DOCSLIB.ORG

Finalhlbdraftpra30082010 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finalhlbdraftpra30082010 2 Draft Pest Risk Analysis Report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors associated with Rutaceae August 2010 © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Communications Manager, Biosecurity Australia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Cite this report as: Plant Biosecurity (2010) Draft pest risk analysis report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors associated with Rutaceous hosts. Plant Biosecurity, Canberra. Disclaimer The Australian Government, acting through Plant Biosecurity, has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling of the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Plant Biosecurity, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication. Postal address: Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Cover images: Symptoms of infection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ in citrus and its vectors Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae http://www.apsnet.org/online/archive/1999/IW00006.jpg Page 2 Submissions This draft pest risk analysis (PRA) report has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to Plant Biosecurity within the comment period stated in the related Biosecurity Australia Advice on the Biosecurity Australia website. The draft PRA report will then be revised as necessary to take account of the comments received and a provisional final PRA report will be released at a later date. Comments on the draft PRA report should be submitted to: Plant Biosecurity Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 2 6272 5094 Facsimile: +61 2 6272 3307 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Page 3 Draft PRA Report: ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors Contents Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ........................................................................... 9 Abbreviations of units ..................................................................................... 9 Summary .................................................................................................. 10 1 Introduction.............................................................................. 12 1.1 AUSTRALIA’S BIOSECURITY POLICY FRAMEWORK ................................................... 12 1.2 THIS PEST RISK ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 12 1.2.1 Background ................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Scope ......................................................................................... 14 1.2.3 Existing policy.............................................................................. 15 2 Method for pest risk analysis..................................................... 18 2.1 STAGE 1: INITIATION .................................................................................. 18 2.2 STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Pest categorisation ....................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Assessment of the probability of entry, establishment and spread ...... 19 2.2.3 Assessment of potential consequences............................................ 22 2.2.4 Estimation of the unrestricted risk .................................................. 24 2.2.5 Australia’s appropriate level of protection (ALOP) ............................. 24 2.3 STAGE 3: PEST RISK MANAGEMENT .................................................................. 24 3 Pathways .................................................................................. 26 3.1 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER SPECIES’ PATHWAYS ................................................. 26 3.1.1 Pathway 1—Fruit containing seed ................................................... 26 3.1.2 Pathway 2—Nursery stock (live plants) ........................................... 27 3.1.3 Pathway 3—Budwood.................................................................... 27 3.1.4 Pathway 4—Fresh leaves............................................................... 27 3.1.5 Pathway 5—Seed for sowing.......................................................... 28 3.1.6 Pathway 6—Infected psyllids.......................................................... 28 3.2 PSYLLID VECTOR PATHWAYS ........................................................................... 28 3.2.1 Pathway 1—Fruit .......................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Pathway 2—Nursery stock (live plants) ........................................... 29 3.1.3 Pathway 3—Budwood.................................................................... 29 3.2.3 Pathway 4—Fresh leaves............................................................... 30 4 Pest Information ....................................................................... 31 4.1 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER SPECIES’ ASSOCIATED WITH RUTACEAE ........................... 31 4.1.1 Symptoms of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’................................. 32 4.1.2 Distribution of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ ............................... 34 4.1.3 Hosts of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’........................................ 34 4.1.4 Transmission of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ ............................. 34 4.2 PSYLLID VECTORS ...................................................................................... 37 4.2.1 Diaphorina citri ............................................................................ 38 4.2.2 Trioza erytreae ............................................................................ 41 4.2.3 Related psyllids............................................................................ 43 4.2.4 Control of psyllids......................................................................... 44 5 Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests .............................. 45 Page 4 Draft PRA Report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors Contents 5.1 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER AFRICANUS’ ........................................................... 45 5.1.1 Probability of entry....................................................................... 46 5.1.2 Probability of establishment........................................................... 64 5.1.3 Probability of spread..................................................................... 66 5.1.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread ...................... 70 5.1.5 Consequences.............................................................................. 70 5.1.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................. 73 5.2 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER AMERICANUS’ ......................................................... 73 5.2.1 Probability of entry....................................................................... 74 5.2.2 Probability of establishment........................................................... 92 5.2.3 Probability of spread..................................................................... 94 5.2.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread ...................... 99 5.2.5 Consequences.............................................................................. 99 5.2.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................102 5.3 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER ASIATICUS’...........................................................102 5.3.1 Probability of entry......................................................................103 5.3.2 Probability of establishment..........................................................122 5.3.3 Probability of spread....................................................................125 5.3.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread .....................130 5.3.5 Consequences.............................................................................131 5.3.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................134 5.4 DIAPHORINA CITRI ....................................................................................134 5.4.1 Probability of entry......................................................................135 5.4.4 Probability of establishment..........................................................145 5.4.3 Probability of spread....................................................................149 5.4.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread .....................152 5.4.5 Consequences.............................................................................152 5.4.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................154 5.5 TRIOZA ERYTREAE .....................................................................................155
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South African Association of Botanists-Annual Meeting 2006
    South African Journal of Botany 72 (2006) 313–347 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Abstracts South African Association of Botanists-Annual Meeting 2006 Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 32nd suppressing both the growth of cancer cell lines, and the ability of normal cell Annual Congress of the South African Association of lines to resist oxidative damage that might result in malignancy. Botanists held at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Botanists and those investigating the chemistry and biological activity of – medicinal plants need to develop, maintain and deepen their dialogue so that the University, Port Elizabeth, 16 19 January 2006 scientist can be assured of using the correct material, a skill which perhaps is retained by traditional healers but which is under threat of being lost for ever. The presenter of multi-authored papers is underlined Conservation cowboys: Perils and promise of privately ★ Awards made to students owned protected areas JA Langholz Plenary Lectures Graduate School of International Policy Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey CA 93940, United States of America Botany and pharmacy — the child is father of the man Although governments have traditionally assumed the leading role in PJ Houghton establishing national parks and other protected areas, a powerful new trend has Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Research Division of Pharmaceutical emerged in the last decade — the dramatic rise of privately owned protected Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K. areas. Many of these areas conserve as much land as nearby national parks, if not more. On one hand, private sector willingness to create protected natural areas The interplay between the medicinal uses of plants and the need to classify comes as welcome relief, as most of the world's land and biodiversity remain them botanically is probably found in some form in every human culture.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioi
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology by Toni J Siebert Wooldridge December 2016 Thesis committee: Dr. Norman C. Ellstrand, Chairperson Dr. Timothy J. Close Dr. Robert R. Krueger The Thesis of Toni J Siebert Wooldridge is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have been an integral part of my research and supportive throughout my graduate studies: A huge thank you to Dr. Norman Ellstrand as my major professor and graduate advisor, and to my supervisor, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who helped influence my decision to go back to graduate school while allowing me to continue my full-time employment with the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Norm and Tracy, my UCR parents, provided such amazing enthusiasm, guidance and friendship while I was working, going to school and caring for my growing family. Their support was critical and I could not have done this without them. My committee members, Dr. Timothy Close and Dr. Robert Krueger for their valuable advice, feedback and suggestions. Robert Krueger for mentoring me over the past twelve years. He was the first person I met at UCR and his willingness to help expand my knowledge base on Citrus varieties has been a generous gift. He is also an amazing friend. Tim Williams for teaching me everything I know about breeding Citrus and without whom I'd have never discovered my love for the art.
    [Show full text]
  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang
    [Show full text]
  • Australia and Huanglongbing
    AUSTRALIA AND HUANGLONGBING GAC Beattie1, P Holford1, DJ Mabberley1,2, AM Haigh1 and P Broadbent3 1Centre for Plant and Food Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, New South Wales 1797, Australia; 2 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; 3 PO Box 46 Mulgoa, NSW 2745, Australia ABSTRACT Preparations are now underway for potential incursions of huanglongbing and its two known vectors, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Trioza erytreae del Guercio, into Australia. These preparations, particularly the development of an incursion management plan (IMP), involve extensive reviews of literature related to the origins of Citrus and huanglongbing, and of host records for the disease and its vectors. This paper briefly discusses issues and aspects of the IMP, including pre- and post-incursion management plans. Key words: Incursion Management Plan (IMP), huanglongbing, Australia INTRODUCTION prepared for the Australian citrus industry (Beattie and Barkley 2009). Preparation of The pathogens that cause huanglongbing the plan has involved a thorough review of (HLB) are not known to occur in Australia host records for the disease and its vectors, neither are the two known vectors of the assessment of likely entry pathways, the disease, the Asiatic citrus psyllid Diaphorina biology of the disease and the vectors, and citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: methods to limit the impact of the disease Psylloidea: Psyllidae] and the African citrus should one or both vectors be introduced psyllid
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus from Seed?
    Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Full Provisional List
    Sheet1 All Plants Grafted. USDA inspected and Certified prior to Importing. Varieties Quantities Variety Description required Baboon Lemon A Brazilian lemon with very intense yellow rind and flesh. The flavour is acidic with almost a hint of lime. Tree is vigorous with large green leaves. Both tree and fruit are beautiful. Bearss Lemon 1952. Fruit closely resembles the Lisbon. Very juicy and has a high rind oil content. The leaves are a beautiful purple when first emerging, turning a nice dark green. Fruit is ready from June to December. Eureka Lemon Fruit is very juicy and highly acidic. The Eureka originated in Los Angeles, California and is one of their principal varieties. It is the "typical" lemon found in the grocery stores, nice yellow colour with typical lemon shape. Harvested November to May Harvey Lemon 1948.Having survived the disastrous deep freezes in Florida during the ’60’s and ’70’s. this varieties is known to withstand cold weather. Typical lemon shape and tart, juicy true lemon flavour. Fruit ripens in September to March. Self fertile. Zones 8A-10. Lisbon Lemon Fruit is very juicy and acic. The leaves are dense and tree is very vigorous. This Lisbon is more cold tolerant than the Eureka and is more productive. It is one of the major varieties in California. Fruit is harvested from February to May. Meyer Lemon 1908. Considered ever-bearing, the blooms are very aromatic. It is a lemon and orange hybrid. It is very cold hardy. Fruit is round with a thin rind. Fruit is juicy and has a very nice flavour, with a low acidity.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904r6x3 Author Siebert Wooldridge, Toni Jean Publication Date 2016 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1904r6x3#supplemental Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Cross-Compatibility, Graft-Compatibility, and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Aurantioideae: New Data From the Balsamocitrinae A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology by Toni J Siebert Wooldridge December 2016 Thesis committee: Dr. Norman C. Ellstrand, Chairperson Dr. Timothy J. Close Dr. Robert R. Krueger The Thesis of Toni J Siebert Wooldridge is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people who have been an integral part of my research and supportive throughout my graduate studies: A huge thank you to Dr. Norman Ellstrand as my major professor and graduate advisor, and to my supervisor, Dr. Tracy Kahn, who helped influence my decision to go back to graduate school while allowing me to continue my full-time employment with the UC Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Norm and Tracy, my UCR parents, provided such amazing enthusiasm, guidance and friendship while I was working, going to school and caring for my growing family. Their support was critical and I could not have done this without them. My committee members, Dr. Timothy Close and Dr. Robert Krueger for their valuable advice, feedback and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Industry Biosecurity Plan 2015
    Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Citrus Industry Version 3.0 July 2015 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Citrus Industry Biosecurity Plan 2015 Location: Level 1 1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 E-mail: [email protected] Visit our web site: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au An electronic copy of this plan is available through the email address listed above. © Plant Health Australia Limited 2004 Copyright in this publication is owned by Plant Health Australia Limited, except when content has been provided by other contributors, in which case copyright may be owned by another person. With the exception of any material protected by a trade mark, this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivs 3.0 Australia licence. Any use of this publication, other than as authorised under this licence or copyright law, is prohibited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ - This details the relevant licence conditions, including the full legal code. This licence allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to Plant Health Australia (as below). In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: Plant Health Australia Ltd (2004) Industry Biosecurity Plan for the Citrus Industry (Version 3.0 – July 2015). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Disclaimer: The material contained in this publication is produced for general information only. It is not intended as professional advice on any particular matter. No person should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained in this publication without first obtaining specific and independent professional advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology
    Entry Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, Pharmacology Marco Valussi 1,* , Davide Donelli 2 , Fabio Firenzuoli 3 and Michele Antonelli 2 1 Herbal and Traditional Medicine Practitioners Association (EHTPA), Norwich NR3 1HG, UK 2 AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia RE, Italy; [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (M.A.) 3 CERFIT, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Firenze FI, Italy; fabio.firenzuoli@unifi.it * Correspondence: [email protected] Definition: Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.), resulting in the bursting of the oil cavities embedded in the flavedo and the release of their contents. It is chemically dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic compounds (i.e., bergapten). Keywords: bergamot; citrus; essential oil; production; review 1. Introduction The taxonomy, and consequently the nomenclature, of the genus Citrus, is particularly complicated and has been rapidly changing in recent years (see Table1). For over 400 years, the centre of origin and biodiversity, along with the evolution and phylogeny of the Citrus species, have all been puzzling problems for botanists and the confusing and changing Citation: Valussi, M.; Donelli, D.; nomenclature of this taxon over the years can reflect intrinsic reproductive features of Firenzuoli, F.; Antonelli, M. Bergamot Oil: Botany, Production, the species included in this genus, the cultural and geographical issues, and the rapidly Pharmacology. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, evolving techniques used to clarify its phylogeny [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) Based on Nuclear and Plastid Markers
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Evolutionary relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and plastid markers Morgan Gostel Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Morgan Robert Gostel 2010 All Rights Reserved ii EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN AFRO-MALAGASY SCHEFFLERA (ARALIACEAE) BASED ON NUCLEAR AND PLASTID MARKERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University. by MORGAN ROBERT GOSTEL B.S. Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Director: DR. GREGORY M. PLUNKETT AFFILIATE RESEARCH PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY AND DIRECTOR, CULLMAN PROGRAM FOR MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Co-Director: DR. RODNEY J. DYER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July 2010 iii Acknowledgements I have been tremendously fortunate in my life to be taught by truly gifted teachers – assets that are simultaneously the most important and undervalued in our world. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friend and advisor, Dr. Gregory M. Plunkett, who has taught me that patience and diligence together with enthusiasm are necessary to pursue what we are most passionate about and who has provided me with the most exciting opportunities in my life.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with Systematic and Ecological Implications
    IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012: 163–186 WOOD ANATOMY OF CUSSONIA AND SEEMANNARALIA (ARALIACEAE) WITH SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Bernard J. De Villiers1, Alexei A. Oskolski1, 2, Patricia M. Tilney1 and Ben-Erik Van Wyk1, * SUMMARY The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperate species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes. Key words: Africa, fibre/vessel element length ratio, latitudinal trends, phylogenetics, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION The Araliaceae are relatively poorly represented in Africa, with five indigenous genera and one naturalised (Klopper et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of the Aurantioideae (Rutaceae)
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 9 (2009) 52–68 www.elsevier.de/ode Phylogenetic relationships of the Aurantioideae (Rutaceae) based on the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region and three noncoding chloroplast DNA regions, atpB-rbcL spacer, rps16, and trnL-trnF Cynthia M. Morton Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Received 9 June 2008; accepted 6 November 2008 Abstract The tribes and subtribes of Aurantioideae, an economically important subfamily of the Rutaceae, have a controversial taxonomic history because a phylogenetic framework has been lacking. In order to construct an evolutionary history and evaluate the most recent classification system [Swingle and Reece 1967. The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives, in: The Citrus Industry, vol. 1, History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties. University of California, Berkeley, pp. 190–430], one nuclear and three noncoding chloroplast genes were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically along with selected non-molecular characters. Taxa representing tribes Citreae and Clauseneae and their six subtribes were sampled. In all analyses Aurantioideae is monophyletic. The majority-rule consensus tree from the combined analysis indicates that the two tribes are not monophyletic. The combined topology is not congruent with the widely used classification of Aurantioideae by Swingle and Reece (1967). The tribes and subtribes are in need of revision. r 2008 Gesellschaft fu¨r Biologische Systematik. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Keywords: Aurantioideae; Citreae; Clauseneae; Rutaceae; ITS; atpB-rbcL spacer Introduction containing pulp vesicles. The leaves and fruits have schizolysigenous oil glands that release an aroma when The Aurantioideae (this is the correct name for touched, and the flowers are typically white and ‘Citroideae’ or ‘Limonoideae’) are one of seven sub- fragrant.
    [Show full text]