DOCSLIB.ORG

Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oil of Syzygium Aromaticum (Clove) in Com-Parison with Its Major Constituent, Eugenol, Against Anopheles Stephensi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oil of Syzygium Aromaticum (Clove) in Com-Parison with Its Major Constituent, Eugenol, Against Anopheles Stephensi J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2018, 12(4): 361–369 M Osanloo et al.: Larvicidal Activity of … Original Article Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oil of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) in Com- parison with Its Major Constituent, Eugenol, against Anopheles stephensi Mahmoud Osanloo 1, 2, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat 3, Fariba Esmaeili 1, *Amir Amani 1, 4 1Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran (Received 22 May 2017; accepted 31 June 2018) Abstract Background: In this study, larvicidal activity of clove essential oil (EO), as a green and relatively potent larvicide, was compared with its main constituent, Eugenol, against Anopheles stephensi. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the amount of eugenol, major constituent of clove EO. In addition, larvicidal activity of clove EO and eugenol was evaluated against An. stephensi. Results: The amount of eugenol in clove EO was determined as 67% using HPLC analysis. LC50 and LC90 of clove EO (57.49 and 93.14ppm, respectively) were significantly lower than those of eugenol (86.96 and 128.18 ppm, re- spectively). Conclusion: EO showed more effective than its major component. Considering the lower cost of the essential oil and lower risk in occurrence of resistance in larvae, use of clove EO is preferred as larvicide in comparison with eugenol, against An. stephensi. Keywords: Larvicidal activity, HPLC, Syzigium aromaticum, Eugenol, Essential oil, Anopheles stephensi Introduction More than 17% of all infectious diseases vantages such as biodegradability and negli- around the world are vector-borne diseases, gible effects on non-target specious and en- such as dengue fever, yellow fever, and ma- vironment (7, 8). laria (1). The number of death for such dis- Recently, comparisons of larvicidal activ- eases is more than 1 million annually e.g. ma- ity of EOs with their major components have laria caused 429000 death just in 2015 (1, 2). been reported (9, 10). However, there is no con- In order to control malaria, WHO recommends clusion so fare, EOs are better or their major control of larva which now used in 55 coun- constituent(s) in terms of larvicidal activity. tries (2). Unfortunately, due to frequent use Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) belongs to of synthetic larvicides (such as Temephos), not the Myrtaceae family which considers as an only environmental pollution have appeared, important medicinal plant with wide range of but also many cases of resistance has oc- biological activities such as anti-bacterial or curred in mosquitoes around the world (3-6). anti-oxidant activities (11, 12). Clove EO has Essential oils (EOs) have been suggested as al- also shown larvicidal activity against field col- ternative sources for insect control as repellents, lected larva of Ae. Aegypti with LC50 of 92.56 insecticides or larvicides and they offer ad- and 62.3ppm in two different reports (13, 14). 361 *Corresponding author: Dr Amir Amani, E-mail: http://jad.tums.ac.ir [email protected] Published Online: December 25, 2018 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2018, 12(4): 361–369 M Osanloo et al.: Larvicidal Activity of … Eugenol, as the major constituent of clove EO, tion. By comparing peak areas of eugenol with has also indicated larvicidal activity against solution of clove EO, its amount in clove EO laboratory reared and field collected of Ae. was determined. aegypti (LC50: 33 and 93.3ppm, respectively) (14, 15). Its larvicidal activity against other pop- Evaluation of larvicidal activity ulation of mosquito has been documented, with Third and fourth instar larvae of An. ste- LC50 of 25.4, 28.14 and 30.8ppm against An. phensi were used, they obtained from insec- subpictus, Ae. albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhyn- tarium of Tehran University of Medical Sci- chus (16). ences. They reared in special condition: 28± Anopheles stephensi is an important ma- 2 °C, 12:12 dark and light periods and rela- laria vector with wide distribution in the Ara- tive humidity of 65±5%. Larvicidal bioassay bian Peninsula, the Indian subcontinent, Af- was performed in line with WHO recommen- ghanistan and Iran (17-19). In this research, dation test in lab, with some modifications (20). for the first time, larvicidal activity of clove Standard solutions were prepared by dissolv- EO and eugenol against An. stephensi was ing in ethanol at appropriate concentrations evaluated and compared. (i.e. eugenol 60 µL/mL and clove EO 30µL/ mL). By adding 1mL from each sample Materials and Methods (0.5%v/v) to cups containing 199mL of no chlorine water, desired concentrations of sam- Materials ples were prepared. Using separated nets, 25 High-performance liquid chromatography larvae of An. stephensi were added slowly to (HPLC) grade methanol, pure eugenol (99%) all containers. Dead and moribund larvae (un- and Ethanol were supplied by Merck (Ger- able to respond to stimulating agent) were many). Clove EO was purchased from Green counted after 24h of exposing in all cups. Plants of Life Co (Iran). Larvicidal bioassays were performed in 16 repetitions at 4 different replicates at concen- Determining of eugenol contents in clove EO trations (ppm) of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 oil by HPLC for clove EO and 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 HPLC analysis was used to determine the and 300 for eugenol. In each replicate, two amount of eugenol in clove EO. The apparatus control groups were considered having etha- consisted of a 30cm× 3.9mm reverse phase nol (0.5%v/v) with similar treatments. Lethal C18 column (Waters, Milford, USA), a pres- concentrations of each sample (i.e. LC50 and sure less injection pump (Model L-6200, Hi- LC90), were determined using a probit re- tachi, Japan) to drive solvent and loading of gression model in SPSS ver. 19 (Chicago, samples, a UV visible detector (Model L- IL, USA). 4000, at 280nm, Hitachi, Japan) for detection, a chromato-integrator (Model D-2500, Hita- Comparison of larvicidal activity of clove chi, Japan) for analyses. A mixture of metha- EO with eugenol nol and distilled water was used as mobile Evaluation of overlaps between confidence phase with flow-rate of 1mL/min. Analytical intervals (CI) of two groups is an easy and procedure was started with dissolving 50µL common approach to compare various LC of eugenol or 0.5mL of clove EO in 10mL of values. If no overlap is observed, the differ- methanol, then, 20µL of this solution was in- ence is considered as significant (21). LC50 jected into system at a flow-rate of 0.7mL/ and LC90 of clove EO and eugenol were cal- min. The optimum mobile phase with a meth- culated and compared using independent anol: water ratio of 80:20 was used for elu- sample test by SPSS. 362 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 25, 2018 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2018, 12(4): 361–369 M Osanloo et al.: Larvicidal Activity of … Results in Fig. 2. Calculated LC50 and LC90 values were 57.49 and 86.96ppm for clove EO and 93.14 Determining content of eugenol in clove EO and 158.2ppm for eugenol, respectively (Table Results of HPLC analysis of eugenol and 1). clove EO samples are shown in Fig. 1. Com- Larvicidal activity in both samples (i.e. paring the graphs, the peak related to euge- clove EO and eugenol) appeared at 25ppm and nol is observed at retention time of 6.43 and enhanced with increasing the concentration of 6.41min, for eugenol and clove EO, respec- those. Nevertheless, perfect larvicidal activi- tively. By comparing peak areas of eugenol ties were achieved at 100 and 200ppm for and clove EO, percentage of eugenol in clove clove EO and eugenol, respectively. Further- EO was calculated as 67%, considered rela- more, no overlap in CI of LC50 and LC90 for tively high. clove EO and eugenol are observed, thus, lar- vicidal activity of clove EO is significantly Evaluation of larvicidal activity of clove EO better than eugenol (Table 1). Moreover, Probit and eugenol regression line of the both clove EO and eu- Results of larvicidal activities of clove EO genol are illustrated in Fig. 3. and eugenol against An. stephensi are shown Table 1. Calculated parameters by probit analysis LC50 (ppm) LC90 (ppm) Specimen A B±SE χ2 (df) Sig CI: (LCL- UCL) CI: (LCL–UCL) 57.49 86.96 Clove EO -2.50 0.04±0.002 47.96 (3) 0.15 > sig* (43.28–74.24) (71.19–128.18) 93.14 158.2 Eugenol -1.83 0.02±0.001 39.13 (4) 0.15 > sig* (75.60–113.33) (133.85–201.20) A= intercept; B±SE= slope and standard error of the line; CI= confidence interval (0.05), UCL= Upper Confidence Limit, LCL= Lower Confidence Limit, χ2 (df)= Chi 2 and degree of freedom. *Since the sig- nificance level is less than 0.15, a heterogeneity factor is used in the calculation of confidence limits. Fig. 1. HPLC profile of solution of eugenol and clove EO, related peak for eugenol appeared at retention time of 6.43 and 6.41min, respectively 363 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: December 25, 2018 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, December 2018, 12(4): 361–369 M Osanloo et al.: Larvicidal Activity of … Discussion Determining content of eugenol in clove EO In this study, amount of eugenol in clove EO was found as 67%, which is comparable with other reports.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Community Patterns and Nitrogen Dynamics of Epiphytic Lichen in Jack
    Ecological and Ethnoecological Classification of a Forested Landscape in the Tayal Mrqwang Territories, Taiwan (ROC) by Kevan James Berg A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Kevan J. Berg, May 2013 ABSTRACT ECOLOGICAL AND ETHNOECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF A FORESTED LANDSCAPE IN THE TAYAL MRQWANG TERRITORIES, TAIWAN (ROC) Kevan James Berg Advisor: University of Guelph, 2013 Dr. Steven G. Newmaster In landscape ecology, it is widely acknowledged that landscape is as much a social and cultural entity as it is biophysical, and that people and place must be jointly considered to fully understand the evolution of spatial pattern. This thesis explores the overlapping biophysical and human dimensions of landscape in the context of an (i) ecological and (ii) ethnoecological classification on the local landscape of the Tayal Mrqwang indigenous people in north central Taiwan. The goal of the ecological classification was to identify ecosystem types for a ~3000 acre landscape by relating vegetation patterns to gradients of physiography, soil, humidity, light, pixel brightness, and human modification across 76 transect sample plots. Using multivariate analyses, seven ecosystem types were identified, ranging from xeric through submesic pine, bamboo, alder, and laurel forests to mesic evergreen broadleaved and mixed coniferous forests. At the broad scale, ecosystems were distributed along gradients of elevation, soil, humidity and human modification, while factors related to local variability in physiography and soil development were more important at the fine scale (i.e., within elevational ecoregions). Within lower elevation sites in particular, patterns of forest variation and soil development were resonant of ancestral practices, including shifting cultivation, terrace farming, arboriculture, and selective extraction.
    [Show full text]
  • HUANGLONGBING and ITS VECTORS Information to Develop A
    HUANGLONGBING AND ITS VECTORS Information to Develop a Response Plan for the Citrus and Allied Industries Patricia Barkley (formerly Citrus Australia Ltd. and NSW DPI) & GAC Beattie (University of Western Sydney) PATHOGENS COMMON NAMES huanglongbing (official common name, meaning ‘yellow shoot disease’), citrus greening (informal common name), likubin or decline (Taiwan), leaf mottling (Philippines), citrus dieback (India), citrus vein- phloem degeneration (Indonesia), citrus greening, yellow branch or blotchy-mottle (South Africa) SCIENTIFIC NAMES ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Asiatic form), ‘Ca. L. africanus’ 1(African form) and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ (‘South American’ form);2 SYNONYMS ‘Ca. Liberobacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. Liberobacter asiaticum’ ‘Ca. Liberobacter africanus’ and ‘Ca. Liberobacter africanum’ ASIATIC VECTOR COMMON NAMES Asiatic citrus psyllid, Asian citrus psyllid, oriental citrus psyllid, citrus psylla SCIENTIFIC NAME Diaphorina citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea:Liviidae ] SYNONYMS Euphalerus citri Crawford AFRICAN VECTOR COMMON NAME African citrus psyllid, citrus psylla SCIENTIFIC NAME Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Triozidae] SYNONYMS Aleurodes erytreae del Guercio; Trioza citri Laing; Trioza merwei Petty; Spanioza merwei (Petty); Spanioza erythreae (del Guercio); Spanioza erytreae del Guercio 1 A sub-species transmitted by T. erytreae, ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’, occurs in Cape chestnut (Calodendrum capense Thunb. [Rutaceae: Rutoideae]), an ornamental tree in southern Africa (Garnier et al. 2000, Pietersen et al. 2010). Pietersen & Viljoen (2012) and Viljoen et al (2013 a,b) found liberibacters in all genera of South African native Rutaceae analysed. Each rutaceous genus appears to harbour different specific Laf-like liberibacters. Those found in Xanthoxylum appear to be most closely related to Laf from Citrus. Vepris and Clausena harbour liberibacters more closely related to the LafC subspecies found in Calodendrum.
    [Show full text]
  • Species of the Genus Euseius Wainstein (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Amblyseiinae) from Taiwan
    Zootaxa 4226 (2): 205–228 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.2.3 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C6449A4-B5F6-442D-81E3-A850903C2163 Species of the genus Euseius Wainstein (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Amblyseiinae) from Taiwan JHIH-RONG LIAO1, CHYI-CHEN HO2 & CHIUN-CHENG KO1,3 1Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan 2Taiwan Acari Research Laboratory, Taichung City, Taiwan 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The six mite species of the genus Euseius Wainstein from Taiwan are reviewed, including E. ovalis (Evans), E. daluensis sp. nov., E. macaranga sp. nov., E. paraovalis sp. nov., and two species recorded for the first time in Taiwan, E. aizawai (Ehara & Bhandhufalck) and E. circellatus (Wu & Li). Measurements of these species and an identification key for adult females of the six Euseius species from Taiwan are provided. Key words: Phytoseiidae, taxonomy, Taiwan, new species, new record Introduction Euseius Wainstein is a genus of phytoseiid mites mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas (Chant & McMurtry, 2005, 2007). Among the 193 known species (Demite et al., 2016), only E. ovalis has been recorded in Taiwan (Tseng, 1983; Liao et al., 2013). As generalist predators, Euseius mites are considered potential biocontrol agents (McMurtry et al., 2013), although some species have been observed to feed on plant leaves without causing substantial damage (Adar et al., 2012). In Taiwan, E. ovalis has been studied for future use as a biological control agent, especially regarding its response to different food resources and its predator-prey interactions (Shih et al., 1993; Shih & Wang, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • VANESSA CRISTINA GODOY JASINSKI.Pdf
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ VANESSA CRISTINA GODOY JASINSKI AVALIAÇÃO MORFOANATÔMICA, FITOQUÍMICA E BIOLÓGICA DE Baccharis glaziovii BAKER (ASTERACEAE) CURITIBA 2016 VANESSA CRISTINA GODOY JASINSKI AVALIAÇÃO MORFOANATÔMICA, FITOQUÍMICA E BIOLÓGICA DE Baccharis glaziovii BAKER (ASTERACEAE) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Área de Insumos, Medicamentos e Correlatos, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Orientadores: Prof. Drª. Francinete R. Campos Prof. Dr. Roberto Pontarolo Prof. Drª. Rosi Z. da Silva CURITIBA 2016 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, por me dar forças, coragem e proteção do meu ir e vir, para poder vencer com saúde e paz mais esta etapa na minha vida. Ao Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e o seu corpo docente por proporcionar a oportunidade de realização do curso de Doutorado em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Ao CNPQ e a Fundação Araucária, pelo apoio financeiro, que permitiu a realização desse trabalho. A minha Orientadora Profª. Drª. Francinete Ramos Campos pelos ensinamentos, dedicação, seriedade e pela orientação exemplar, sempre disposta a colaborar, com empenho incansável, um exemplo de profissionalismo, tendo acreditado e me incentivado desde o início, sendo a grande responsável pelo meu crescimento e desenvolvimento intelectual nesta área de produtos naturais. A Profª. Drª. Rosi Zanoni da Silva, não só pela co-orientação, mas também pela grande amizade, carinho e oportunidade em todos os momentos. Ao co-orientador Prof. Dr. Roberto Pontarolo, pelo aceite inicial e pela colaboração no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao taxonomista Prof. Dr. Nelson Ivo Matzenbacher da UFRGS, pela classificação botânica e depósito do exemplar da espécie.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Antimalarial and Larvicidal Compounds
    IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIMALARIAL AND LARVICIDAL COMPOUNDS FROM Trichilia megalantha HARMS AND Trichilia welwitschii C.D.C. (MELIACEAE) BY DORCAS ADENIKE FADARE (MATRIC NO. 58575) B.Sc. (Hons) Chem, MSc. (InOrg. Chem.), M.Phil. Pharmacogosy (UI) A thesis in the Department of Pharmacognosy Submitted to the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN March, 2017 i ABSTRACT Malaria is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases in Africa. The global burden of malaria is increasing due to drug-resistant parasites and insecticide- resistant mosquitoes. Meliaceae has been known to possess antimalarial, larvicidal and other properties but many Nigerian Trichilia species have not been investigated. Thus there is dearth of information on the antimalarial and larvicidal activities of Trichilia megalantha (TM) and Trichilia welwitschii (TW). Therefore, this study investigated the antimalarial and larvicidal activities of both plants. Leaf, stem bark and root of TM (FHI 109556) and TW (FHI 109557) were extracted by maceration in methanol. The extracts (100-800 mg/kg) were subjected to in vivo mouse- model 4-day suppressive antimalarial evaluation using Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Toxicity was determined in vivo in mice and in vitro using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assays. The larvicidal activities of extracts and compounds were evaluated on Anopheles gambiae larvae. Antioxidant activity was also investigated with 1, 1- diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical. Chloroquine, N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), gallic acid, doxorubicin and etopoxide were used as positive controls in the antimalarial, larvicidal, antioxidant, cytoxicity and BSL assays, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Volatile Constituents of Atalantia Roxburghiana Hook. F
    Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas ISSN: 0717-7917 [email protected] Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chile Chinh, Hoang V.; Dai, Do N.; Hoi, Tran M.; Ogunwande, Isiaka A. Volatile constituents of Atalantia roxburghiana Hook. f., Tetradium trichotorum Lour. and Macclurodendron oligophlebia (Merr.) Hartl. (Rutaceae) from Vietnam Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, vol. 16, núm. 5, septiembre, 2017, pp. 513-519 Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85652864007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © 2017 Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 16 (5): 513 - 519 ISSN 0717 7917 www.blacpma.usach.cl Artículo Original | Original Article Volatile constituents of Atalantia roxburghiana Hook. f., Tetradium trichotorum Lour. and Macclurodendron oligophlebia (Merr.) Hartl. (Rutaceae) from Vietnam [Compuestos volátiles de Atalantia roxburghiana Hook. f., Tetradium trichotorum Lour. y Macclurodendron oligophlebia (Merr.) Hartl. (Rutaceae) provenientes de Vietnam] Hoang V. Chinh1,2, Do N. Dai3, Tran M. Hoi4 & Isiaka A. Ogunwande5 1Faculty of Science Nature, Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam 2Graduate University of Science
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction and Chemical Composition Essential Oil of Kelussia
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(4): 611-616 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Extraction and chemical composition essential oil of JEZS 2017; 5(4): 611-616 © 2017 JEZS Kelussia odoratissima and comparison its larvicidal Received: 19-05-2017 activity with Z-ligustilide (Major Constituent) Accepted: 20-06-2017 Mahmoud Osanloo against Anopheles stephensi Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Mahmoud Osanloo, Amir Amani, Hassan Sereshti, Mansoureh Shayeghi Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of and Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abstract Amir Amani In this study larvicidal activity of extracted essential oil of Kelussia odoratissima (KO) and its major Department of Medical component i.e. Z-ligustilide (LIG) were evaluated against Anopheles stephensi and compared with Nanotechnology, School of together during May 2016. Yield of extraction of essential oil from KO was 0.1% from dried plants. Advanced Technologies in Components of essential oil were identified by GC-MS analysis. Z-ligustilide (64.24%), 2-octen-1-ol Medicine, Tehran University of acetate (7.17%), thymol (4.72%), E-ligustilide (4.42%) and eugenol (2.51%) were 5 major components Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran of KO. Larvicidal tests were performed in line with WHO guideline. Calculated LC50 and 90% for LIG (i.e. 8.73 and 15.70 ppm) higher than total essential oil (i.e. KO: 4.77 & 8.44 ppm). Essential oil has Hassan Sereshti Department of Chemistry, more effective than its major components and beside that, has low cost and lower risk in occurrence of Faculty of Science, University of resistance in different population of mosquito larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • Finalhlbdraftpra30082010 2
    Draft Pest Risk Analysis Report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors associated with Rutaceae August 2010 © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Communications Manager, Biosecurity Australia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Cite this report as: Plant Biosecurity (2010) Draft pest risk analysis report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors associated with Rutaceous hosts. Plant Biosecurity, Canberra. Disclaimer The Australian Government, acting through Plant Biosecurity, has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling of the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Plant Biosecurity, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication. Postal address: Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Cover images: Symptoms of infection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ in citrus and its vectors Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae http://www.apsnet.org/online/archive/1999/IW00006.jpg Page 2 Submissions This draft pest risk analysis (PRA) report has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh to the Convention on Biological Diversity
    Fifth National Report of Bangladesh to the Convention on Biological Diversity Department of Environment Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity National Assessment 2015) Department of Environment Paribesh Bhaban E-16, Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh Ph -88-02-8181800 Fax-88-02-8181772 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] www.doe.gov.bd November 2015 Minister Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh MESSAGE It is my great satisfaction that Bangladesh presents the Fifth National Report to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, (Biodiversity National Assessment 2015), which fulfils an important national commitment under the Convention. The Report results from broad consultations carried out with the various sectors of people working on biodiversity. I am very pleased with the publication that depicts an update on biodiversity status, trends, and threats and implications for human well-being, progresses made on implementation of NBSAP and its mainstreaming as well as progress towards achieving Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Bangladesh is biodiversity rich a country. Our people have traditionally been conserving biodiversity generations-after-generations. Maintaining the richness in biodiversity is very important for supporting the economy of Bangladesh with food supply and livelihoods. To this end, Bangladesh has taken various development initiatives on management of areas important on biodiversity of the country. Bangladesh has been enhancing its support for the conservation and sustainable use of its biodiversity with remarkable outcomes, such as, increase of conserved areas of wetlands, expansion of vegetation cover and reduction of deforestation, as well as, generation of knowledge on biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants of Cát Tiên National Park Danh Lục Thực Vật Vườn Quốc Gia Cát Tiên
    Plants of Cát Tiên National Park 04 August 2021 Danh lục thực vật Vườn Quốc Gia Cát Tiên Higher Bộ Family Chi - Loài Authority Ngành / Lớp / Phân họ Họ Rec. No.* Clas. Order Species (& Sub-family) ssp., var., syn. etc. & notes TÊN VIỆT NAM Ds Cd Mã số Clade: Embryophyta Nhánh: Thực vật có phôi (Division) Marchantiophyta Liverworts Ngành Rêu tản (Division) Anthocerotophyta Hornworts Ngành Rêu sừng (Division) Bryophyta Mosses Ngành Rêu Tracheophyta (Vascular plants) Thực vật có mạch (Division) Lycopodiophyta clubmosses, etc Ngành Thạch tùng Lycopodiales Huperziaceae firmosses Họ Thạch sam Huperzia carinata (Poir.) Trevis Phlegmariurus is the tropical sub-genus Thạch tùng sóng K C - T 4 Huperzia squarrosa (Forst.) Trevis Thạch tùng vảy K T 12 Huperzia obvalifolia (Bon.) Thạch tùng xoan ngược K C - T 8 Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Roth Râu cây K C - T 9 Lycopodiaceae clubmosses Họ Thạch tùng Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc Thạch tùng nghiên K T 16 Lycopodiella sp. Thạch tùng K T Selaginellales Selaginellaceae spikemosses Họ quyển bá Selaginella delicatula (Desv) Alst. Quyển bá yếu K T 41 Selaginella rolandi-principis Alston. Hoa đá K T 27 Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Baker. Quyển bá Willdenov K T 33 Selaginella chrysorrhizos Spring Quyển bá vàng K 39 Selaginella minutifolia Spring Quyển bá vi diệp K 49 (Division) Pteridophyta (Polypodiophyta) Leptosporangiate ferns Ngành Dương xỉ Class: Marattiopsida Lớp Dương xỉ tòa sen Marattiales Marattiaceae (previously Angiopteridaceae) Họ Dương xỉ tòa sen Angiopteris repandulade Vriese. Ráng hiền dực, Dương xỉ móng trâu K 82 Class: Pteridopsida or Polypodiopsida Lớp Dương xỉ Polypodiales polypod ferns Bộ Dương xỉ Aspleniaceae Họ Can xỉ (tổ diều) Asplenium nidus L.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Estadual De Campinas Instituto De Biologia
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA RAFAEL GUIMARÃES GOMES SILVA ESTUDOS CITOTAXONÔMICOS EM SAPINDALES: ESTADO DA ARTE E EVOLUÇÃO DOS NÚMEROS CROMOSSÔMICOS CAMPINAS 2018 RAFAEL GUIMARÃES GOMES SILVA ESTUDOS CITOTAXONÔMICOS EM SAPINDALES: ESTADO DA ARTE E EVOLUÇÃO DOS NÚMEROS CROMOSSÔMICOS Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre na Área de Biologia Vegetal. ESTE ARQUIVO DIGITAL CORRESPONDE A VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO RAFAEL GUIMARÃES GOMES SILVA E ORIENTADA PELA PROFª. DRA. ELIANA REGINA FORNI MARTINS Orientadora: PROFª DRA. ELIANA REGINA FORNI MARTINS CAMPINAS 2018 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): CAPES; CNPq, 130816/2015-9 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-2453 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Biologia Mara Janaina de Oliveira - CRB 8/6972 Guimarães, Rafael Gomes Silva, 1991- G947e GuiEstudos citotaxônomicos em Sapindales : estado da arte e evolução dos números cromossômicos / Rafael Guimarães Gomes Silva. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2018. GuiOrientador: Eliana Regina Forni Martins. GuiDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia. Gui1. Citotaxonomia vegetal. 2. Angiosperma. 3. Número cromossômico. 4. Evolução. 5. Citogenética vegetal. I. Forni-Martins, Eliana Regina, 1957-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship of Fagaropsis and Luvunga in Rutaceae
    Taiwania, 54(4): 338-342, 2009 The Relationship of Fagaropsis and Luvunga in Rutaceae Ka-Ho Ling(1), Yanli Wang(1), Wing-Sem Poon(1), Pang-Chui Shaw(2) and Paul Pui-Hay But(1,3*) 1. Food and Drug Authentication Laboratory, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 48-52 Tai Po Road, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P.R. China. 2. Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 48-52 Tai Po Road, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, P.R. China. 3. Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, 24 Lengshuitang, Bijizhen, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China. * Corresponding author. Tel: +852-2609-6299; Email: [email protected] (Manuscript received 12 November 2008; accepted 25 June 2009) ABSTRACT: Molecular analyses of ITS1 and trnL-F sequences confirmed that Fagaropsis falls in the same clade with Phellodendron, Tetradium, Toddalia, and Zanthoxylum, thus offering support for the ‘proto-Rutaceae’ hypothesis based on chemotaxonomic interpretation. On the other hand, Luvunga naturally fits in subfamily Aurantioideae. The results also indicate that Orixa is closer to Casimiroa and Skimmia, but not to Tetradium and Zanthoxylum. KEY WORDS: Aurantioideae, Proto-Rutaceae, Rutaceae, Fagaropsis, Luvunga, Orixa. Disagreement with Engler’s (1931) classification was INTRODUCTION independently raised by the biochemical studies of Rutaceae Juss. are a large family of great economic Waterman (1975) and Waterman & Khalid (1981). The importance, as many species are sources of foods, spices, genera Zanthoxylum (including Fagara L.) and essential oil, herbal medicines, horticultural items, Fagaropsis Mildbr. in Rutoideae and the genera pharmaceuticals, and lumbar (Wiersema and Leon, Phellodendron and Toddalia Juss.
    [Show full text]