Index A Ardebil, 175, 176 Abbasi, Heydar, See Barishmaz Armenian-Azerbaijani relations, See Abdol-’Alizadeh, 179 Nagorno-Karabagh conºict Abedinzadeh, Kamel, 192 Armenian-Tatar War (1903), 32 Achiq Soz, 44 Arzayev, Anar, 199 Adalat, 34 Asadulla-ogli, Mirza Shadiq, 31 Adalatli, Babak, 125 Assembly of Provinces (Majles-e Agaoglu, Ahmad bay, 36 Iyalat), 91 Akhundzade, Mirza Fath ‘Ali, 25–26 Assembly of Azerbaijan Majlis Dep- Akhundov, See Akhundadze, Mirza uties, 180, 192 Fath ‘Ali Ata, Asii, 201 Akinchi, 29 Azadistan, 42 Ahmad, Al-e, 60 Azarsina, Habib, 89 ‘Ali, Mohammad, 40, 41, 44 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Alizade, Zardusht, 136, 201 (ADR, 1918–20), 32, 38–39, 54, Aliyarov, Suleiman, 127 141, 159 Aliyev, Heydar, 67, 109, 117, 165, Azerbaijan Dostlari Jam’iyati (The 166, 168, 192, 195, 198 Society of Friends of Azerbaijan), Aliyev, Kemal, 158 58 Aminlu, Hasan, 176 Azerbaijan Feda’iyin Organization, Ana Dili (Mother Tongue), 41 181, 182 Anar, 123 Azerbaijan Liberation Organization Anjuman-i Azerbayjan (Council of (Azerbayjan Qurtulush Azerbaijan), 86, 92 Teshkilati), 181, 182 Anti-Azerbaijani Discrimination in Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute, Iran, See Discrimination against 123 Azerbaijanis in Iran Azerbaijan Provincial Council, 38 Arani, Taqi, 52 Azerbaijan Writers’ Union, 123 240 borders and brethren Azerbaijan Yazichilar Hey’ati (The 161, 163–164, 166–167, 203–204, Association of Writers in 205–206, 209, 215–216 Azerbaijani), 58 secular aspects of, 163–164, 209, Azerbaijani alphabet and transliter- 215–216 ation, xi-xii, 65n, 89, 124–125, 130, Shi’a aspects of, 164 144, 161–162, 169, 211 Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Azerbaijani assimilation in Iran, identity among Azerbaijanis in 50–52, 63, 70, 75, 77, 79 Russian Empire, 22, 24–32, 34, 45 Azerbaijani assimilation in the So- Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural viet Union, 69 identity among Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijani attitudes toward Rus- the Soviet Union, 66–67, 71, sian Empire, 35–36 109–115, 116, 120, 153, See also Azerbaijani autonomy in Iran, See Azerbaijani national identity among Iranian policy toward Azerbaijani Azerbaijanis in the Soviet Union regions. Azerbaijani history and historical Azerbaijani Communist leaders in revisionism in the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, 133, 135–136 112–113, 121–123 Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Azerbaijani historical and pre-Is- identity, historical origins of, 13, lamic identity, 110, 120, 127, 15–32 158–159, 182–3 Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Azerbaijani independence from the identity among Azerbaijanis in Soviet Union, 141, See also Iran, 1–2, 5–7, 43, 45, 50, 55, 61, Azerbaijani nationalism in the So- 63, 75–76, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86–87, viet Union 101, 144, 153, 168–169, 175–176, Azerbaijani involvement in 180, 189, 196, 203–204, 208, anti-Shah activity, 64–5, 80 212–213, 215–217 Azerbaijani language issues and before Islamic Revolution, 50, 55, identity in Iran, 19–20, 42, 55, 56, 61, 63, 75–76 60–61, 62, 65, 71, 92, 93, 94, 119, during Iran-Iraq War, 142–143 143–145, 148, 171–173, 183, during Islamic Revolution, 79, 80, 188–189, 210–211, 216 82 Azerbaijani language issues and during Islamic Republic, 84, 86–87, identity in Republic of 92, 101 Azerbaijan, 160, 162, 166, 199, during Republic of Azerbaijan pe- 210–211, 216 riod, 168–169, 175–176, 189, 196, Azerbaijani language issues and 203–204, 208, 212–213, 215–217 identity in the Soviet Union, 65, effect of technology on, 62, 76, 67, 68, 71, 111–112, 123–124 98–99, 212 Azerbaijani language education in See also Azerbaijani national iden- Iran, 48 tity among Azerbaijanis in Iran Azerbaijani language education in Azerbaijani ethnic and cultural Russian Empire, 34–35 identity among Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijani language education in Republic of Azerbaijan, 155, 158, Republic of Azerbaijan, 166 index 241 Azerbaijani language education in and cultural identity in Republic of the Soviet Union, 124 Azerbaijan Azerbaijani language media and Azerbaijani nationalism and na- publications in Iran, 33, 53, 74, tional identity in the Soviet Un- 79, 86–88, 89, 93, 96, 99, 106, ion, 118–142, 206 145–146, 170, 171, 173, 195–196, See also Azerbaijani ethnic and 199 cultural identity in the Soviet Un- Azerbaijani language media and ion publications in Russian Empire, Azerbaijani nationalist movements 33 in the Soviet Union, 126, 135, 141 Azerbaijani language media in the Azerbaijani opera, 34 Soviet Union, 72, 105, 109, 148 Azerbaijani poetry, 18, 67–68, 73, 88, originating in Iran, 148 107, 110–111, 143–144, 147, 151 Azerbaijani left-wing politics in in Azerbaijan, 110–111 Iran, 58–59, 87, 93–94 in Iran, 88, 107, 143–144 Azerbaijani literature, 56, 58–59, 88, theme of separation in, 107 143, 149, 169–170 theme of unity in, 147, 151 in ADR, 56 Azerbaijani political activism in in Iran, 58–59, 88, 143, 169–170 Iran, 32, 96, 102–103, 107, in the Soviet Union, 111, 119 177–178, 177–185, 192 theme of Tabriz, 149 See also Azerbaijani student pro- theme of unity in, 149 tests in Iran. See also Azerbaijani poetry Azerbaijani political activism in Azerbaijani migration, 27–28, 49, Russian Empire, 32 63, 79–80, 106 Azerbaijani political activism in the from Iran to Soviet Union, 28 Soviet Union, 126, 135 from Soviet Union to Iran, 106 Azerbaijani role in Iranian history, within Iran, 49, 63, 79–80 41–43 within the Soviet Union, 27–8 Azerbaijani role in Islamic Revolu- Pre-Islamic Revolution, 49, 63, tion, See Islamic Revolution in Iran 79–80 Azerbaijani secession in Iran, See Azerbaijani music, 34, 74 Azerbaijani nationalism and national Azerbaijani names in the Soviet Un- identity in Iran ion, 129–130 Azerbaijani student demonstrations Azerbaijani nationalism and na- in Iran, 79–80, 83, 177–179, tional identity in Iran, 56, 171, 184–185, 189, 195 181–182, 184, 210 at Tabriz University, 79–80 See also Azerbaijani ethnic and at University of Reza’iyeh cultural identity in Iran (Urmiya), 81 Azerbaijani nationalism and na- Azerbaijani uniªcation, See tional identity in Republic of Azerbaijani nationalism and national Azerbaijan, 159–160, 162, 163, identity entries. 166–167, 197–198, 200–201, 203, Azerbaijanis within leadership of Is- 205–206, See also Azerbaijani ethnic lamic Republic of Iran, 84–85 242 borders and brethren Azerbaijanis within clerical elite of Iranian policy on, 139, 194–195 Islamic Republic of Iran, 85 Soviet policy and role, 139–140, Azerbayjan, 40, 42, 107, 121 203 Azerbayjan Dilinin Grameri, 169 Cultural suppression of Azerbayjan Edebiyyat Tarikhinden Azerbaijanis in Iran, 47, 57 Qizil Yarpaqlar, 169 Azerbayjan Khalk Seneti, 120 Azerbayjan Khalchasi, 120 D Azerbayjan Muellimi, 104, 124 Dada Gorgud, 87 Azerbayjan Sesi, 88 Dayhim, Mohammad, 143 Azeroglu, Balash, 73, 109 Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, 41–42, 93 Demography, methodology, 222– B 223 Babak Revolt, 18 Demography of ethnic Azerbaijani BakuCenter for the Arts, 120 population, 221–225 Bagirov, A.A., 66 Demography of Iran, 1, 221–225 Baraheni, Reza, 60, 94, 143, 173 Demography, Turkic populations, Barez, Abbas, 88, 143–144, 196 224 Barishmaz (Heydar Abbasi), 144 Dilanchi, Piruz, 145 Bazargan, Mehdi, 84–85 Dinlah Mani, 144 Behrengi, Samad, 58–60, 75, 105, 150 Discrimination against Azerbaijanis Birlik (Unity) Party, 126 in Iran, 48–49, 80, 142, 168, 174, “Black January” (1989), 140 178–179, 213 Bolabi, Said Mohammad, 152 Discrimination against Azerbaijanis Buniatov, Ziya, 123, 124 in Russian Empire, 27–28 Discrimination against Azerbaijanis in the Soviet Union, 129 C Division of borders between Chanlibel (organization in Baku), Azerbaijani populations, 22 121 Chanlibel (journal in Iran), 88 Chehregani, Mohammad, 182, 183 E Class identity among Azerbaijanis Economic conditions in Azerbaijani in Iran, 50 regions of Iran, 64, 194 Collective identity theory, 6n., 7–13, Edebi Eserler, 58 213–216 Edebiyyat Ujaghi, 143 Conference of Muslim Teachers, 34 Education of Azerbaijanis in Rus- Cross-border contacts between sian Empire, 24–25 Azerbaijanis, 22, 28, 39–40, 43–44, Ehmadov, Jamal, 119 47, 57, 72–74, 105–108, 117–118, Elchibey, Abulfez, 68, 117, 130–131, 132–133, 136–140, 147, 150–152, 156–157, 159, 160, 164, 165, 155, 156, 190–192, 194, 197–198, 170–171, 186, 197, 200 200–203, 207–208, 212–213 Elchin, 120 index 243 Ethnic identity and politics in Iran History of Iran, pre-twentieth cen- (general), 217–219 tury, 15–16, 19–22 Ethnic relations in Iran, 1, 64 Qajar Dynasty, 21–22 Ethnic relations in the Republic of Safavid Dynasty, 19–21 Azerbaijan, 160, 165 Hurriyet, 34 Ethnicity, role in nationalism, 3–4, Huseynzade, ‘Ali bay, 31, 33 11 Ettela’at, 81, 170 I F Ibrahimov, Mirza, 72, 105, 107, 109, Family in Azerbaijani culture, 148, 199n. 152–153, 191 Ilgar, Gasham, 108 Farzanah, Muhammad ‘Ali 89 Immadeddin, Nasimi, 18 Firqeh-i Dimukrat Azarbayjan, 50, Iran-Iraq War and Azerbaijanis’ re- 53–55 actions, 143 Firqeh-i Ijtima’iyyun ‘Ammiyyun Iran-i Nou, 44 Party, 41 Iranian-Azerbaijani relations, Fizuli, Muhammed Suleiman-Oglu, 185–187, 192–193, 218 18, 34 Iranian national identity among Free Voice of Iran, 94 Azerbaijanis in Iran, 27, 146, 187–188, 211–212 Iranian nationalism, 75 G Iranian policy on Azerbaijani lan- Gambar, Isa, 159, 164 guage and rights, 71, 86, 89–90, Glasnost in Azerbaijan, 117, 118, 114, 117, 142, 146, 174–176, 120–125 194–195, 203, 206–207 Gölkap, Ziya, 31 Iranian policy on Azerbaijani re- Gorbachev, Mikhail, 117, 118, 127, gions, 85, 174–176, 193–194 154 Iranian policy on ethnic minorities, Guliyev, Fuad, 200 69, 217–218 Iranian policy toward Republic of Azerbaijan, See Iranian-Azerbaijani H relations.