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HUANGLONGBING and ITS VECTORS Information to Develop A HUANGLONGBING AND ITS VECTORS Information to Develop a Response Plan for the Citrus and Allied Industries Patricia Barkley (formerly Citrus Australia Ltd. and NSW DPI) & GAC Beattie (University of Western Sydney) PATHOGENS COMMON NAMES huanglongbing (official common name, meaning ‘yellow shoot disease’), citrus greening (informal common name), likubin or decline (Taiwan), leaf mottling (Philippines), citrus dieback (India), citrus vein- phloem degeneration (Indonesia), citrus greening, yellow branch or blotchy-mottle (South Africa) SCIENTIFIC NAMES ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Asiatic form), ‘Ca. L. africanus’ 1(African form) and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ (‘South American’ form);2 SYNONYMS ‘Ca. Liberobacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. Liberobacter asiaticum’ ‘Ca. Liberobacter africanus’ and ‘Ca. Liberobacter africanum’ ASIATIC VECTOR COMMON NAMES Asiatic citrus psyllid, Asian citrus psyllid, oriental citrus psyllid, citrus psylla SCIENTIFIC NAME Diaphorina citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea:Liviidae ] SYNONYMS Euphalerus citri Crawford AFRICAN VECTOR COMMON NAME African citrus psyllid, citrus psylla SCIENTIFIC NAME Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Triozidae] SYNONYMS Aleurodes erytreae del Guercio; Trioza citri Laing; Trioza merwei Petty; Spanioza merwei (Petty); Spanioza erythreae (del Guercio); Spanioza erytreae del Guercio 1 A sub-species transmitted by T. erytreae, ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’, occurs in Cape chestnut (Calodendrum capense Thunb. [Rutaceae: Rutoideae]), an ornamental tree in southern Africa (Garnier et al. 2000, Pietersen et al. 2010). Pietersen & Viljoen (2012) and Viljoen et al (2013 a,b) found liberibacters in all genera of South African native Rutaceae analysed. Each rutaceous genus appears to harbour different specific Laf-like liberibacters. Those found in Xanthoxylum appear to be most closely related to Laf from Citrus. Vepris and Clausena harbour liberibacters more closely related to the LafC subspecies found in Calodendrum. This very recent suggestion of a further three subspecies of Laf (Roberts et al., 2015) can be resolved within the proposal of haplotypes rather than subspecies within Laf by giving them a biotype designation, recognising the current host plant differences. Laf subspecies vepridis is a biotype of LafA, while Laf subspecies zanthoxyli and Laf subspecies clausenae are biotypes of LafC (Nelson et al 2015). A single Teclea gerrardii specimen tested positive for a liberibacter and, through phylogenetic analyses of the three genes sequenced, was shown to be unique, albeit closely related to ‘Ca. L. africanus’ and ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. zanthoxyli’ (Roberts & Pietersen 2016). 2 There is potentially a 4th citrus liberibacter ‘Candidatus Liberibacter caribbeanus’: see Keremane et al (2015) 1 Add D. communis & Cacopsylla??? Huanglongbing (HLB) and its vectors pose major disease and pest threats to the Australian citrus and nursery industries, and to rare and endangered indigenous species of Citrus. “Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, vectors the causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB), now recognized as the most debilitating and intractable disease of citrus. New emergent foliage is the site of all oviposition and development as well as transmission and acquisition of the causal bacteria, Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (Clas). Infection of the plant and of emerging adults often occurs within a single psyllid generation, whereas symptom expression may take months or years, depending on tree age and condition as well as vector population. Therefore, rogueing symptomatic trees has proven largely ineffective where disease is established and management depends largely on vector suppression. Insecticidal control has proved effective in reducing yield loss, even from already infected trees, apparently by reducing continual re-inoculation of the causative bacteria, Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (Clas) which reduces disease severity. Biological control by indigenous predators and the Asian parasitoid Tamarixia radiata has demonstrated potential to greatly reduce psyllid numbers, although insufficiently to avoid disease spread. Furthermore, biological control is largely incompatible with the levels of insecticidal control that appear necessary to maintain productivity. Research into host finding behaviour, pathogen acquisition and transmission is ongoing with the ultimate objective of interfering with the vectoring process. Flight disorientation by UV reflecting ground covers has provided protection for young trees and new control methods such as RNA interference hold promise for control although practical application is still a future prospect. Ultimately, successful management of HLB will likey come with development of tolerant/resistant citrus varieties. Meanwhile, citrus growers in affected areas are largely dependent on psyllid suppression and horticultural practices to sustain sufficient tree health and productivity to remain profitable” (Stansly & Qureshi CABI in print). In developing the first incursion management plan for HLB and its vectors in 20093, we began with the premises that “biosecurity and regulation must be built on science” (Lyn O’Connell, Deputy Secretary DAWR, CRC Plant Biosecurity meeting, 28 March 2017) and generic plans would be of limited value. A comprehensive plan based on careful analysis of the scientific literature, of incursions elsewhere and the responses, was seen as a better approach. Research since 2010 has advanced our knowledge of HLB, yet the disease remains an intractable threat to citrus industries worldwide. “A single breakthrough discovery for managing HLB in the future is unlikely, since intensive research efforts over almost 20 years have not led to this result” (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018). The scientific and technical content of the 2009 document has been updated to incorporate rapidly changing knowledge about host plants, advances in detection techniques for the pathogen, the distribution of the pathogens and the vectors, surveillance methodology and improvements in control methods. The most important scientific data that should be considered in the advent of an incursion of ACP and HLB is that young flush becomes infectious within 15 d after receiving CLas inoculum. Using a microsimulation model of 3 Beattie, G.A.C. and P. Barkley. 2009. Huanglongbing and its vectors: A pest-specific contingency plan for the citrus and nursery and garden industries (Version 2), February 2009. Horticulture Australia Ltd., Sydney. 272 pp. 2 asymptomatic disease spread and intensity Lee et al (2015) have shown that entire groves can become infected with up to 12,000 psyllids per tree in less than 1 y, before most of the trees show any symptoms. Transmission occurs at the feeding site among developing nymphs. The infection in the plant is transient, but the insects acquire the pathogens and can transmit immediately when they emerge as adults. Thus, the pathogen co-opts the 15 day life cycle of the bugs and their vast powers of reproduction. 4 Disclaimer The information contained in this document is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing. However, because of advances in science, changing legislation etc, users are reminded of the need to ensure that information on which they rely is up to date and to check the currency of the information contained herein. 4 Calligraphy: Yang Yueping. Photographs clockwise from top right: leaf symptoms, Pat Barkley, China, 1979; bacteria in phloem sieve tubes (Lafleche & Bové 1970b), dying 4-5 year-old orchard, GAC Beattie, Indonesia, 2003; adult D. citri and eggs, GAC Beattie, China, 1979. Centre: D. citri nymphs and honeydew, GAC Beattie, Việt Nam, 2006. 3 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 7 INCURSION MANAGEMENT PLANS FOR HLB AND ACP ........................................................................ 10 PRE-INCURSION REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................................... 10 POST-INCURSION ACTION RESPONSE PLAN ......................................................................................... 12 When National Eradication Is Feasible ............................................................................................ 12 When National Eradication Is Not Feasible ..................................................................................... 15 GENERAL BACKGROUND REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 18 GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 20 IMPACT ON CITRUS PRODUCTION – GENERAL................................................................................ 22 Asian form of HLB and Asiatic Citrus Psyllid ................................................................................ 22 Effect on Orchard Production .......................................................................................................... 22 Effect on Juice Production ............................................................................................................ 26 Effect on Production Nurseries and Budwood Supply ................................................................ 27 Retail Stores and Weekend Markets ..........................................................................................
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