Index

A Ardebil, 175, 176 Abbasi, Heydar, See Barishmaz Armenian-Azerbaijani relations, See Abdol-’Alizadeh, 179 Nagorno-Karabagh conºict Abedinzadeh, Kamel, 192 Armenian-Tatar War (1903), 32 Achiq Soz, 44 Arzayev, Anar, 199 Adalat, 34 Asadulla-ogli, Mirza Shadiq, 31 Adalatli, Babak, 125 Assembly of Provinces (Majles-e Agaoglu, Ahmad bay, 36 Iyalat), 91 Akhundzade, Mirza Fath ‘Ali, 25–26 Assembly of Majlis Dep- Akhundov, See Akhundadze, Mirza uties, 180, 192 Fath ‘Ali Ata, Asii, 201 , 29 Azadistan, 42 Ahmad, Al-e, 60 Azarsina, Habib, 89 ‘Ali, Mohammad, 40, 41, 44 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Alizade, Zardusht, 136, 201 (ADR, 1918–20), 32, 38–39, 54, Aliyarov, Suleiman, 127 141, 159 Aliyev, Heydar, 67, 109, 117, 165, Azerbaijan Dostlari Jam’iyati (The 166, 168, 192, 195, 198 Society of Friends of Azerbaijan), Aliyev, Kemal, 158 58 Aminlu, Hasan, 176 Azerbaijan Feda’iyin Organization, Ana Dili (Mother Tongue), 41 181, 182 Anar, 123 Azerbaijan Liberation Organization Anjuman-i Azerbayjan (Council of (Azerbayjan Qurtulush Azerbaijan), 86, 92 Teshkilati), 181, 182 Anti-Azerbaijani Discrimination in Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute, , See Discrimination against 123 in Iran Azerbaijan Provincial Council, 38 Arani, Taqi, 52 Azerbaijan Writers’ Union, 123 240 borders and brethren

Azerbaijan Yazichilar Hey’ati (The 161, 163–164, 166–167, 203–204, Association of Writers in 205–206, 209, 215–216 Azerbaijani), 58 secular aspects of, 163–164, 209, Azerbaijani alphabet and transliter- 215–216 ation, xi-xii, 65n, 89, 124–125, 130, Shi’a aspects of, 164 144, 161–162, 169, 211 Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Azerbaijani assimilation in Iran, identity among Azerbaijanis in 50–52, 63, 70, 75, 77, 79 , 22, 24–32, 34, 45 Azerbaijani assimilation in the So- Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural viet Union, 69 identity among Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijani attitudes toward Rus- the , 66–67, 71, sian Empire, 35–36 109–115, 116, 120, 153, See also Azerbaijani autonomy in Iran, See Azerbaijani national identity among Iranian policy toward Azerbaijani Azerbaijanis in the Soviet Union regions. Azerbaijani history and historical Azerbaijani Communist leaders in revisionism in the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, 133, 135–136 112–113, 121–123 Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Azerbaijani historical and pre-Is- identity, historical origins of, 13, lamic identity, 110, 120, 127, 15–32 158–159, 182–3 Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Azerbaijani independence from the identity among Azerbaijanis in Soviet Union, 141, See also Iran, 1–2, 5–7, 43, 45, 50, 55, 61, Azerbaijani nationalism in the So- 63, 75–76, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86–87, viet Union 101, 144, 153, 168–169, 175–176, Azerbaijani involvement in 180, 189, 196, 203–204, 208, anti-Shah activity, 64–5, 80 212–213, 215–217 issues and before Islamic Revolution, 50, 55, identity in Iran, 19–20, 42, 55, 56, 61, 63, 75–76 60–61, 62, 65, 71, 92, 93, 94, 119, during Iran-Iraq War, 142–143 143–145, 148, 171–173, 183, during Islamic Revolution, 79, 80, 188–189, 210–211, 216 82 Azerbaijani language issues and during Islamic Republic, 84, 86–87, identity in Republic of 92, 101 Azerbaijan, 160, 162, 166, 199, during Republic of Azerbaijan pe- 210–211, 216 riod, 168–169, 175–176, 189, 196, Azerbaijani language issues and 203–204, 208, 212–213, 215–217 identity in the Soviet Union, 65, effect of technology on, 62, 76, 67, 68, 71, 111–112, 123–124 98–99, 212 Azerbaijani language education in See also Azerbaijani national iden- Iran, 48 tity among Azerbaijanis in Iran Azerbaijani language education in Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Russian Empire, 34–35 identity among Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijani language education in Republic of Azerbaijan, 155, 158, Republic of Azerbaijan, 166 index 241

Azerbaijani language education in and cultural identity in Republic of the Soviet Union, 124 Azerbaijan Azerbaijani language media and Azerbaijani nationalism and na- publications in Iran, 33, 53, 74, tional identity in the Soviet Un- 79, 86–88, 89, 93, 96, 99, 106, ion, 118–142, 206 145–146, 170, 171, 173, 195–196, See also Azerbaijani ethnic and 199 cultural identity in the Soviet Un- Azerbaijani language media and ion publications in Russian Empire, Azerbaijani nationalist movements 33 in the Soviet Union, 126, 135, 141 Azerbaijani language media in the Azerbaijani opera, 34 Soviet Union, 72, 105, 109, 148 Azerbaijani poetry, 18, 67–68, 73, 88, originating in Iran, 148 107, 110–111, 143–144, 147, 151 Azerbaijani left-wing politics in in Azerbaijan, 110–111 Iran, 58–59, 87, 93–94 in Iran, 88, 107, 143–144 , 56, 58–59, 88, theme of separation in, 107 143, 149, 169–170 theme of unity in, 147, 151 in ADR, 56 Azerbaijani political activism in in Iran, 58–59, 88, 143, 169–170 Iran, 32, 96, 102–103, 107, in the Soviet Union, 111, 119 177–178, 177–185, 192 theme of Tabriz, 149 See also Azerbaijani student pro- theme of unity in, 149 tests in Iran. See also Azerbaijani poetry Azerbaijani political activism in Azerbaijani migration, 27–28, 49, Russian Empire, 32 63, 79–80, 106 Azerbaijani political activism in the from Iran to Soviet Union, 28 Soviet Union, 126, 135 from Soviet Union to Iran, 106 Azerbaijani role in Iranian history, within Iran, 49, 63, 79–80 41–43 within the Soviet Union, 27–8 Azerbaijani role in Islamic Revolu- Pre-Islamic Revolution, 49, 63, tion, See Islamic Revolution in Iran 79–80 Azerbaijani secession in Iran, See Azerbaijani music, 34, 74 Azerbaijani nationalism and national Azerbaijani names in the Soviet Un- identity in Iran ion, 129–130 Azerbaijani student demonstrations Azerbaijani nationalism and na- in Iran, 79–80, 83, 177–179, tional identity in Iran, 56, 171, 184–185, 189, 195 181–182, 184, 210 at Tabriz University, 79–80 See also Azerbaijani ethnic and at University of Reza’iyeh cultural identity in Iran (Urmiya), 81 Azerbaijani nationalism and na- Azerbaijani uniªcation, See tional identity in Republic of Azerbaijani nationalism and national Azerbaijan, 159–160, 162, 163, identity entries. 166–167, 197–198, 200–201, 203, Azerbaijanis within leadership of Is- 205–206, See also Azerbaijani ethnic lamic Republic of Iran, 84–85 242 borders and brethren

Azerbaijanis within clerical elite of Iranian policy on, 139, 194–195 Islamic Republic of Iran, 85 Soviet policy and role, 139–140, Azerbayjan, 40, 42, 107, 121 203 Azerbayjan Dilinin Grameri, 169 Cultural suppression of Azerbayjan Edebiyyat Tarikhinden Azerbaijanis in Iran, 47, 57 Qizil Yarpaqlar, 169 Azerbayjan Khalk Seneti, 120 Azerbayjan Khalchasi, 120 D Azerbayjan Muellimi, 104, 124 Dada Gorgud, 87 Azerbayjan Sesi, 88 Dayhim, Mohammad, 143 Azeroglu, Balash, 73, 109 of Azerbaijan, 41–42, 93 Demography, methodology, 222– B 223 Babak Revolt, 18 Demography of ethnic Azerbaijani BakuCenter for the Arts, 120 population, 221–225 Bagirov, A.A., 66 Demography of Iran, 1, 221–225 Baraheni, Reza, 60, 94, 143, 173 Demography, Turkic populations, Barez, Abbas, 88, 143–144, 196 224 Barishmaz (), 144 Dilanchi, Piruz, 145 Bazargan, Mehdi, 84–85 Dinlah Mani, 144 Behrengi, Samad, 58–60, 75, 105, 150 Discrimination against Azerbaijanis Birlik (Unity) Party, 126 in Iran, 48–49, 80, 142, 168, 174, “” (1989), 140 178–179, 213 Bolabi, Said Mohammad, 152 Discrimination against Azerbaijanis Buniatov, Ziya, 123, 124 in Russian Empire, 27–28 Discrimination against Azerbaijanis in the Soviet Union, 129 C Division of borders between Chanlibel (organization in ), Azerbaijani populations, 22 121 Chanlibel (journal in Iran), 88 Chehregani, Mohammad, 182, 183 E Class identity among Azerbaijanis Economic conditions in Azerbaijani in Iran, 50 regions of Iran, 64, 194 Collective identity theory, 6n., 7–13, Edebi Eserler, 58 213–216 Edebiyyat Ujaghi, 143 Conference of Muslim Teachers, 34 Education of Azerbaijanis in Rus- Cross-border contacts between sian Empire, 24–25 Azerbaijanis, 22, 28, 39–40, 43–44, Ehmadov, Jamal, 119 47, 57, 72–74, 105–108, 117–118, Elchibey, Abulfez, 68, 117, 130–131, 132–133, 136–140, 147, 150–152, 156–157, 159, 160, 164, 165, 155, 156, 190–192, 194, 197–198, 170–171, 186, 197, 200 200–203, 207–208, 212–213 Elchin, 120 index 243

Ethnic identity and politics in Iran History of Iran, pre-twentieth cen- (general), 217–219 tury, 15–16, 19–22 Ethnic relations in Iran, 1, 64 Qajar Dynasty, 21–22 Ethnic relations in the Republic of Safavid Dynasty, 19–21 Azerbaijan, 160, 165 Hurriyet, 34 Ethnicity, role in nationalism, 3–4, Huseynzade, ‘Ali bay, 31, 33 11 Ettela’at, 81, 170 I F Ibrahimov, Mirza, 72, 105, 107, 109, Family in Azerbaijani culture, 148, 199n. 152–153, 191 Ilgar, Gasham, 108 Farzanah, Muhammad ‘Ali 89 Immadeddin, Nasimi, 18 Firqeh-i Dimukrat Azarbayjan, 50, Iran-Iraq War and Azerbaijanis’ re- 53–55 actions, 143 Firqeh-i Ijtima’iyyun ‘Ammiyyun Iran-i Nou, 44 Party, 41 Iranian-Azerbaijani relations, Fizuli, Muhammed Suleiman-Oglu, 185–187, 192–193, 218 18, 34 Iranian national identity among Free Voice of Iran, 94 Azerbaijanis in Iran, 27, 146, 187–188, 211–212 Iranian nationalism, 75 G Iranian policy on Azerbaijani lan- Gambar, Isa, 159, 164 guage and rights, 71, 86, 89–90, Glasnost in Azerbaijan, 117, 118, 114, 117, 142, 146, 174–176, 120–125 194–195, 203, 206–207 Gölkap, Ziya, 31 Iranian policy on Azerbaijani re- Gorbachev, Mikhail, 117, 118, 127, gions, 85, 174–176, 193–194 154 Iranian policy on ethnic minorities, Guliyev, Fuad, 200 69, 217–218 Iranian policy toward Republic of Azerbaijan, See Iranian-Azerbaijani H relations. Hajibayli, Uzeir, 34 Iranian repression of Azerbaijanis, Hajizade, Hikmet, 167 118 Hayat, 33 Ishiq, 88 Heyat, Javad, 86, 88, 106, 170, 195, Islami Birliq, 87 199 Islamic identity in Azerbaijan, 18, “Heydar Babaya Salam” (“Greetings 25 to Heydar Baba”), 58 Islamic Party of Azerbaijan, 164 Himmet, 34, 35, 200 Islamic Republic Iran, political , pre-twentieth structure, 91–92, 193, 200, 217, century, 17–18 218–219 244 borders and brethren

Islamic Republic of Iran, constitu- Khan, Sattar, 40–41, 182 tion, 94–95 Khata’i, See Shah Isma’il Islamic Revolution in Iran, 77–84 Khatami, Mohammad, 209, 219 effect on Azerbaijani identity in Khazar University, 192 Iran, 79 Khezri, Nebi, 106, 113, 151, 196 Iranian government violence Khiyabani, Mohammed, 41–43, 54, against, 81, 82 182, 211 role of Azerbaijanis, 77–79, 80, Khoi, Ayatollah Abol Qasem, 84 82–83, 113 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhullah role of , 78 Musavi, 78, 84, 97–100 role of Tabriz, 80, 82–83 Khonsari, Ayatollah Fazel, 83 Soviet reaction to, 103–109 Koroghlu, 88 Isma’il, Shah, 19 Kurdish rebellions in Iran, 54, 78 Ismailov, Mahmud, 122 Ittifaq al-Muslim, 36–37 Izzeddin, Hassan-oglu, 18 L Lakhrudi, Amirali, 200 Leyli and Majnun (opera), 34 J Jafarazada, Azize, 111 Javid, Husein, 67 M Jenubi Azerbayjan Edebiyyati Mahad Azadi, 60 Antoloqiyasi, 105 Majlis elections in Iran (1996 and Jomhuri-ye Islami, 170 2000), 182, 183 Maleki, Khalil, 52 Mamedov, Etibar, 131, 141 K Maraghe’i, Moqaddam, 91 Karayev, Tamerlan, 162–163 Maydan Movement, 129 Karimzade, Farman, 111 Memedzade, Kamil, 112 Kashkul, 30 Mirakhmedov, Aziz, 124–125 Kaspii, 30 Moghaddam, Fatema Homayoon, Kasravi, Ahmad, 17n., 42, 50–52 187 Kaza’i, Ahad, 193 Molla Nasreddin, 33, 40 Kermani, Mirza Aqa Khan, 25, 26 Molla Nasreddin (Tehran, 1979), Keyhan, 170 87 Keyhan Havai, 139 Mujahedin Khalq, 82 Khakhali, Ayatollah Sadeq, 84, 85 Musavi-Ardebeli, Ayatollah Khalq Party, See Muslim People’s Re- Abdol-Karim, 84, 85, 99, 146, 152, publican Party (MPRP) 196 Khalq-e Musulman (newspaper), 90 Muslim People’s Republican Party Khamane’i Ayatollah ‘Ali, 84, 168, (MPRP), 90–91, 95–96, 98–99 172 (Equality) Party, 37, 39, Khan, Malkum, 25 121–122 Khan, Mirza Taqi Khan, 42 Mustafayev, Imam D., 66–67 index 245

N Pahlavi Regime in Iran, 47, 49–50, Nabdel, ‘Ali Reza, 61–62 57–58, 60, 63–64, 70, 75–76, 80– Nagorno-Karbagh conºict, 126–129, 81 134, 185–186, 191–193 Pashayev, Haªz, 199 Azerbaijani demonstrations against Payfun, Muhammad, 89 Armenia and Nagorno-Karabagh, Pan-Islamic movement in Russian 128–129, 134 Empire, 36–37 Iranian Azerbaijanis reaction, Parhizar, Akbar, 151 192–193, 195–196 “Persianization” among Iranian policy on, 185–186, Azerbaijanis in Iran, 50, 51, 70, 192–193 75 refugees, 126, 191–192 Pishaveri, Jafar, 52, 53–54, 102 Soviet policy on, 129 Political demonstrations against Ar- strikes, 134 menia, 128, 133 Nahzat-i Radikal (The Radical Political demonstrations by Movement), 65 Azerbaijanis on Soviet-Iranian Najaf (Iraq), 28–29 border, 136–137, 138 Najaf, Sheikh Husayn, 28–29 Political opposition to Islamic Re- Narimanov, Nariman, 35 public, 93–94, 97–99, 114 Nasibli, Nasib, See Nasibzade, Nasib Political opposition to Soviet Union Nasibzade, Logman, 129 and Soviet policies, 125, 128 Nasibzade, Nasib, 105, 122, 167, Political theory and Azerbaijani 195, 197 identity, 23–32, 44 Nationalism, theories of, 3–4, 7–13 secular aspects, 44 National Voice of Iran (NVOI), 93, Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA), 94n 117, 125, 141, 200, 201 Nejad-Sarhkani, ‘Ali, 193 Provisional Government of Nijat, Alisa, 111 Azerbaijan, 49–50, 54, 159 Nizami Ganjevi, 18 Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Na- tional Literature, 158 Q No’i-Eqdam, Nur-eddin, 177 Qajar Dynasty, 21–22, 43, 48 Nothgi, Hamid, 86 Qizilbash Popular Front, 126 Qorashiyan, Sayyed Hasan, 58 Quluzade, Zumgud, 123 O Oil revenues, effect on Azerbaijanis in Iran, 63 R Oil revenues, effect on Azerbaijanis Radio Baku, 108 in Russian Empire, 27–28 Radio Tabriz, 95 Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 182 Rasulzade, Mehmet Emin, 44 P Rasulzade, Muhammad Amin, 159 Pahlavi, Reza Shah, See Pahlavi Re- Referendum on Islamic Republic in gime in Iran Iran (1979), 78 246 borders and brethren

Refugees from Nagorno- Karabagh, Shabestary, Ayatollah Moshen, 188 See Nagorno- Karabagh conºict, ref- “Shahriyar,” 199 ugees. Shahriyar, Muhammad Huseyn, 58 Republic of Azerbaijan, 156–157, Shakhakhtinskii, Mehmed Agha, 31 160–161, 164 Shalala, 36 citizenship policy, 160–161 Shariatmadari, Ayatollah Kazim, 78, ethnic relations in, 160 79, 83–86, 90, 97–103 language policy, 160 Shariatmadari, Hasan, 90 political and ideological debates Sharq-i Rus, 31, 33 in, 156 Shekili Sozluk, 199 relations with the Arab world, 164 Shemizade, Nizammedin, 122 state building in, 157 Shi’ism in Azerbaijan, 19, 64, 119 Reza Shah, 43, 48 Shi’ism in Iranian history, 19–20 Reza’i, Hasan, 190 Shukhlu, Ismail, 149 Roshdiyeh, Mirza Hasan, 40 Social Democratic Party of Russian language in Republic of Azerbaijan (SDPA), 162 Azerbaijan, 163 Society of Azerbaijani Poets and Russian-Muslim relations in Rus- Writers, 92, 93 sian Empire, 23, 24 Society for Azerbaijanis Residing in Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Tehran, 92 Party (RSDWP), 34 Socioeconomic inequalities in Iran, “Russiªcation” in Azerbaijan, 71 Azerbaijanis and, 64, 147 Rustem, Suleyman, 72, 88, 107 Sonmez, 86, 106, 151 Rustemkhali, Sabir, 110–111, 164, South Azerbaijan Front for Inde- 165 pendence (GAMIC), 179, 181 South Azerbaijan Popular Front, 181 S Soviet Azerbaijani scholarship on Sabalan, 174, 175, 176 Iranian Azerbaijan, 104, 150 Sabir, Taherzade, 87 Soviet military takeover of Bakuin Sa’edi, Gholam Husein, 58, 60 1989, See “Black January” Safavid Dynasty in Iran, 19–22 Soviet occupation of Iran (1945), Sahand, 174 53 Salim, ‘Ali, 74 Soviet policy in Azerbaijan, 65, Salimi, Husein-Quli, 172 66–67, 71, 73, 110, 120, 206–207 Saraf, Ibrahim, 180, 193 Soviet policy on Azerbaijani lan- Savalan (poet), 86, 106 guage, 71, 73 Savalan, Mt. 107, 143, 144, 205, 208 Soviet policy on ethnic minorities, The Second Party Congress of Pro- 69, 70 visional Government of Soviet policy on Iranian Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan, 39 108 Seher Ishiklanir, 88 Soviet propaganda in Iran, 53 Shabistari, ‘Ali, 53 Soviet takeover of Azerbaijan Shaªzade, Balaghlan, 110 (1921), 39 index 247

Stalin’s purges, effect on among Azerbaijanis in Russian Azerbaijan, 65 Empire, 18, 30–31, 36 Sumagit attacks, 126 among Azerbaijanis in the Soviet Union, 113, 117, 130, 131–132, 140 effect of Black January on, 140 T Turkic migrations into Azerbaijan, Tabriz, 20–21, 40, 80, 82, 95–97, 100, 18 149 Turkish language broadcasts in Re- Constitutional Revolution in, 40 public of Azerbaijan, 163, 174 in Azerbaijani literature, 149 Turkish-Persian tensions in Iran, 17, Islamic Revolution in, 80, 82, 83 20, 28 Ottoman attack on, 20–21 Treaty of Gulustan, 22, 73 revolt in favor of Ayatollah Treaty of Turkmenchay, 4, 22, Shariatmadari, 100 106–107 Tabriz Rebellion (December 1979), 95–97 Tabriz Anjuman, 40–41 U Tabriz Massacre, 82–83 Ulduz, 77, 84 Tabriz University, 192 Unal, Jemil, 161 Tabrizli, ‘Ali, 61, 211 United Azerbaijan Movement, 200 Taghiyev, Zeynal ‘Abdin, 30, 43 Ussubekov, Nasib bay, 37 Tahirzade, Miza Alekber Sabir, 44 Tajaddod, 41 Talebzade, ‘Abdul al-Rahim, 27 V Taza Hayat, 33 Va’ezi, Mahmud, 186 Technology’s effect on Azerbaijani Vahabzade, Bakhtiyar, 68, 73, 87, identity in Iran, 16, 62, 76, 98, 99 106, 108, 124, 126, 129, 173 Technology’s effect on Azerbaijani Valeh, Hasar, 108 identity in the Russian Empire, Varliq, 86, 87, 106, 118 16 Vatan Dili, 40 Topchibashi, ‘Ali Mardan bay, 30, 35 Vatan Yolunda, 46 Transcaucasian Federation (1917), Velayat-e faqih, 90, 95, 103 36, 37 Velayati, , 190–191 Tudeh Party, 50, 52–53 Veten, 120 Türk Yudu, 36 Veten Society, 150 “Turk-e Khar,” 178–179 Vurgun, Samad, 67–68 , Republic of, 131 Turkic culture and identity, 18, 21–22, 30–31, 36, 60, 113, 117, Y 130–132, 159, 161, 163, 167, 174 Yeni Musavat, 130 among Azerbaijanis in Iran, 18, Yöl, 171 21–22, 36, 60, 174 Yoldash, 87 among Azerbaijanis in Republic of Young Turk Revolution, impact on Azerbaijan, 159, 161, 163, 167 Azerbaijanis, 36, 37 248 borders and brethren

Yunosova, Leila, 136 Z Yurd (organization), 120 Zarbadi, Hasan bay, 29 Yurddash, 200