aid medical arenas in this article, we exam- vests. For example, in a recent interview at access. A female-specific IOTV version was ine some solutions for soldiers Fort Bonifacio in Manila, Lieutenant first issued to Afghanistan-bound soldiers F and sailors. In the space avail- General Noel Coballes, the Chief of the last September. able it is impossible to cover Philippine Army, told the author that an The lighter (7.3kg) Modular Body every form of protection, but we shall look acquisition priority was force protection Armor Vest (MBAV) from Eagle at some pertinent products on the market. gear such as flak jackets and helmets for his Industries is worn by special forces, while soldiers fighting communist and Islamic the US Marine Corps (USMC) uses the Soldier survivability insurgents. The standard body armour now Scalable Plate Carrier (SPC) as a lighter At the most basic level, survivability is used by the US Army is the Improved alternative to the Modular Tactical Vest greatly enhanced by ballistic protection Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) produced by (MTV). Marines typically deploy with

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been around for decades but a newer can lead to rollovers. QinetiQ offers Q- trend is net armour to defeat rocket-pro- Net, of which some 11,000 examples had pelled grenades (RPG). Such armour been procured by late 2012. It also intro- offers an alternative to the slat/bar duced Q-Net II, claimed to be 15% more armour applied to many Coalition vehi- effective and 10% lighter than its prede- cles in Iraq and Afghanistan. A prime cessor. AmSafe produces Tarian, a net example is the US Army’s Stryker, where system 98% lighter than traditional steel the 2,200kg slat armour brings penalties slat armour. Additionally, Textron mar- when manoeuvring in narrow spaces and kets its Tactical RPG Airbag Protection prevents transport aboard C-130 Hercules System (TRAPS) and TRAPSNet modular aircraft. The heavy ‘bird cage’ armour also net variant that eliminates interference to upsets a vehicle’s centre of gravity and a crew’s field of view. TRAPSNet sensors

This Type 730 CIWS is aboard a of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) © Gordon Arthur

both the MTV and SPC and the threat environment determines which one will be worn. The MTV was adopted by the USMC in 2006 with 60,000 vests initially ordered from PPE. Along similar lines, anti-ballistic shields offer counterterrorism units, in particular, protection against bullets. Danish compa- ny TenCate Advanced Armour recently unveiled its lightweight Targa-light CX anti-ballistic shield. These portable shields offer National Institute of Justice (NIJ) level IV protection. TenCate claims its 17.2kg shield outperforms all others, and is light enough not to need wheels. This US marine participating in Vehicle survivability Exercise Ssangyong in South Korea It is not just individuals who need protec- in April 2013 is wearing the latest body armour © Gordon Arthur tion. So do vehicles and bases. Explosive reactive armour (ERA) on vehicles has

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detect incoming threats and deploy the indirect fire in Iraq and Afghanistan led to first deployed to Iraq in 2005. It features net countermeasure. a requirement for systems to detect and the same 20mm M61A1 Gatling cannon, Vehicles may also be fitted with gun- defend against would-be attackers. although it fires HEIT-SD (High- shot detection systems. Perhaps the most Nowadays, larger bases are commonly Explosive Incendiary Tracer - Self- popular type is the PILARw from equipped with counter-rocket, artillery Destruct) rounds instead of tungsten Metravib, with the French company stat- and (C-RAM) systems that destroy armour-piercing rounds to reduce collat- ing 20+ countries already have it in serv- incoming enemy projectiles, the second eral damage. The Centurion is trailer- ice. Singapore, for example, has fitted biggest threat to troops after improvised mounted for mobility and a single system such a system to some Terrex 8x8 Infantry explosive devices (IED). Raytheon’s can defend a 1.2km² area. In 2008, 20 sys- Carrier Vehicles. Raytheon BBN Centurion C-RAM, essentially a terrestrial tems were deployed in CENTCOM’s area Technologies developed Boomerang for variant of the Phalanx 1B close-in weapon of operations, and that year another 23 mounting on HMMWV, Stryker and system (CIWS) fitted to navy ships, was Centurions were ordered. Rheinmetall MRAP vehicles, and in June 2008 the US Singapore’s indigenously built Terrex 8x8 has a gunshot detection system. It is visible atop the Army placed an order for 8,131 systems. left-rear corner of the hull © Gordon Arthur The Boomerang’s seven microphones pro- vide vehicle operators with relevant infor- mation on a firer’s point of origin on an internal display panel. Active protection systems (APS) can be divided into soft-kill (typically electronic countermeasures) and hard-kill systems (physical interventions). For example, South Korea’s pending K2 main battle tank (MBT) will be fitted with an indigenous APS, its four-missile rocket launcher having a report- ed reaction time of 0.2-0.3 seconds and range of 150m. Such technology is not cheap though – it allegedly costs USD600,000 per kit! A number of APS products are on the market: Saab Avitronics LEDS-150 (Sweden), Arena and Drozd-2 (Russia), Israel Military Industries (IAI) Iron Fist and Rafael (Israel), Raytheon Quick Kill and Artis Iron Curtain (USA), AMAP-ADS from IBD (Germany; also known as Thales Shark in France) and Zaslon (Ukraine). Such systems are typically fitted to MBTs, but lighter-weight versions are also available for smaller armoured vehicles. It is rumoured Singapore may have chosen AMAP-ADS for its Leopard 2 SG tanks although it has not been seen publicly to date. In 2009 Saab was linked to a contract for 1,657 LEDS-150 sys- tems for Indian T-90S tanks, but confirmato- ry details are scant. Base survivability The existence of large forward operating bases (FOB) and increasing casualties to

The South Korean K2 from Hyundai Rotem, when it enters service next year, will feature a modern active protection system © Gordon Arthur

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This AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder ground-based radar belongsto the US Army’s2nd Infantry Division based in South Korea © Gordon Arthur

the Northrop Grumman AN/TPS-80 Ground/Air Task-Oriented Radar (G/ATOR) that can track rocket, artillery and mortar fire, as well as low-level mis- siles, aircraft and unmanned aerial vehi- cles (UAV). LRIP could commence later this year. Another popular C-RAMsys- tem is the Saab Giraffe Agile Multi-Beam (AMB) radar. Worthy of mention is Rafael’s Iron Dome that intercepts projectiles fired from 4-70km away. This Israeli system achieved headlines when countering enemy rockets fired against Israeli territo- ry after it went operational in March 2011. Regarded as the most effective counter- missile system in service today, Iron Dome has achieved an alleged 85-90% kill rate against Gaza-launched rockets, and by last November it had intercepted more than 400 rockets. The Israel Defense Force (IDF) has five batteries in service. The USA directly contributed funding and is likely to seek co-production rights, while potential customers are India, Singapore and South Korea. It is believed Israel is working on extending its range to 250km. Ship survivability One of the greatest threats for naval ves- produces MANTIS, which features six potential buyer is Singapore as it has a sels is the anti-ship missile (AShM), and Oerlikon Skyshield 35mm cannons. The reported counter-fire radar requirement. active measures to defeat incoming fire German Army ordered two systems; the Because the Q-53 will be rolled out can be categorised into two main areas – first, accepted in January 2011, was des- slowly, ThalesRaytheonSystems (TRS) is the CIWS and anti-missile missile. The tined for base protection in Afghanistan. upgrading incumbent US Army newest looming regional threat is the Such C-RAMsystems work in conjunc- Firefinders that date from the 1970s. The appearance of China’s anti-ship ballistic tion with ground-based radar systems. newest AN/TPQ-37(V)9 Firefinder enjoys missile based on the medium-range DF- The USA’s legacy system is the AN/TPQ- reliability and maintainability improve- 21. The USA believes China could have 80 36/37 Firefinder series, although its ments. Meanwhile, the USMC is pursuing such missiles in service by 2015. At the replacement is the Lockheed Martin its own ground-based radar in the form of recent IMDEX show in Singapore, the AN/TPQ-53 counter-fire target acquisi- author asked the US Navy’s Chief of tion radar now in low-rate initial produc- Naval Operations, Admiral Jonathan tion (LRIP). The Q-53, mounted on a 5-ton One of the greatest Greenert, about the threat posed by this FMTV truck, locates the source of enemy threats for naval system. He replied, “It hasn’t altered our indirect fire. Its first overseas deployment vessels is the anti-ship operations to date,” and he pointed out was in 2010 and some eight radars are missile (AShM), and there were many vulnerable points where now in Afghanistan. A contract for twelve a weapon’s ‘kill chain’ could be broken. systems was awarded in February 2012, active measures A ship’s survivability depends on and another 21 the following month. A to defeat incoming fire layered defence with short-and-medium-

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Zenith, Oerlikon Millennium, Spanish Meroka, Denel 35mm Dual-Purpose Gun and Oto Melara DARDO or FastForty/Twin 40L70 Compact. Russian systems are also popular regionally with the Phalanx equivalent being the Tulamashzavod AK-630M, which features a six-barrelled 30mm GSh- 6-30K rotary cannon. Its firing rate is high- er than Phalanx’s, and it is used locally by China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Vietnam. A lighter-weight version known as the AK-306 is available for smaller vessels. The most capable Russian CIWS, however, is the CADS-N-1 Kashtan, which combines two AO-18K six-barrel rotary cannons with two SA-N- 11 “Grisom” missile launchers. The Kashtan is used on modern Russian Navy vessels as well as China’s Sovremenny- class destroyers, Indian Navy vessels and Vietnam’s new Gepard-class frigates. Such a gun/missile combination provides perhaps the best kind of protection, with the Kashtan’s claimed kill probability list- ed as 0.96-0.99. The newest version is the Kashtan-M that will become standard for the Russian Navy. China makes its own Type 730 CIWS with seven 30mm cannons. Chinese war- ships employ the Type 730, as do Pakistan’s new F-22P frigates. It is likely China will soon deploy a version incorpo- rating missiles similar to the land-based LD-2000. A further development is the This is the upgraded Phalanx Block 1B aboard Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan eleven-barrelled Type 1130 as fitted aboard HMNZS Te Mana, one of New Zealand’s two frigates © Gordon Arthur and Thailand. The newest configuration is China’s new aircraft carrier Lianoning. the Block 1B, which added a forward- While the CIWS provides that last line looking infrared (FLIR) system in 1999. of defence, the outer perimeter is the range components. If an enemy AShM Commander Shane Arndell, the captain of jurisdiction of missiles. The most com- penetrates the outermost layer, the CIWS, HMNZS Te Mana, told the author that the mon Western system is the Raytheon an automated point-defence cannon pres- Royal New Zealand Navy had finished Seasparrow, with the latest version being ent on nearly all warships, comes into upgrading Phalanx on its two ANZAC- the RIM-162 Evolved Seasparrow Missile play. It has little time to respond – for class frigates to this configuration. (ESSM) with a more powerful motor and example, an enemy missile approaching Alternative systems to the Phalanx are the greater manoeuvrability. Australia, at 1,500m/s gives the CIWS just 1/3 of a Thales Goalkeeper, Rheinmetall Sea Japan, New Zealand and South Korea are second to shoot it down within its effec- regional ESSM operators, soon to be tive kill range of 500m! Independent or joined by Thailand. ship-based radar systems track incoming A ship’s survivability Another popular solution is threats and automatically guide the CIWS depends on layered Raytheon’s short-range RIM-116 Rolling to engage incoming missiles. defence with short- Airframe Missile (RAM) that holds 21 The best-known CIWS is the Raytheon and-medium-range missiles. RIM-116 will eventually be fitted Phalanx used by 22 nations. Regionally, aboard some 74 USN ships, including these include Australia, India, Japan, New components carriers, assault ships, dock landing ships

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and Littoral Combat Ships (LCS). South A RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile aboard USS Peleliu, the US Navy’s last remaining Tarawa- Korea also produces it under licence for class amphibious assault ship © Gordon Arthur its KDX-II, KDX-III and Dokdo-class ves- sels. Last year, the Block 2 version entered LRIP, this type giving enhanced perform- the IAI . Following a USD330 mil- ance against more manoeuvrable AShMs. lion contract signed in 2007, India and To overcome modern sea-skimming mis- Israel are collaborating on the new 70km- siles, SeaRAM combines the Phalanx 1B range that had a successful maid- with the 11-cell RAM launcher. It operates en firing in July 2009. Russian offerings autonomously with its own sensors, and include the 3K95 Kinzhal (SA-N-9 although still under trial, one SeaRAM “Gauntlet”), of which the newest type is was fitted aboard the LCS vessel USS the 9K332 Tor-M2 introduced in 2008. The Independence. medium-range 3S90 Uragan (SA-N-7 Other countries have equivalent anti- “Gadfly”) has been superseded by the missile systems, including the Sea Wolf 9K37M1-2 Shtil (SA-N-12 “Grizzly”). and Sea Viper in the United Kingdom. Sea This article has presented a précis of Viper is the British name for the MBDA some survivability solutions open to mili- Principal Anti-Air Missile System taries. Of course, there are many systems (PAAMS) that utilises 15 and 30 we have not even alluded to, such as decoy medium-range missiles. MBDA is also systems on ships or electronic countermea- developing the successor to the Sea Wolf, sures on vehicles to disrupt IEDs. While the Common Anti-Air Modular Missile technology is providing solutions, these (CAMM), or Sea Ceptor, which shares same technologies are simultaneously cre- components with the ASRAAM air-to-air ating even more potent threats as part of a missile. India and Singapore both operate never-ending cycle. Submarine Warfare&Upgrades final:AMR 6/11/13 1:27 PM Page 2

SUBMARINE WARFARE Submarine warfare and upgrades

A century ago naval power was counted in battleships, but the modern arbiter of naval power consists of invisible battleships submarines which have played a major role in shaping modern Asia and are likely to continue to do so. A market survey at the beginning of the year calculated that by the end of the decade the region’s expenditure on submarines will total $46 billion. by Ted Hooton

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he submarine is far superior, in pellers they are much quieter, indeed so terms of influencing a maritime much so that in 2009 British and French situation, than any battleship for nuclear submarines collided without being T it combines firepower with aware of each other’s presence. The covert flexible operation, open- endurance of diesel-electric boats has been ing the way to a wide variety of other roles, greatly extended through the introduction especially in the modern world. Maritime of air independent propulsion allowing domination was the submarine’s original them to remain on station far longer, com- role focusing upon denying waters to hos- pensating for a decline. It is also worth not- tile warships; indeed the first modern sub- ing that US anti-submarine forces have dif- marine attack in 1912 was by the Greek ficulty detecting foreign diesel-electric submarine Delfin against a Turkish iron- boats during training exercises. clad. A century later this remains a rele- The submarine can now deploy sophis- vant role as demonstrated in 1982 when ticated torpedoes, such as wave-homers, the sinking of an ancient cruiser by a sub- as well as anti-ship missiles, but another marine saw the Argentinean navy confined option is to use the mine, which can be to harbour for most of the South Atlantic laid covertly and with great precision as campaign. The presence of submarines well as being carefully activated and oper- remains a major inhibitor to enemy surface ated. All submarines can carry mines in strike or amphibious groups and therefore lieu of other weapons and the presence a deterrent to precipitous action. alone of mines can disrupt trade as The submarine then rapidly expanded demonstrated by incidents around the into interdicting maritime lines of commu- Arabian Peninsula during the mid 1980s. nication and destroying mercantile fleets. The past half century has seen a new The impact of German attacks upon the threat emerge from under the sea, the bal- British Empire in two world wars, and the listic missile submarine. These can vanish way US submarines strangled the Japanese into the world’s oceans beyond the ability Empire in the Second World War are well of any potential enemy to detect them and known. Indeed the latter helped to shape remain on station almost indefinitely, the Asian history by weakening Japanese con- limitation being food for the crew. trol on the mainland and the offshore Nuclear-powered vessels can deliver islands and archipelagos. Asian economies colossal fire power across the globe, and are increasingly dependent upon maritime while once the prerogative of the Great trade over great distances both for import- Powers they are now in the inventories of ing raw materials and for exporting manu- Asia’s Great Powers. China has had the factured goods. The threat from pirates off Xia since 1987 and is adding the Jin (Type the Horn of Africa as well as ‘choke points’ 094) class with a dozen JL-2 missiles with such as the Straits of Malacca demonstrates a 4,300 nautical mile (8,000 kilometre) their vulnerability. range, while India’s first domestically- Submarine attack, or the threat of sub- produced nuclear submarine, INS marine attack, can wreak havoc on mar- Arihant, will be similar but with dozen itime trade; indeed the Japanese Maritime ballistic missiles with a more Self Defence Force is shaped to securing modest 400 nautical mile (750 kilometres) the island kingdom’s sea lanes, although range. While the capital costs of these most modern navies appear to be in strategic deterrents are very high, while denial and prefer to focus more upon the India’s first domestically-produced original role of Fleet attack. nuclear submarine, INS Arihant, will be Compared with wartime boats, sub- similar but with dozen Sagarika ballistic marines have high underwater speeds, and missiles with a more modest 400 nautical through hull shaping, ‘rafting’ machinery mile (750 kilometres) range. While the and shaping moving parts such as pro- capital costs of these strategic deterrents

A Malaysian Scorpene class submarine. Similar are very high the operating costs are rela- boats are being built for India © DCNS tively low. The Trident force, which pro- vides 54 per cent of the US strategic deter-

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The Subtics consoles; like those of ISUS 90 are multi-role units. They are to be found in Malaysian boats and will also equip Indian Scorpenes © DCNS

rent, uses 35 per cent of Washington’s strategic budget but only 1.5 per cent of naval personnel. The successors to INS Arihant are scheduled to receive ‘cruise’ or ‘air breath- ing’ missiles, -powered miniature aircraft with inertial navigation systems capable of flying long missions at low level and concluding with a precision attack upon the target. These weapons have been launched from torpedo tubes by attack submarines of the US Navy and the Royal Navy since 1991 and provide an impressive, non-nuclear means of strate- gic strike hundreds of kilometres from the sea. It is a capability that will increasingly be at the disposal of major Asian navies that wish to acquire it, and it is worth recalling that 40 per cent of the world’s populationlives within100 nauticalmiles

The prime weapon of the submarine is the torpedo and one is seen being loaded in this picture © Atlas Elektronik

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A Thales flank array in the Sonar 2076 system. Although this is for a nuclear-powered boat it is typical of this type of submarine sensor © Thales Underwater Systems

(185 kilometres) of the sea in an area Block 3 version has a range of 95 nautical imager systems, has enhanced this capa- which produces 67.6 per cent of the miles (180 kilometres). bility. These masts can be raised, turn up world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The submarine has a key role even in to 360 degrees capturing and recording an Significantly, India’s Russian-built Kilo peace time, or in crises short of hostilities, image with a television camera and then (Project 877) or Sindhughosh class sub- by providing covert Intelligence, be lowered all within 10 seconds and the marines are being upgraded at Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) a images can then be studied at leisure Severodvinsk to operate the Klub missile legacy capability enhanced by modern upon a console. Interestingly, the new system family, and while most boats are technology. During the war against Japan Japanese Souryu class submarines have being adapted to use the 3M54 (SS-N-27) submarines regularly exploited the high the licence-built CM 10 anti-ship missile two have been adapted magnification rates of their optical mast-mounted system and it seems likely to take 3M14 (SS-N-30) land attack mis- periscopes to conduct visual and photo- this technology will be acquired by other siles with a 160 nautical mile (300 kilome- graphic reconnaissance; indeed, using Asian navies in the coming years especial- tre) range. India is also developing a sub- them to count the number of latrines, US ly in new-build vessels such as Australia’s marine-launched version of the superson- Navy intelligence was able to determine Collins successor. ic Brahmos missile, which has a similar with great accuracy the size of the garri- Wartime submarines were also used to range to the 3M14, and while this might be son on the island of Tarawa in 1943. deliver special forces both for reconnais- primarily for anti-ship, a land attack role The introduction of mast-mounted tel- sance and commando raids. Modern spe- cannot be ruled out. In fact, conventional evision cameras, which can be augmented cial forces may be delivered through the land attack now lies within the reach of by image intensifier and/or thermal traditional inflatable boat but it is more smaller navies using anti-ship missiles for likely they will use swimmer delivery manufacturers have responded to the vehicles (SDVs) which can pull them growing demand for littoral warfare by The existing and through the water saving time and ener- adapting these weapons initially to engage potential capabilities of gy. Major navies are looking at dedicated vessels operating in the radar clutter from submarines mean that miniature submarines attached to the coast or a harbour and later directly to the Asian market nuclear-powered attack submarines to attack land targets. This capability exists in deliver special forces from longer ranges, the latest Exocets, supplied to Malaysia for remains dynamic with and the concept has already been accept- its Scorpenes, and the turbojet-propelled new build and upgrades ed by some Asian navies such as North

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and South Korea as well as Pakistan which operate conventional miniature submarines specifically for this role. Modern submarine design is increas- ingly incorporating features to support special operations and these will undoubtedly filter into Asian navies. Germany’s new batch of Type 212A sub- marines will include a lock-out chamber for up to four special forces troopers at a time while Israel’s German-built Dolphins have a similar feature and the four 650mm (25.6 inch) torpedo tubes in these boats are A Korean Type 214 submarine built for the KSS-2 programme © HDW reported to be for SDVs. Kockums recent- ly revealed their design for the ’s A26 which included a bay on the casing for an SDV or even a miniature Submarines can also use their electron- the waters of what is now Indonesia submarine, while the conventional torpe- ic sensors in the ISR role. Sonars can not because it had nicked a propeller blade do compartment has been replaced by a only monitor traffic and build up a picture and had a very distinctive signature. The multi-role space which can also house of maritime and naval movements but sophisticated processing of modern sonar SDVs that will depart or enter through a also be used to create a library identifying systems carries this further forward by 1.5 metre wide multi-mission portal in the individual ships to provide further detail monitoring, and recording, the whole of a bow between the torpedo tubes. Behind of naval activity. This is not new; in 1943 ships’ . this is a 6-metre long airlock which can US submarines were able to identify a Electronic signal measures (ESM) sys- hold up to eight personnel. particular Japanese destroyer operating in tems are in all submarines, detecting and

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SUBMARINE WARFARE

An ISUS 90 operator's console.These are software driven and can be used for multiple tasks and with Seoul having a requirement for up to are used in Korean boats © Atlas Elektronik nine. Singapore has received the second former Swedish Västergötland class boat, monitoring radar and communications presence would be discovered by the sub- RSS Swordsman which, like RSS Archer, signals in order to alert them to the pres- marine’s mine detection and obstacle has been comprehensively upgraded, ence of hostile ships and aircraft. The same avoidance sonar) and possibly to neu- refurbished and tropicalised. systems can also be used to monitor radio tralise them. Indeed, if mine fuzes can be Building of Scorpenes to meet India’s traffic and to detect and to locate radar sta- designed to switch on or off based upon a Project 75 requirement has slipped at least tions and help a nation covertly build up a timer, then it is technically feasible for a year although New Delhi is preparing to picture of potentially hostile activity in a ROVs to attach disposal charges with launch the Project 75A programme while neighbour. This picture can include tech- their own timer fuzes to neutralise the Australia is in a similar position with the nical details of aircraft and of ships, organ- mines at a preferred time such as when an Collins class successor in Project Sea 1000. isation of command and control assets amphibious group arrives off its objective. In the distaff side there is no sign of with supporting sensor and weapons as Interestingly the US Navy has announced Taiwan getting its longed for new sub- well as clues to strategic intentions as well plans to deploy Unmanned Air Vehicles marines, while Thailand’s plans to acquire as operational capabilities. (UAV) from submerged submarines dur- German Type 206 coastal boats was scut- The development of robot submarines, ing the RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) exer- tled by inter-service financial wrangling. both remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) cise possibly adding an aerial reconnais- Thailand retains a submarine requirement and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles sance capability to the submarine’s while Bangladesh and the Philippines (AUVs), may well extend this ISR func- already broad inventory of tasks. would both like submarines, Manila tion. They could be deployed through tor- The existing and potential capabilities of defining the requirement at three boats, pedo tubes- after all heavyweight torpe- submarines mean that the Asian market but financial hurdles remain too high to does are wire guided so wire guidance remains dynamic with new build and overcome. Upgrade programmes contin- should not be impossible- but there upgrades. In the past 12 months Indonesia ue but news is muted; Pakistan’s Khalids remain questions of control, and the diffi- has ordered two submarines from South (Agosta 90B) are receiving MESMA air culties of recovering these vehicles make Korea, and Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine independent propulsion systems and it likely they will be disposable assets; but Engineering (DSME) has been awarded a Australia’s Collins will have their Scylla they could be used for hydrographical contract to build the first two 3,000-tonne sonars improved, while Russia continues surveys, to plot enemy minefields (whose Korean Submarine Phase 3 (KSS 3) boats to upgrade India’s Kilo class boats.

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Clarion Events Anti Armoured May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:35 PM Page 2

ANTI ARMOURED CAPABILTIES To Kill a Tank

ittle surprise then that once the tank became a permanent feature of modern warfare, efforts to L defeat this new threat began apace. Initially these efforts were focused on the development of other muni- tions which could penetrate their thick armour and cause catastrophic damage to their interior. The significant advances in rocket technology during the Second World War, and in the years that followed, resulted in the development of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM). MBDA Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und ATGMs have become progressively more Europe’s missile suppliers offer several Nutzung der Bundeswehr/Federal Office of sophisticated over the years with a variety ATGM products. For example, MBDA has German Armed Forces Equipment, of designs able to outfit helicopters, land collaborated with Diehl-BGT in developing Information Technology and In-Service vehicles and to be used as man-portable the PARS-3LR which is equipping the Support) in October 2012 following the suc- shoulder-launch weapons. While military German Army’s Eurocopter Tigre’s EC- cessful engagement of a tank moving operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have 665UHT Tigre attack helicopters. Deliveries between houses on a test-range in the north- seen precious little in the way of anti-tank of up to 680 rounds expected to be complet- west of the country. This demonstrated the combat, there is no guarantee that future ed by 2014. The green light for full-scale pro- missile’s ability to hit such a target with pre- conflicts will not see the widespread use of duction of the missile was given by cision in an environment with a significant armour. Several countries around the world Germany’s BAAINBw (Bundesamt für risk of collateral damage. With a range of do face an existential threat from large-scale MBDA and Diehl BGT Defence have combined their talents to develop the PARS-3LR air-to-ground armoured warfare, such as India, for exam- missile. This weapon is now cleared for service onboard the German Army’s Eurocopter EC-665UHT ple. Conventional military logic dictates that Tigre attack helicopters © MBDA if 50 percent of an attacking armoured force can be destroyed, then it will be impossible to continue the manoeuvre; hence the importance of helicopters, vehicles and per- sonnel deploying ATGMs being able to fire as many missiles as possible. This article will profile several weapons including MBDA and Diehl-BGT’s PARS- 3LR and the former company’s Brimstone; Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries’ respective and Lahat offerings; Lockheed Martin’s AGM-114 Hellfire and Javelin, and Raytheon’s BGM-71 TOW (Tube-launched, Optically-tracked, Wire-guided) discussing their latest stages of development. Finally, the discussion will cast an eye towards the future to examine the cur- rent status of Thales’ Lightweight Multirole Missile (LMM), Lockheed Martin’s Joint Air- to-Ground Missile (JAGM) initiatives and MBDA’s MLPprogramme.

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ANTI ARMOURED CAPABILTIES

When they first graced the mud and horror of the battlefields of the First World War they made the horse cavalry obsolete almost overnight. At the same time, To Kill a Tank these armoured land ships struck fear into the hearts of infantry, able to pour down fire onto their positions, with near impunity from retaliation. by Tom Withington

circa seven kilometres, the missile destroys Israel Aerospace Industries’ Lahat missile is a Martin’s AGM-114 highly versatile weapon capable of utilization its target using a High-Explosive Anti-Tank Hellfire family (see in both line-of-sight and beyond line-of-sight (HEAT) warhead. Several missiles can be modes. Moreover, the weapon is available in below), and Raytheon’s launched at once against different targets several variants including versions which can BMG-71 missile, the Spike and, thanks to its fire-and-forget capability, be fired from tank guns © IAI missile is produced in sev- the launching aircraft can rapidly vacate the eral variations. Short-range scene as soon as the missile is underway. includes augmenting the missile with an engagements can be effected Another potent MBDA anti-armour insensitive munitions-compliant warhead using the short-range Spike-SR which has a weapon which remains the principal anti- and rocket motor plus a modular airframe. reach of 300 metres. The medium-range tank missile in the Royal Air Force (RAF) These features are intended to enhance the Spike-MR is sufficient to hit targets at 2.5km, service is the company’s Brimstone ATGM. weapon’s safety while extending its air car- with the extended-range Spike-ER hitting The development and production contract riage life. DMB has primarily been used targets at eight kilometres. Spike variants for Brimstone was awarded by the United onboard RAF Panavia Tornado GR4/A air- have been acquired by Spain for use Kingdom Ministry of Defence (UK MoD) in onboard its Eurocopter EC-665HAD Tigre 1996, with the weapon entering RAF service South Korea is one of gunships. on 31st March 2005. Brimstone utilizes a the customers for Even longer ranges are attainable with Millimetre-Wave (MMW) seeker to provide the new Spike-NLOS (Non-Line-Of-Sight) a sharp image of the target regardless of Spike-NLOS missile weapon which has a reach of 25km. Along weather and visibility helping to improve also serving with the with its impressive range the weapon can be precision and reduce the danger of collater- Israel Defence Force outfitted with a number of warhead config- al damage. Target engagement can be per- urations according to the target that the mis- formed in a direct or indirect fashion. craft, although the company states that it sile will engage. South Korea is one of the Brimstone’s latest incarnation, known as could equip a number of platforms includ- customers for the Spike-NLOS, with the Dual Mode Brimstone (DMB), contains the ing helicopters and Unmanned Aerial missile probably also serving with the Israel MMW seeker and a Semi-Active Laser. This Vehicles. For the RAF, DMB integration is in Defence Force. gives the user a number of targeting options the pipeline onboard the Eurofighter such as employing the missile in a beam-rid- Typhoon F/GR4 and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lahat ing configuration, alternatively using only Lightning-II Joint Strike Fighters that the Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Spike its original MMW seeker, or both. The force is acquiring. family is joined by Israel Aerospace weapon’s development was the result of an Industries’ Lahat missile which has a range Urgent Operational Requirement issued by Spike of up to eight kilometres. This laser-homing the UK MoD for a weapon producing low Israel’s Spike family of weapons produced weapon can be fired in both a line-of-sight collateral damage which can be employed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems pack a and non-line-of-sight mode. In production against a large number of targets, both stat- powerful punch. Like other weapons exam- now for over ten years, IAI has produced the ic and mobile. Current DMB activity ined in this article, such as Lockheed missile in several configurations including a

l MAY 2013 l 63 Anti Armoured May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:35 PM Page 4

ANTI ARMOURED CAPABILTIES

Alongside the company’s AGM-114 Hellfire family, Lockheed Martin has developed the Javelin anti-tank guided missile in answer to a United States Army and United States Marine Corps requirement © Lockheed Martin

canister launch version for vehicles and hel- ants include the AGM-114K which carries a thermobaric warhead optimized for use icopters, and two versions which can be High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warhead against caves and multi-floored buildings. fired from a 105mm tank main armament and is specifically designed to engage Main One of the latest versions of the Hellfire is and a 120mm gun. For the future, the com- Battle Tank (MBT) targets. The AGM-114K the AGM-114R Hellfire-II which adds an pany says that there is the possibility of provides the basis for the AGM-114KA inertial guidance system, while removing enhancing the weapon with a dual seeker which has a blast fragmentation warhead for the missile’s gyroscopes and retaining the configuration which could include a Global undefended and lightly-armoured targets in SAL. The AGM-114R is “a single missile with Positioning System along with another a multipurpose warhead that defeats a broad guidance mechanism. “Javelin is adaptable range of targets, including tanks,” according to many platforms to the firm. Effectively this affords the Lockheed Martin weapon a faster response time as it is able to North American ATGM offerings include including trucks and quickly ascertain its position after launch. Lockheed Martin’s famous AGM-114 light-armoured This year, the United Kingdom will take Hellfire-II family. These weapons are not just vehicles” delivery of £29 million’s worth of missiles in used by helicopters, as the company says that various configurations. “Hellfire-II has been integrated with a variety open spaces. The AGM-114L is designed to Besides the AGM-114 Hellfire-II family, of aircraft and weapons systems, both rotary- be used in conjunction with the Lockheed Lockheed Martin produces the Javelin wing and fixed-wing,” according to an offi- Martin/Northrop Grumman Longbow fire ATGM which it designed in conjunction cial statement. It adds that “Hellfire-II has control radar. Further up the alphabet, the with Raytheon and describes as “the world’s been successfully fired from wheeled and AGM-114M is primarily intended for the most versatile and lethal one-man portable, armoured vehicles, small boats and ships, maritime domain to prosecute surface tar- anti-tank guided munitions and surveil- and ground-mounted tripods.” The missile is gets, along with a land application for the lance weapon system.” Production for the guided using a Semi-Active Laser (SAL) destruction of buildings and soft-skinned United States Army and United States homing and a MMW seeker. Available vari- vehicles. The AGM-114N, meanwhile, has a Marine Corps commenced in 1994. The full

64 l ASIANMILITARYREVIEW l Anti Armoured May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:35 PM Page 5

ANTI ARMOURED CAPABILTIES

Javelin ensemble includes the missile, its weight design intended to maximize the The JAGM has been optimized to have a launch unit and command system. While number of rounds that the aircraft can carry range of up to 16km and could equip a vari- used as a one-man operated anti-tank sys- in comparison to legacy weapons. Speaking ety of platforms including the Boeing AH- tem, Lockheed Martin is keen to point out during a presentation of the missile at 64D Apache and Bell Textron AH-1Z Viper that “Javelin is adaptable to many platforms Thales’ facilities in Northern Ireland on 21st gunships, Bell Textron OH-58D Kiowa scout including trucks and light-armoured vehi- March, the company said that it hoped to rotorcraft and Sikorsky MH-60R/S mar- cles,” adding that, as far as the future is con- commence production of the LMM in 2014. itime support helicopters. It could enter cerned, “the weapon is currently undergo- Armed with a shaped charge blast/frag- service around 2016. ing a cost reduction and obsolescence avoid- mentation warhead, the missile has a sur- ance programme.” face-to-surface range of six kilometres, and MLP an air-to-surface range of eight kilometres. Likewise, MBDA is considering the replace- Raytheon Integration of the missile onboard the ment of its MILAN ATGM product line. This Like the AGM-114, the BGM-71 TOW is avail- Wildcat will commence in the next few could take the form of the firm’s MLP able in a number of versions. These include months and is expected to take two-to-three (Missile de Longue Portée/Long Range the original BGM-71A model, the BGM-71D years. The firm adds that it expects to see the Missile). The MLP has a range of circa eight which comes equipped with an enhanced growth potential for the missile to include a kilometres with its sister weapon, the MMP, warhead, the BGM-71E which has a tandem full anti-tank capability, with an appropriate achieving a range of half that. The develop- warhead, and the top-attack BGM-71F. One of warhead currently under development. The ment of both weapons is being funded by the the latest additions to the BGM-71 family is LMM could represent an important step company, with some financial assistance the TOW-2B AERO which increases the towards a ‘one-size-fits-all’ missile which from the French government for risk reduc- weapon’s stand-off range to four kilometres, would be able to engage a multitude of tar- tion work. Initially, France procured the while a new propulsion system is in the gets, and equip land, air and sea platforms Javelin system (see above) as an interim solu- works which could increase the weapon’s using a single missile design. tion to cover the retirement of MILAN with range while reducing its flight time. the advent of its replacement. No formal JAGM decision has been made regarding the intro- LMM Similarly, Lockheed Martin’s Joint Air-to- duction of the MLP into formal service with As regards the future, Thales is equipping Ground Missile (JAGM) semi-active and the French armed forces. Currently, France is the British Army with the firm’s MMW weapon could replace the BMG-71 awaiting the publication of the Livre Blanc Lightweight Multirole Missile (LMM). and AGM-114 (see above), along with the (White Paper) on defence which is expected Manufactured at the firm’s plant in Belfast, AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground weapon. by the end of the year. This will outline the

Northern Ireland, the LMM is destined to One of the most famous names in the world of government’s defence procurement priori- equip the AgustaWestland Lynx AW-159 air-to-ground anti-tank missiles is Lockheed ties and its military posture. The biggest Lynx Wildcat naval and battlefield support Martin’s AGM-114 Hellfire family. The missile is challenge to the adoption of the MLP is like- helicopters outfitting the Royal Navy and available in several different configurations and ly to be the austere financial environment British Army. The missile has been designed has received a number of important upgrades and budget cuts therein which the French during its service life © Lockheed Martin to engage a range of targets and has a light- defence community is strongly expected to experience over the coming years. Ongoing efforts such as the MLP, LMM and JAGM initiatives underline that the chal- lenge posed by armour is still very much at the forefront of weapons engineers’ minds despite the apparent renaissance in dis- mounted warfare, which has been illustrated during recent military operations in Central Asia and the Middle East. Current ATGM design efforts are taking lessons learned from previous conflicts into account while anticipating future advances in armoured vehicle technologies which they may need to defeat. The main battle tank may have been absent from the battlefield en masse for some time, but there remains every chance that this situation could change at a moment’s notice in the future.

l MAY 2013 l 65 ROT May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:29 PM Page 2

CHINESE Su-35 DEAL TO BUY RUSSIAN JETS, SUBS MURKY; MOSCOW FEARS BEIJING’S TECH THEFT

at the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, told Defense News. Another defense industry source in Russia told the publication that there were "strong reservations" in Moscow about going forward with the deal, which the two countries agreed to explore in a memorandum of understanding signed in December. China is widely believed in Moscow to have stolen the technology for the last fighter it bought from Russia, the Su-27, building a copy of the Russian jet fighter and calling it the Chinese J-11B. The sale of the Su-27SK, signed in 1995 for 200 of the planes, was aborted by Russia in 2006 after only 95 aircraft had

hina and Russia have inked a deal for Project 677 Beijing to buy 24 advanced Sukhov Su-35 multirole jet fighters and four Lada-class diesel-electric-powered Csubmarines, two of which will be built in China, in the largest arms sale between the two countries in 10 years.

Or have they? Chinese state TV reported Monday that the on-again, off-again deal was finalized during the weekend visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to Moscow. But Russian media denied that Tuesday, saying no agreement had been reached, Defense News reported. "The Kremlin is officially denying even discussing arms trade during Xi's visit," Vasiliy Kashin, a China military specialist ROT May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:29 PM Page 3

Su-27SK DEFENSE DEPT STICKING WITH RUSSIAN HELICOPTER DEAL

expression of Congressional intent by ensuring that any further DoD procurement of helicopters for theAfghan National Security Forces is not conducted through Rosoboronexport. “ The roughly $1 billion contract is far from new. It was awarded by the Department of theArmy on June 1, 2011 on a sole-source basis for a minimum of 21 Mi-17 helicopters and spare parts for theAfghan military. The Mi-17-1V deal with the Russians includes options for additional aircraft, spares, and support. The Army has indicated that the procurement of espite protests from a bipartisan group additional Mi-17 for theAfghan military may of lawmakers in late March, the be required, with Gregory telling Ria Novosti Defense Department is buying Russian thatitisupto30. military helicopters whether they like it or not. “Given current timelines, the department D“The Department of Defense has notified has determined that Rosoboronexport is the Congress of its intent to contract with only viable means of meetingANSF Rosoboronexport for 30 additional Mi-17 requirements” for the helicopters, Gregory been supplied. The reason? Russia rotary-wing aircraft to support the told the newswire. "discovered China had reverse-engineered Afghanistan National Security Forces Ironically, the U.S.Air Force is in a similar the fighter and was secretly manufacturing (ANSF) Special Mission Wing,” Pentagon procurement fight withAmerican aircraft an indigenous copy, the J-11B, with spokesman James Gregory told RIANovosti manufacturer Beechcraft. USAF awarded Chinese-made avionics and engines," Defense News reports. in emailed comments. Brazilian aircraft maker Embraer around $420 In particular, China is believed to covet Ateam of 10 lawmakers sent a letter to million to build 20 light air support fighters access to the technology for the Su-35's new Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel on called Super Tucanos. Beechcraft was advanced Saturn AL-117S jet engine, which March 25, urging him not to purchase involved in the bid. The Super Tucanos are also is used in Russia's fifth-generation additional helicopters from the state-owned also for theAfghanistan military and USAF stealth fighter prototype, the T-50. Russian arms dealer Rosoboronexport. spokesmen told Forbes that they had to "There are strong suspicions [in Moscow They argue that the company has continued pursue the contract despite an investigation that] China will procure the technological to transfer weapons to Syria’s government, by the GovernmentAccountability Office. know-how of the Su-35 and [Lada] and which is in the midst of a civil war. Russia’s Mi-17, like the Super Tucano, simply produce an indigenous version," the publication concluded. The Mi-17s will be used forAfghan appears to be right aircraft for the missions in The Chinese reports over the weekend National Security Forces. The aircraft are Afghanistan, the Defense Department did not give any figures for the value already in use there by joint U.S.Army and attests. The copter has a long history in of the deal for either four submarines Afghan forces. Afghanistan. It was used in the USSR- or 24 aircraft. The letter stated: We write to oppose any Afghanistan war back in the 1980s. But earlier this month, Russia's RIA- continuation of the Department of Defense’s There are around 20,000 Mi-17 Novosti news agency reported that a deal (DoD) business relationship with helicopters in circulation, including in Iran, for 48 Su-35s — twice the number Rosoboronexport, Russia’s primary arms Thailand, Malaysia, Colombia, Pakistan and apparently now envisaged — would be exporter and an enabler of the ongoing mass Venezuela. India has over 130 of them. worth about $4 billion. China, the world's No. 1 importer of atrocities in Syria. In January, Section 1277 Russia has been supplyingAfghanistan with weapons, has been a major customer for of the National DefenseAuthorizationAct for Mi-17s under a NATO contract as part of a Russian arms exports since the 1990s, Fiscal Year 2013, which expressly prohibits U.S.-run procurement deals. RIA-Novosti added. Trade peaked in 2005, the use of funds to enter into any contracts or The U.S. is no stranger to this flying just before the Su-27 cancellation, when agreements with Rosoboronexport, was whale. It gave four Mi-17 helicopters to Russian sales to Beijing reached almost $4 enacted into law. Further, during Pakistan to assist its anti-terrorism activity in billion. They have fluctuated since then, consideration of the Department of Defense June 2009. The U.S. Navy delivered four Mi- dipping to $800 million in 2009 and AppropriationsAct, 2013, the House of 17s to theAfghan NationalArmyAir Corps in rebounding to $2.1 billion last year, the Representatives overwhelmingly approved September of that same year. Ten Mi-17-V5 agency said, citing figures from Rosoboronexport, Russia’s state-owned an amendment prohibiting further contracts helicopters were delivered to theAfghanAir with Rosoboronexport by a vote of 407-5. We Force (AAF) by December 2010. arms exportCourtesy: monopoly. The Washington Times Courtesy: Forbes urge you to uphold this law and clear

Expert’s Opinion News May13 final:AMR 6/11/13 1:31 PM Page 2

REGIONAL NEWS ANDDEVELOPMENTS s o u t h a s i a ASIA PACIFIC PROCUREMENT UPDATE

INDIAN COAST HAL- ROLLS ROYCE GUARD COMMISSIONS PRODUCTION FACILITY ACV & IPV INAUGURATED  Indian Coast Guard has  HAL & Rolls-Royce (UK) recently commissioned Ship 50:50 joint venture company H-191 ACV & ‘Rajdoot’ IPV. International Aerospace H-191 is the fifth of the series Manufacturing Limited’s of twelve Air Cushion Vehicles production facility was which was commissioned at inaugurated recently. State-of- Mumbai. The 21 metres long the-art facility in Bengaluru Air Cushion Vehicle with 31 will produce components for tonnes displacement can the technologically advanced achieve a maximum speed of Trent family of civil aero 45 knots. The ACV is capable engines, as well as for a of undertaking multi-farious number of marine and energy tasks such as surveillance, INDIA INDUCTSFAST are highly capable vessels and gas turbines.” interdiction, search and INTERCEPTOR can do speeds up to 45 Knots At an investment of rescue and rendering NAVAL VESSELS and have an endurance of 200 US$25 million over a land of assistance to small boats and  Indian Navy has recently nautical miles at 15 Knots. They 7,200 sqm, the unit craft in distress at sea. inducted four Fast Interception can carry a variety of armament incorporates the latest Rolls- ‘Rajdoot’, Inshore Patrol Craft (FIC). Southern Naval like heavy machine guns. The Royce manufacturing Vessels (IPVs ) is built by Command will get 12 more of upper deck canopies are bullet techniques for making 130 Garden Reach Shipbuilders these craft in the coming proof. The versatile vessels are different compressor parts. and Engineers and was com- months. Sagar Prahari Bal fitted with modern navigational The facility will include missioned at Kolkata. The 50 (SPB) – the force raised by the aids and communication equip- latest machine tools, meter ship the sixthof eight Indian Navy for coastal ment including AIS (Automatic computerised maintenance IPV which displaces 300 tons defense- will operate these Identification System) and management systems, and can achieve a maximum crafts. The FICs built at Solas LRAD (Long Range Acoustic metal spray booths and non- speed of 34 Knots. Marine Lanka Private Limited, Device)- an anti piracy device. destructive testing lines.

BOEING & BEL EXPAND P-8I maritime reconnaissance PARTNERSHIP aircraft; and is a partner with  Boeing and Bharat Boeing at the Analysis & Electronics Limited are expand- Experimentation Centre in ing their partnership through a Bengaluru that opened in 2009. follow-on contract involving Through the new contract the manufacture of subassem- BEL will produce Super Hornet blies for the Boeing F/A-18E/F subassemblies including the Super Hornet fighter jet. Ground Power Panel, Helmet This contract, for Super Vehicle Interface Stowage and Hornet subassemblies, expands Switch assembly and work Boeing had awarded BEL Cockpit Console Panels in 2011. BEL delivers compo- and Friend or Foe interrogator nents for the Super Hornet and indentification for P-81.

INDIA & EGYPT Gen. Abdel Fattah al Sisi & tion in various areas, including TO ENHANCE DEFENCE Indian Defence Minister AK by way of increased interactions RELATIONS Antony in New Delhi. between the armed forces of  India & Egypt will be Gen. al Sisi is part of the both countries and through gradually building up defence delegation accompanying the technology collaboration exchanges and interactions, Egyptian President during between industries. It was also particularly in the area of train- his visit to India. decided that opportunities for ing exchanges. This was agreed Both countries have agreed increasing cooperation will be after the joint meeting of that there was scope for enhanc- discussed by both sides during Egyptian Defence Minister, ing bilateral defence coopera- the next meeting.

68 l ASIANMILITARYREVIEW l News May13 final:AMR 6/11/13 1:31 PM Page 3

REGIONAL NEWS ANDDEVELOPMENTS s o u t h e a s t a s i a

SINGAPORE AND frigate (RSS Tenacious) and PHILIPPINE NAVY TO BRUNEIAN BILATERAL missile corvette (RSS Valour), PROCURE AW109 NAVAL EXERCISE as well as RBN’s Darussalam- POWER HELICOPTERS  The Republic of Singapore class patrol vessel (KDB  AgustaWestland has Navy (RSN) and the Royal Darulehsan) and Ijhtihad-class signed a contract with the Brunei Navy (RBN) have con- fast (KDB Afiat), Philippine Navy for three ducted a bilateral naval exer- were involved in this year’s AW109 Power maritime heli- cise, codenamed Exercise exercise. During the exercise, copters plus two options. The Pelican, from 11 to 15 March the two navies conducted a helicopters will be used for a 2013. Hosted by the RSN, series of tactical discussions wide range of naval missions this year’s exercise marks the and simulation exercises in including economic zone SINGAPORE AND 32nd in the series. naval warfare such as anti-sur- protection, surface surveil- THAILAND CONCLUDE The command teams from face, anti-submarine, anti-air lance, SAR and maritime secu- 15TH KOCHA SINGA RSN’s Formidable-class stealth and maritime air operations. rity. The aircraft will be deliv- EXERCISE ered in 2014 and will operate  The Singapore Army from both shore and ship (SAF) and the Royal Thai bases. The contract includes Army (RTA) concluded a bilat- initial logistics support and eral army exercise, codenamed training for aircrew and Exercise Kocha Singa. maintenance personnel. The The exercise, the 15th in the AW109 is a three-tonne class series, was held in Singapore eight seater helicopter with from 19 to 26 March 2013 and two PW206C engines. involved personnel from the SAF’s 3rd Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment and the RTA’s 1st Infantry Battalion from the 2nd Infantry Regiment. The exercise included professional interactions, live firing, as well as participation in urban operations training in Murai Urban Training Facility.

SINGAPORE, THAILAND phases. The first phase was a Airshow in Langkawi, & US TRILATERAL command post exercise, held at Malaysia by PT DI CEO Budi AIR EXERCISE the Multinational Operations Santoso and Airbus  Exercise Cope Tiger, a and Exercises Centre in Military CEO Domingo trilateral air exercise conducted Changi Naval Base, Singapore, Ureña-Raso ratifies and details by Singapore, Thailand and from 11 to 13 December the joint development, manu- the United States, at Korat 2012, while the second phase facturing, commercialisation Air Base, Thailand. was a flying training and support work packages for The exercise, the 19th in its exercise, conducted at Korat the new NC212i launched in series, was conducted in two Air Base from 11 to 22 November 2012. March 2013. Under the terms of the This year’s exercise saw the agreement, the companies will deployment of about 80 air- be long-term, risk-sharing part- craft, 36 ground-based air ners with engineering and defence systems, and more AIRBUS MILITARY & manufacturing being led by PT than 2,000 personnel from the INDONESIA TO DI, supported by Airbus participating nations. The DEVELOP LIGHT UTILITY Military, and certification Republic of Singapore Air TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT being an Airbus Military Force’s Surface-to-air  Airbus Military and PT responsibility. -5 and DERby ground- Dirgantara Indonesia (PT DI) The aircraft will be deliv- based air defence system also have signed an agreement ered from Bandung, in participated for the first time covering the development Indonesia and will be promot- and particpants also provided plan for the NC212i light utility ed and supported by PT DI health and dental services to transport aircraft. The and Airbus Military teams local community. agreement, signed at the LIMA worldwide.

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SOUTH KOREA TO these satellite instruments are RECEIVE ADVANCED critical to short-term and imme- WEATHER IMAGER diate severe weather forecast- TECHNOLOGY ing. Geo-imagers capture most  ITT Exelis has been award- of the images of hurricanes and ed a multimillion dollar con- storms taken from space, which tract to provide South Korean are shown by meteorologists on advanced geostationary weath- television and in other media. er imager to support the coun- The ABI class imager being try’s forecasting capabilities. used by South Korea provides JAPAN ORDERS Under the GEO-KOMPSAT- five times the temporal resolu- ADDITIONAL AW139 2A program, Exelis will deliver tion than current imagers, com- HELICOPTER an Advanced Metorological pleting a scan of the full hemi-  AgustaWestland have Imager (AMI), which will be sphere in five minutes rather been awarded a contract by the launched into geostationary than the 30 minutes. Japan National Police Agency orbit in 2017. The AMI is a The AMI will also provide (JNPA) to supply two AW139 Korean version of the several spectral bands and two twin engine helicopters which Advanced Baseline Imager times the resolution capability will be operated in Hokkaido (ABI) Exelis is currently build- known as GOES-R. of South Korea’s existing satel- and Fukushima prefectures. ing for the U.S. National Geostationary imagers fly lites to about one-half mile. The AW139 has proven Oceanic and Atmospheric 22,300 miles above Earth star- These increased capabilities extremely successful in Japan Administration and NASA for ing at specific regions, provid- and higher latency will provide performing a number of roles the next-generation ing constant, near real-time new products and tools for including search and rescue Geostationary Operational data to weather forecasters. weather forecasters to improve and coast guard duties, law Environmental Satellite series Known as sentinels in the sky, their forecasts. enforcement, fire fighting, dis- aster relief and electronic news gathering. The Japan Coast CHINA AWARDS helicopters of various versions, Guard has placed orders for 18 SEARCH AND RESCUE which have formed the back- AW139s so far. HELICOPTER CONTRACT bone of China’s aerial search The AW139 has also  China’s Ministry of and rescue capabilities for mar- become the platform of choice Transport’s Rescue and itime operations. for public utility roles such as Salvage Bureau (MOT) has Designed for safety, reliabili- law enforcement, fire fighting signed a contract for the supply ty and efficiency, the S-76D and disaster relief. of four Sikorsky S-76D™ heli- helicopter’s standard equip- copters, with an option for ment features are all-composite, another four next year, to fur- flaw-tolerant main rotor blades; WORLD’S FIRST ELBIT SYSTEMS TO FORM ther enhance MOT’s maritime an advanced THALES integrat- SATELLITE JV IN SOUTH KOREA search and rescue capabilities. ed avionics system and autopi- COMMUNICATION  Elbit Systems has China’s MOT first intro- lot; health and usage monitor- SYSTEM EQUIPPED announced the establishment duced Sikorsky S-76 search and ing system, and active vibra- HELICOPTER of Sharp Elbit Systems rescue helicopters in 2000, and tion control. The S-76D is pow-  Japan’s Fire and Aerospace, Inc.(SESA), a joint- this is the fourth contract it has ered by Pratt & Whitney Disaster Management Agency ly owned company in South awarded Sikorsky for the S-76® Canada’s compact light-weight capability in crisis response Korea, with Sharp Aviation K series of helicopters. When PW210S, which delivers the and coordination will be Inc., located in Seoul, South these four aircraft are deliv- best in class power-to-weight significantly improved Korea. Elbit Systems will own ered, MOT will operate a fleet ratio and fuel burn with great following its introduction of a 19% with a growth option to of 12 S-76 search and rescue payload and range benefits. Eurocopter AS365 N3 helicop- 50% ownership. ter equipped with a high- SESA will operate in Ansan speed, real-time transmission and among other capabilities, system using Earth-orbiting will offer maintenance, repair relay satellites – a world’s first. and manufacture of advanced This installation is called military aircraft avionics as the Helicopter Satellite well as research and Communication System development of systems and Developed by Mitsubishi. It avionics for both existing and enables direct transmission to future projects, such as the satellites without interruption Korean Light Attack from a helicopter’s moving Helicopter (LAH) and the rotor blades, and relays data to Korean Future Fighter (KFX). ground receiving stations.

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OPERATION ASTUTE May 2006 in response to a IN TIMOR-LESTE request from the Government COMPLETED of Timor-Leste and had been a  The Australian Defence success in restoring public Force has formally concluded order and stability. The end of Operation ASTUTE in Timor- the operation was declared Leste and has redeployed all after the helicopter point of dis- troops and equipment to embarkation became the final Australia. Chief of Joint base to be handed over this Operations, Lieutenant General year to the Government of EXERCISE BERSAMA (LTGEN) Ash Power said a Timor-Leste. SHIELD 2013 small number of Australian Australia’s three army Black  Exercise BERSAMA Defence Force personnel Hawk helicopters, four infantry SHIELD 2013 was conducted returned home to Australia. platoons and 102 vehicles have on the South China Sea, AUSTRALIA AND The latest mission in the been returned to Australia Singapore and the Malaysian THAILAND fledgling nation started on 25 since November 2012. Peninsula from 8-18 April. CONCLUDES EXERCISE Australia was the only AUSTHAI 2013 nation to deploy a submarine  The Royal Australian in support of Exercise Navy, supported by the Royal BERSAMA SHIELD 2013. Australian Air Force, conduct- Throughout the exercise the ed a highly successful mar- submarine was “hunted” by itime exercise with the Royal two AP-3C Orion aircraft from Thai Navy. The Australian Royal Australian Air Force’s Anzac Class Frigate HMAS (RAAF) 92 Wing, based at Parramatta travelled to RAAF Edinburgh in South Thailand in March to conduct Australia. The AP-3C Orion Exercise AUSTHAI with the aircraft flew a total of seven Royal Thai Navy’s HTM Ships sorties in support of the Five Rattanakosin and Phutthayotfa Power Defence Arrangements Chulalok. The three ships were led exercise, allowing the AP- joined by two patrol aircraft: 3C crews to hone their skills in an AP3-C Orion from the a complex multinational exer- Royal Australian Air Force, cise environment involving and a Royal Thai Navy naval and air forces. Dornier 228. The aim was to The Five Power Defence practice maritime warfare Arrangements is the longest skills and strengthen naval HMAS CHOULES and training, assisted by standing multilateral arrange- interoperability. RETURNS TO SEA Air Force and Navy which ment in South East Asia.  HMAS Choules has concluded with a final returned to sea following sea successful readiness assess- CLUSTER MUNITIONS assurance testing of the ship’s ment on 12 April 2013. TELECOMMUNICATIONS  Australia has become a six propulsion and power dis- The ship will now partici- CONTRACT party to the Convention on tribution transformers which pate in a number of minor  Australian defence has Cluster Munitions with were replaced after a defect amphibious exercises in North signed a $1.1 billion contract legislation making it an offence was identified in June 2012. Queensland during May and with Telstra for the provision of in Australia to develop, keep The ship then followed a June 2013 before joining other telecommunications services. or transfer land mines or graduated program of trials Navy ships in Exercise The six-and-a-half year con- cluster munitions. The Talisman Sabre 13 off the tract will enable Australian convention and act allows for Queensland coast. Defence to transform its com- certain activities that protect The Navy’s amphibious munications technology includ- Australia’s national and force includes Choules, the ing better integrating fixed international security, such as Landing Ship Heavy HMAS telecommunications with satel- interoperability and acquiring Tobruk, Australian Defence lite and tactical networks. and retaining munitions for Vessel Ocean Shield, and three Defence will partner with training in clearance and Landing Craft Heavy vessels. Telstra to implement the trans- destruction techniques. The first Landing Helicopter formed network solution which The convention and act will Dock, recently named NUSHIP has a targeted completion date apply to Australian Defence Canberra, is due to achieve of mid-2016. The Defence Force (ADF) personnel during initial operating capability by telecommunications network military operations. the end of 2014. includes networks at 430 sites.

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ELBIT SYSTEMS TO SUPPLY ELECTRO-OPTIC OBSERVATION SYSTEM TO BRAZIL  Elbit Systems announced that AEL International Ltd., a subsidiary of AEL Sistemtoas S.A., which is a Brazilian sub- sidiary of Elbit Systems, was awarded a contract to supply electro-optic observation sys- tems to Savis Tecnologia e Sistemas S.A, a subsidiary of Embraer Defesa & Segurança S.A., wholly-owned by Embraer S.A. The contract value is in an amount that is not material to Elbit Systems. The electro-optic systems will be supplied within a year, starting in 2014, as part of the first phase of the Brazilian multi-year “Sisfron” Integrated Border Monitoring System. SMALL BOATS-BIG GAINS! flotillas or independently. In addition, as part of the The ‘Golden Shield’ radar program, Elbit Systems will be  As domestic economies planning hull design ensures developed by IAI Elta Systems making investments inBrazilin change into a global market, safe operation in shallow is a common system shared by terms of assets, infrastructure dependent on the ocean for water and reduced drag at all Super Dvora configurations. and know-how in optronics. energy, food and transporta- high speeds. Constructed of This radar detects all types of Mr. Bezhalel (Butzi) tion, the open seas becoming durable marine aluminum, the threats, including guided or Machlis, Elbit Systems’ contested areas, and pirates, Super Dvora is built to operate unguided missiles fired at the President and CEO, comment- outlaws and terrorists using for a service life of 30+ years, boat. The system is configured ed: “We see great importance isolated littorals as safe haven, with minimal maintenance in an ‘Aegis’ like scheme. in this award, marking a prowling waterways and the overhead. The system’s modules are breakthrough for our electro- open sea along international IAI Ramta has recently connected via fiber-optical optic activities inBrazil, which merchant routes. no wonder launched two new variants of links, for maximum speed and is a significant market for Elbit that governments are looking the Super Dvora class – the security. The system has Systems. Sisfron is a global for new tools to deal with the Super Dvora Multi-Role already been tested at sea with leading and very unique bor- new challenges. (SDMR) multi-mission patrol excellent results. In addition to der security project, and we Addressing such issues, IAI boat and Mini-Dvora intercep- self-protection, the boat is also are very proud to be involved Ramta has launched the Super tor class fast boat. equipped with a stabilized elec- in it. This is yet an additional Dvora class of multi-role Fast Built in a compact hull tro-optical payload with an opportunity for our Brazilian Patrol Boats / Fast Attack Craft design, Mini Dvora allows the integrated laser designation companies to provide our (FPB/FAC). The current class use of smaller, more cost effi- capability. advanced technologies, this of Israeli Super Dvora is at its cient engines and propulsors The primary weapon time in the field of observation, third generation and has been thus lowering acquisition and system is a stabilized marine inBrazil, a country that values supplied to customers with lifecycle cost. The boat’s dimen- cannon slaved to the elecro- unique, cutting edge technolo- Waterjets or Articulated sions enable more flexible land optics payload which delivers gy in every field of operation”. Surface Drive (ASD) propul- transportation, efficiently ‘One shot-One Kill’ capability sion. Both offer excellent accel- deploying the boat in land on target at a distance of 1,500 eration and high speed, with locked lakes and riverine. meters. . It also carries preci- ASD offering a slight edge in An affordable ‘interceptor’ sion guided missiles, extending maneuverability and shallow type boat, Mini-Dvora enables the platform’s effectiveness water operability (at water fast and highly responsive to 6-8 kilometers. The compact depth of 1.3 meters.), while teams to efficiently cover large SDMR can carry a complete waterjets provide somewhat areas from forward operating mission system currently more efficient maneuverability. bases. Requiring low mainte- carried by much larger Both propulsion variants nance and minimal shore sup- Offshore Patrol Vessels with allow top speeds in the 45-50 port, these boats can efficiently a comparatively small but knot range. The hard chine operate either under naval effective crew of 10.

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