DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood Anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with Systematic and Ecological Implications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood Anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with Systematic and Ecological Implications IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012: 163–186 WOOD ANATOMY OF CUSSONIA AND SEEMANNARALIA (ARALIACEAE) WITH SYSTEMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Bernard J. De Villiers1, Alexei A. Oskolski1, 2, Patricia M. Tilney1 and Ben-Erik Van Wyk1, * SUMMARY The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperate species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes. Key words: Africa, fibre/vessel element length ratio, latitudinal trends, phylogenetics, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION The Araliaceae are relatively poorly represented in Africa, with five indigenous genera and one naturalised (Klopper et al. 2006); only two of them, namely Cussonia Thunb. and Seemannaralia (Seem.) Vig. are endemic to this continent. Cussonia comprises 21 species (one of which is currently undescribed) that are evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs (occasionally caudiciform geophytes) showing a considerable range of leaf types: both simple and compound mono- and bi-digitate, as well as ternate (Cannon 1970, 1978; Strey 1973, 1981; Bamps 1974a, 1974b; Reyneke 1981, 1982). The genus 1) Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auck- land Park 2006, South Africa. 2) Botanical Museum, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov St., 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia. * Corresponding author [E-mail: [email protected]]. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 10:14:22AM via free access 164 IAWA Journal, Vol. 33 (2), 2012 is distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen (the Arabian Peninsula) and the Comoro Islands (Frodin & Govaerts 2003). It is widespread within a range of biomes from tropical moist broadleaf forests to montane grasslands and Mediterranean wood- and shrublands (fynbos) covering tropical, dry and temperate climatic zones (Olson et al. 2001). The species occur in all seven centres of endemism of Africa, as defined by Linder (2001). Two species have a wide distribution, namely Cussonia arborea Hochst. ex A.Rich. and C. spicata Thunb. The range of C. arborea is from Senegal, east to Ethiopia and south to Zimbabwe while C. spicata is distributed from South Africa, along the eastern parts of Africa, to Sudan (Bamps 1974a). Seemannaralia gerrardii (Seem.) R.Vig., the single species of this monotypic genus, is a small to medium-sized, deciduous tree with palmately-lobed leaves. The geographi- cal distribution is restricted to a few localities in the eastern provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, of the Republic of South Africa (Burtt & Dickison 1975). Seemann- aralia differs from Cussonia in its imbricate petal aestivation and dry, laterally-com- pressed fruits, as opposed to the valvate petal aestivation and fleshy, globose fruits in the latter genus. Moreover, Seemannaralia is distinctive in displaying pseudoparacarpy, i.e. the formation of the central cavity in the fruit by mechanical rupture of the septum between two ovarian locules, which has not been reported to date for indehiscent fruits in any other taxa (Oskolski et al. 2010). Nevertheless, a close relationship between these taxa has been suggested by various authors (Viguier 1906; Harms 1914; Strey 1973, 1981; Burtt & Dickison 1975; Reyneke 1981). Recently Plunkett et al. (2004) has shown that this relationship is supported by molecular data. A few infrageneric divisions of Cussonia have been attempted. Strey (1973, 1981) divided the genus into three subgenera, namely Cussonia, Paniculatae Strey and Proto- cussonia Strey based on leaf and inflorescence morphology. Reyneke (1981, 1982) placed more emphasis on the inflorescence morphology and proposed some changes to the system of Strey (1973, 1981), such as elevating the rank of the section Capitatae Strey to subgenus based on simple umbels, and the creation of two sections within the subgenus Capitata (Strey) Reyneke, namely Sessiliflora Reyneke and Pedicellata Reyneke. The section Sessiliflora is characterised by sessile flowers while the section Pedicellata has stalked flowers. These two systems were based mainly on the southern African members of the genus, which may raise criticism. Previous wood anatomical investigations have contributed to the understanding of infrageneric relationships in a number of genera of the family (Rodriguez 1957; Oskolski 1996, 2001), especially Schefflera (Oskolski 1995) and Meryta (Oskolski et al. 2007). It is therefore expected that a thorough examination of Cussonia spe- cies will increase the understanding of infrageneric relationships within the genus. Data on the wood anatomy of Cussonia were scanty with only five (or perhaps six) species having been examined previously, namely C. angolensis (Seem.) Hiern, C. ar- borea, C. holstii Harms, C. spicata, C. thyrsifloraThunb., and an unidentified species (Record & Hess 1944; Metcalfe & Chalk 1950; Rodriguez 1957; Oskolski 1994, 1996; InsideWood 2004). The wood structure of Seemannaralia gerrardii was described by Burtt and Dickison (1975) and the same single sample then re-examined by Oskolski (1994, 1996). Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 10:14:22AM via free access De Villiers et al. — Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) wood 165 The present study, which also contributes to a general survey of the wood anatomy of Araliaceae (Oskolski 1994, 1995, 1996, 2001; Oskolski & Lowry 2001; Oskolski et al. 2007), surveys the wood structure of 15 Cussonia species and Seemannaralia gerrardii. The results are interpreted in terms of the systematic relationships and en- vironmental features of these genera. MATERIAL AND METHODS Most of the wood samples examined were collected by the authors during field work in South Africa in 2007, or obtained from the wood collections at the Bundesforsc- hungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Hamburg (RBHw), the Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Montpellier (CTFw), the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Kw), the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht (Uw), and the Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (Tw). Voucher specimens are deposited at JRAU, MO, and various other institutions, as shown in Table 1. Wood samples of Cussonia holstii and C. gam- toosensis Strey were obtained from P.P. Lowry II (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, and Musée national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris). The samples were taken mostly from stems with a secondary xylem radius of more than 10 mm, i.e. the distance from the pith where the average length of vessel elements in Araliaceae is likely to have reached mature values (Baas 1976). The sample of C. holstii may be juvenile as information from the voucher specimen is insufficient for making a clear determination. A list of the samples examined is given in Table 1, together with authors for names, which are not repeated from here on. Data on the mean average rainfall and biome type are based on Ernst & Walker (1973), Lovett & Pócs (1993), Linder (2001), Olson et al. (2001), Burger (2002) and Woodward et al. (2004). Standard procedures for the study of wood structure were employed to prepare sections and macerations for light microscopic studies (Carlquist 1988). Descriptive terminology follows Carlquist (1988) and the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification (IAWA Committee 1989). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used in an effort to establish an integra- tive view on the variation of wood features and, in particular, to differentiate among between-sample variation patterns in wood anatomy and environmental characters. A total of 16 variables, in which the variation appears to be more or less independent of one another, were selected for the PCA. These are the radius of the wood sample, average length of vessel elements, average length of fibres, maximum number of bars per perforation plate, percentage of simple perforation plates, average number of ves- sels per mm2, percentage of solitary vessels, average diameter of vessel lumina, average vertical size of intervessel pits, maximum width of multiseriate rays (in cells), average height of multiseriate rays, average number of uniseriate rays per 1 mm, average number of multiseriate rays per 1 mm, average tangential size of ray cells, latitude and annual rainfall. Ecological and latitudinal trends in the variation of wood features have been estimated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The programme package STATISTICA 7.0 was used to perform the PCA and ANOVA test. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 10:14:22AM via free access 166 Table 1. Specimens used in the wood anatomical study of Cussonia and Seemannaralia. The coordinates and mean maximum rainfall (mm) for each locality are also given. Species Voucher specimen(s) Locality Coordinates Rainfall Wood collection sample number (mm) Cussonia angolensis (Seem.) Hiern R. Dechamps 1072, Uw 23502 Benguela, Angola S 7°; E 15° 560 C. arborea Hochst. ex A.Rich. Kw 10642 Zambia S 14°; E 27° 1329 C. arenicola Strey B.J. de Villiers & A.A. Oskolski 105 Bhangazi Dam, St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, S 28° 21'; E 32° 32' 1100 (JRAU); (Bdv105) South Africa C. bancoensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. RBHw 16615 Ghana N 6°; W 2° 866 C. brieyi De Wild. CTFw 5864 Democratic Republic of the Congo S 7°; E 15° 560 C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South African Association of Botanists-Annual Meeting 2006
    South African Journal of Botany 72 (2006) 313–347 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Abstracts South African Association of Botanists-Annual Meeting 2006 Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 32nd suppressing both the growth of cancer cell lines, and the ability of normal cell Annual Congress of the South African Association of lines to resist oxidative damage that might result in malignancy. Botanists held at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Botanists and those investigating the chemistry and biological activity of – medicinal plants need to develop, maintain and deepen their dialogue so that the University, Port Elizabeth, 16 19 January 2006 scientist can be assured of using the correct material, a skill which perhaps is retained by traditional healers but which is under threat of being lost for ever. The presenter of multi-authored papers is underlined Conservation cowboys: Perils and promise of privately ★ Awards made to students owned protected areas JA Langholz Plenary Lectures Graduate School of International Policy Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Monterey CA 93940, United States of America Botany and pharmacy — the child is father of the man Although governments have traditionally assumed the leading role in PJ Houghton establishing national parks and other protected areas, a powerful new trend has Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Research Division of Pharmaceutical emerged in the last decade — the dramatic rise of privately owned protected Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K. areas. Many of these areas conserve as much land as nearby national parks, if not more. On one hand, private sector willingness to create protected natural areas The interplay between the medicinal uses of plants and the need to classify comes as welcome relief, as most of the world's land and biodiversity remain them botanically is probably found in some form in every human culture.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Presence of Oleanolic Acid in Natural Products
    Natura Proda Medica, (2), April 2009 64 A review on presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products A review on presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products YEUNG Ming Fai Abstract Oleanolic acid (OA), a common phytochemical, is chosen as an example for elucidation of its presence in natural products by searching scientific databases. 146 families, 698 genera and 1620 species of natural products were found to have OA up to Sep 2007. Keywords Oleanolic acid, natural products, plants, Chinese medicine, Linnaeus system of plant classification Introduction and/or its saponins in natural products was carried out for Oleanolic acid (OA), a common phytochemical, is chosen elucidating its pressence. The classification was based on as an example for elucidation of its presence in natural Linnaeus system of plant classification from the databases of products by searching scientific databases. SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Methodology of Review Result of Review Literature search for isolation and characterization of OA Search results were tabulated (Table 1). Table 1 Literature review of natural products containing OA and/or its saponins. The classification is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG II system of plant classification from the databases of SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Family of plants Plant scientific names Position of plant to be Form of OA References isolated isolated Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthus illicifolius L. Leaves OA [1-2] Acanthaceae Avicennia officinalis Linn. Leaves OA [3] Acanthaceae Blepharis sindica Stocks ex T. Anders Seeds OA [4] Acanthaceae Dicliptera chinensis (Linn.) Juss. Whole plant OA [5] Acanthaceae Justicia simplex Whole plant OA saponins [6] Actinidiaceae Gilg.
    [Show full text]
  • Intergeneric Graft Compatibility Within the Family Araliaceae
    RESEARCH UPDATES Fatshedera ( Fatsia x Hedera) that have Materials and methods Intergeneric been grown erect are sold as novelty specimens. Growers usually get a high Twenty-three cultivars of Graft percentage of successful grafts with Araliaceae representing six genera and Compatibility healthy plant material and good graft- 16 species were obtained from com- ing technique. mercial sources. Two species each of within the Family Variegated forms of Aralia elata two genera native to Hawaii, do not root from cuttings and produce Cheirodendron and Tetraplasandra, Araliaceae nonvariegated seedlings. The varie- were collected in the Koolau Moun- gated forms are propagated by bud- tains on Oahu (Table 1). ding onto seedling or vegetatively Rootstocks propagated from tip Kenneth W. Leonhardt1 produced nonvariegated rootstocks of cuttings rooted in equal parts ver- A. elata (Leiss, 1977). One variegated miculite and perlite under intermit- form of A. elata also has been cleft- tent mist and full sun were grown in Additional index words. Aralia, grafted successfully onto a rootstock 15-cm plastic pots containing equal Ginsing, Panax family, propagation of A. spinosa (Raulston, 1985.) parts peat moss, perlite, and field soil The relative ease of the Hedera x (by volume). Lime and a slow-release Summary. Novelty Araliaceae potted Fatshedera graft raised the possibility granular fertilizer were incorporated. plants were created by a wide variety of graft compatibility of Hedera with Rootstocks were established in a green- of interspecific and intergeneric graft other relatives, particularly those grow- house under 25% shade cover until combinations. Twenty-four species of ing tall rapidly or having other desir- grafted.
    [Show full text]
  • Bale-Travel-Guidebook-Web.Pdf
    Published in 2013 by the Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Bale Mountains National Park with financial assistance from the European Union. Copyright © 2013 the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA). Reproduction of this booklet and/or any part thereof, by any means, is not allowed without prior permission from the copyright holders. Written and edited by: Eliza Richman and Biniyam Admassu Reader and contributor: Thadaigh Baggallay Photograph Credits: We would like to thank the following photographers for the generous donation of their photographs: • Brian Barbre (juniper woodlands, p. 13; giant lobelia, p. 14; olive baboon, p. 75) • Delphin Ruche (photos credited on photo) • John Mason (lion, p. 75) • Ludwig Siege (Prince Ruspoli’s turaco, p. 36; giant forest hog, p. 75) • Martin Harvey (photos credited on photo) • Hakan Pohlstrand (Abyssinian ground hornbill, p. 12; yellow-fronted parrot, Abyssinian longclaw, Abyssinian catbird and black-headed siskin, p. 25; Menelik’s bushbuck, p. 42; grey duiker, common jackal and spotted hyena, p. 74) • Rebecca Jackrel (photos credited on photo) • Thierry Grobet (Ethiopian wolf on sanetti road, p. 5; serval, p. 74) • Vincent Munier (photos credited on photo) • Will Burrard-Lucas (photos credited on photo) • Thadaigh Baggallay (Baskets, p. 4; hydrology photos, p. 19; chameleon, frog, p. 27; frog, p. 27; Sof-Omar, p. 34; honey collector, p. 43; trout fisherman, p. 49; Finch Habera waterfall, p. 50) • Eliza Richman (ambesha and gomen, buna bowetet, p. 5; Bale monkey, p. 17; Spot-breasted plover, p. 25; coffee collector, p. 44; Barre woman, p. 48; waterfall, p. 49; Gushuralle trail, p. 51; Dire Sheik Hussein shrine, Sof-Omar cave, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Birds on Namuli Mountain (Mozambique), November 2007, with Notes on Vegetation and Mammals
    Survey of birds on Namuli Mountain (Mozambique), November 2007, with notes on vegetation and mammals Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire A report prepared for the Darwin Initiative, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew BirdLife International, Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique and Mount Mulanje Conservation Trust. Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Report 60 (2008) Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 60 (2008) -1- Birds of Namuli Mtn, Mozambique Survey of birds on Namuli Mountain (Mozambique), November 2007, with notes on vegetation and mammals Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire Summary Ornithological surveys were carried out on Namuli Mountain (peak 2419 m) from 14-27 November 2007. Most fo rest on Namuli is found above 1600 or 1700 m, to c. 1900 m (with scrubby forest to 2000 m or a little higher), with the largest block of Manho Forest (at least 1000 ha) spreading over the south-western slopes of the Muretha Plateau. Mid-altitude forest on the south-eastern slopes has been greatly reduced in recent decades by fires and clearance for agriculture. Other habitats include montane grassland (rather wet and peaty), small areas of montane shrubland, rocky outcrops and large granitic domes. The woody vegetation of the various forest types is described in some detail: the dominant emergents of Afromontane forest at 1600-1850 m are Faurea wentzeliana (new for Mozambique, at its sou thern limit of range) and Cryptocarya liebertiana , followed by Olea capensis . Albizia adianthifolia, Newtonia buchananii and Parinari excelsa are dominant in mid-altitude forest (1200-1450 m). Some notes on mammals observed are also included. The main base camp (15-24 November) was on Muretha Plateau at the altitude of 1860 m, in a mosaic of grass - land and small forest patches.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) Based on Nuclear and Plastid Markers
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Evolutionary relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and plastid markers Morgan Gostel Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Morgan Robert Gostel 2010 All Rights Reserved ii EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN AFRO-MALAGASY SCHEFFLERA (ARALIACEAE) BASED ON NUCLEAR AND PLASTID MARKERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University. by MORGAN ROBERT GOSTEL B.S. Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Director: DR. GREGORY M. PLUNKETT AFFILIATE RESEARCH PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY AND DIRECTOR, CULLMAN PROGRAM FOR MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Co-Director: DR. RODNEY J. DYER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July 2010 iii Acknowledgements I have been tremendously fortunate in my life to be taught by truly gifted teachers – assets that are simultaneously the most important and undervalued in our world. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friend and advisor, Dr. Gregory M. Plunkett, who has taught me that patience and diligence together with enthusiasm are necessary to pursue what we are most passionate about and who has provided me with the most exciting opportunities in my life.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham How Deep Is the Conflict Between Molecular And
    University of Birmingham How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms? Coiro, Mario; Doyle, James A.; Hilton, Jason DOI: 10.1111/nph.15708 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Coiro, M, Doyle, JA & Hilton, J 2019, 'How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?', New Phytologist, vol. 223, no. 1, pp. 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15708 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility 14/01/2019 This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Coiro, M. , Doyle, J. A. and Hilton, J. (2019), How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?. New Phytol. , which has been published in final form at doi:10.1111/nph.15708. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University Science Faculty School of Graduate Studies Department of Environmental Science Zoology Module
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCIENCE FACULTY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ZOOLOGY MODULE AN INVESTIGATION OF AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN HARENNA FOREST, BALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, ETHIOPIA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Science By Roman Kassahun Advisors: Professor Samy A.Saber, A.A.U. Ethiopia Dr. Simon Loader, Institute of Biogeography, Basel, Switzerland July, 2009 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES An investigation of Amphibian diversity and abundance in relation to environmental change in Harenna Forest, Bale Mountains National Park. By Roman Kassahun A Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Science Approved by Examining Board: _______________________ _____________ _____________________________ ________________ _____________________________ ________________ ______________________________ ________________ Acknowledgement I owe my sincere gratitude to my adviser Prof Samy A. Saber for his advice and encouragement prior to the start of research work and for his enormously consistent and valuable guidance and advice without which this research project would not have been realized. I am also grateful to my Co-advisor Dr. Simon Loader from the University of Basel, for the logistical support and great help during the wet season of the project, for his guidance in the identifications of the specimens and for giving me this opportunity in the first place. My gratitude also goes to the Ethiopian Wild Life Conservation Authority (EWCA) for allowing me to pursue the M.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update of Review on the Presence of Oleanolic Acid in Natural Products at Aug 2010
    Natura Proda Medica, Prelimary, September 2010 11 A review on isolation of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products from 2007 to Aug 2010 An update of review on the presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products at Aug 2010 YEUNG Ming Fai Abstract Reviews on isolation of oleanolic acid (OA) in natural products were carried out. This elucidates the presence of oleanolic acid in natural products based on scientific findings. There are 158 families, 767 genera and 1710 species of natural products isolated OA up to Aug 2010. Keywords Oleanolic acid, natural products, plants, Chinese medicine, presence, isolation, Linnaeus system of plant classification Introduction Result of Review To elucidate the presence of oleanolic acid in natural Review results were collaborated and tabulated (Table 1). products based on scientific findings, reviews on isolation of oleanolic acid (OA) in natural products were carried out 1-2. Table 1 Review on isolation of oleanolic acid and/or its saponins in natural products. The classification is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG II system of plant classification from the databases of SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Family of plants Plant scientific names Position of plant to Form of OA be isolated isolated Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthus illicifolius L. Leaves OA Acanthaceae Avicennia officinalis Linn. Leaves OA Acanthaceae Blepharis sindica Stocks ex T. Anders Seeds OA Acanthaceae Dicliptera chinensis (Linn.) Juss. Whole plants OA Acanthaceae Justicia simplex Wholeplants OAsaponins Acanthaceae Gendarussa vulgaris Nees Aerial parts OA Actinidiaceae Gilg. et Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. Leaves or stems OA Werderm. Actinidiaceae Actinidia deliciosa C.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Updated July 15, 2021 Curriculum Vitae GREGORY M. PLUNKETT ADDRESS: New York Botanical Garden Phone: (718) 817-8179 2900 Southern Blvd. FAX: (718) 817-8101 Bronx, NY 10458-5126 e-mail: [email protected] BIRTH DATE: February 21, 1965. Bayonne, New Jersey, USA EDUCATION: Ph.D. (Botany), Washington State University (D.E. Soltis, advisor). 1994. M.A. (Biology), The College of William and Mary in Virginia (G.W. Hall, advisor). 1990. B.S. (Biology), The College of William and Mary in Virginia. 1987. CURRENT POSITION: Director & Curator, Program for Molecular Systematics, New York Botanical Garden. PAST FACULTY POSITIONS Professor of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University. 2008–2009. Associate Professor of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University. 2002–2008. Assistant Professor of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University. 1996–2002. CURRENT AFFILIATED POSITIONS: Affiliate Professor of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University. 2009–present. Adjunct Professor of Plant Sciences, The Graduate Center, City University of New York. 2009–present. Adjunct Faculty, Fordham University. 2014–present. Research Associate, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. 2002–present. OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Curator, Herbarium of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). 1996–2009. Graduate Faculty, Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, VCU. 1998–2009. Fellow, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, VCU. 2002–2009. Visiting Curator/Professeur, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 2004, 2005. Visiting Scientist, University of the South Pacific,
    [Show full text]
  • SABONET Report No 18
    ii Quick Guide This book is divided into two sections: the first part provides descriptions of some common trees and shrubs of Botswana, and the second is the complete checklist. The scientific names of the families, genera, and species are arranged alphabetically. Vernacular names are also arranged alphabetically, starting with Setswana and followed by English. Setswana names are separated by a semi-colon from English names. A glossary at the end of the book defines botanical terms used in the text. Species that are listed in the Red Data List for Botswana are indicated by an ® preceding the name. The letters N, SW, and SE indicate the distribution of the species within Botswana according to the Flora zambesiaca geographical regions. Flora zambesiaca regions used in the checklist. Administrative District FZ geographical region Central District SE & N Chobe District N Ghanzi District SW Kgalagadi District SW Kgatleng District SE Kweneng District SW & SE Ngamiland District N North East District N South East District SE Southern District SW & SE N CHOBE DISTRICT NGAMILAND DISTRICT ZIMBABWE NAMIBIA NORTH EAST DISTRICT CENTRAL DISTRICT GHANZI DISTRICT KWENENG DISTRICT KGATLENG KGALAGADI DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTHERN SOUTH EAST DISTRICT DISTRICT SOUTH AFRICA 0 Kilometres 400 i ii Trees of Botswana: names and distribution Moffat P. Setshogo & Fanie Venter iii Recommended citation format SETSHOGO, M.P. & VENTER, F. 2003. Trees of Botswana: names and distribution. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 18. Pretoria. Produced by University of Botswana Herbarium Private Bag UB00704 Gaborone Tel: (267) 355 2602 Fax: (267) 318 5097 E-mail: [email protected] Published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), c/o National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001 Pretoria and University of Botswana Herbarium, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone.
    [Show full text]
  • Schefflera, Brassaia Actinophylla F. Muell., Commonly Known As The
    Plant Pathology Circular No. 104 Fla. Dept. of Agr. and Cons. Serv. March 1971 Division of Plant Industry SOUTHERN BLIGHT OF SCHEFFLERA S. A. Alfieri, Jr. and J. F. Knauss¹ Schefflera, Brassaia actinophylla F. Muell., commonly known as the 'queen's umbrella tree’ is a subtropical species grown both outdoors as a tree and as a commercial foliage plant. It is native to Australia (2) and common in many areas of the tropics, as well as in subtropical areas such as South Florida where it is observed at heights up to 25 ft (3). The cause of southern blight is Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., a fungus known to attack a wide variety of plants (1) especially during the early stages of plant growth and propagation. The fungus is characterized by its coarse weft of mycelium which is interspersed with small, spherical sclerotia resembling mustard seed and tending to serve as the overwintering stage in aiding the survival of this fungus under adverse conditions. SYMPTOMS The first visible symptoms of infection occur in 12 days following exposure of Schefflera plants to the fungus. These are characterized as a light brown, water-soaked necrosis on the stems at the soil line. The lesions completely encircle the stem and are delimited from healthy stem tissues by a thin, dark brown border (Fig. 1A). The necrotic portions of the stem are soon colonized by a coarse white weft of fungus mycelium which is interspersed with small, spherical, tan to brown sclerotia (Fig. 1B). Fig. 1. Southern blight of Schefflera: A.) basal stem infection at the soil line; B) enlargement of (A) showing brown necrotic basal stems colonized by coarse, white mycelium and young sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii.
    [Show full text]