Draft Pest Risk Analysis Report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors associated with Rutaceae August 2010 © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Communications Manager, Biosecurity Australia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Cite this report as: Plant Biosecurity (2010) Draft pest risk analysis report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors associated with Rutaceous hosts. Plant Biosecurity, Canberra. Disclaimer The Australian Government, acting through Plant Biosecurity, has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling of the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Plant Biosecurity, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication. Postal address: Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Cover images: Symptoms of infection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ in citrus and its vectors Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae http://www.apsnet.org/online/archive/1999/IW00006.jpg Page 2 Submissions This draft pest risk analysis (PRA) report has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the data, misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to Plant Biosecurity within the comment period stated in the related Biosecurity Australia Advice on the Biosecurity Australia website. The draft PRA report will then be revised as necessary to take account of the comments received and a provisional final PRA report will be released at a later date. Comments on the draft PRA report should be submitted to: Plant Biosecurity Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 2 6272 5094 Facsimile: +61 2 6272 3307 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au Page 3 Draft PRA Report: ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors Contents Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ........................................................................... 9 Abbreviations of units ..................................................................................... 9 Summary .................................................................................................. 10 1 Introduction.............................................................................. 12 1.1 AUSTRALIA’S BIOSECURITY POLICY FRAMEWORK ................................................... 12 1.2 THIS PEST RISK ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 12 1.2.1 Background ................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Scope ......................................................................................... 14 1.2.3 Existing policy.............................................................................. 15 2 Method for pest risk analysis..................................................... 18 2.1 STAGE 1: INITIATION .................................................................................. 18 2.2 STAGE 2: PEST RISK ASSESSMENT................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Pest categorisation ....................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Assessment of the probability of entry, establishment and spread ...... 19 2.2.3 Assessment of potential consequences............................................ 22 2.2.4 Estimation of the unrestricted risk .................................................. 24 2.2.5 Australia’s appropriate level of protection (ALOP) ............................. 24 2.3 STAGE 3: PEST RISK MANAGEMENT .................................................................. 24 3 Pathways .................................................................................. 26 3.1 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER SPECIES’ PATHWAYS ................................................. 26 3.1.1 Pathway 1—Fruit containing seed ................................................... 26 3.1.2 Pathway 2—Nursery stock (live plants) ........................................... 27 3.1.3 Pathway 3—Budwood.................................................................... 27 3.1.4 Pathway 4—Fresh leaves............................................................... 27 3.1.5 Pathway 5—Seed for sowing.......................................................... 28 3.1.6 Pathway 6—Infected psyllids.......................................................... 28 3.2 PSYLLID VECTOR PATHWAYS ........................................................................... 28 3.2.1 Pathway 1—Fruit .......................................................................... 29 3.2.2 Pathway 2—Nursery stock (live plants) ........................................... 29 3.1.3 Pathway 3—Budwood.................................................................... 29 3.2.3 Pathway 4—Fresh leaves............................................................... 30 4 Pest Information ....................................................................... 31 4.1 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER SPECIES’ ASSOCIATED WITH RUTACEAE ........................... 31 4.1.1 Symptoms of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’................................. 32 4.1.2 Distribution of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ ............................... 34 4.1.3 Hosts of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’........................................ 34 4.1.4 Transmission of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ ............................. 34 4.2 PSYLLID VECTORS ...................................................................................... 37 4.2.1 Diaphorina citri ............................................................................ 38 4.2.2 Trioza erytreae ............................................................................ 41 4.2.3 Related psyllids............................................................................ 43 4.2.4 Control of psyllids......................................................................... 44 5 Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests .............................. 45 Page 4 Draft PRA Report for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter species’ and their vectors Contents 5.1 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER AFRICANUS’ ........................................................... 45 5.1.1 Probability of entry....................................................................... 46 5.1.2 Probability of establishment........................................................... 64 5.1.3 Probability of spread..................................................................... 66 5.1.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread ...................... 70 5.1.5 Consequences.............................................................................. 70 5.1.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................. 73 5.2 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER AMERICANUS’ ......................................................... 73 5.2.1 Probability of entry....................................................................... 74 5.2.2 Probability of establishment........................................................... 92 5.2.3 Probability of spread..................................................................... 94 5.2.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread ...................... 99 5.2.5 Consequences.............................................................................. 99 5.2.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................102 5.3 ‘CANDIDATUS LIBERIBACTER ASIATICUS’...........................................................102 5.3.1 Probability of entry......................................................................103 5.3.2 Probability of establishment..........................................................122 5.3.3 Probability of spread....................................................................125 5.3.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread .....................130 5.3.5 Consequences.............................................................................131 5.3.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................134 5.4 DIAPHORINA CITRI ....................................................................................134 5.4.1 Probability of entry......................................................................135 5.4.4 Probability of establishment..........................................................145 5.4.3 Probability of spread....................................................................149 5.4.4 Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread .....................152 5.4.5 Consequences.............................................................................152 5.4.6 Unrestricted risk estimate ............................................................154 5.5 TRIOZA ERYTREAE .....................................................................................155