DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant-Derived Essential Oils; Their Larvicidal Properties and Potential Application for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant-Derived Essential Oils; Their Larvicidal Properties and Potential Application for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases GMJ.2019;8:e1532 www.gmj.ir Received 2019-02-24 Revised 2019-04-05 Accepted 2019-05-06 Plant-Derived Essential Oils; Their Larvicidal Properties and Potential Application for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases Mahmoud Osanloo1,2, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat3, Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi4, Amir Amani5,6 1 Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran 2 Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran 3 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 5 Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran 6 Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are currently considered as important threats to human health in subtropical and tropical regions. Resistance to synthetic larvicides in different species of mosquitoes, as well as environmental pollution, are the most common adverse effects of excessive use of such agents. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) with various chemical entities have a lower chance of developing resistance. So far, no proper classification based on lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) has been made for the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. To better understand the problem, a summary of the most common mosquito-borne diseases have been made. Related articles were gathered, and required information such as scientific name, used part(s) of plant, target species and LC50 values were extracted. 411 LC50 values were found about the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of mosquitoes. Depending on the obtained results in each species, LC50 values were summarized as follows: 24 EOs with LC50 < 10 µg/mL, 149 EOs with LC50 in range of 10- 50 µg/mL, 143 EOs having LC50 within 50- 100 µg/mL and 95 EOs showing LC50 > 100 µg/mL. EOs of Callitris glaucophylla and Piper betle against Ae. aegypti, Tagetes minuta against An. gambiae, and Cananga odorata against Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. dirus having LC50 of ~ 1 µg/mL were potentially comparable to synthetic larvicides. It appears that these plants could be considered as candidates for botanical larvicides. [GMJ.2019;8:e1532] DOI:10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1532 Keywords: Volatile Oil; Pesticides; Aedes; Anopheles; Culex GMJ Correspondence to: Amir Amani, Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Copyright© 2019, Galen Medical Journal. This is Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Telephone Number: 00982143052130 Email:[email protected] Email Address: [email protected] Osanloo M, et al. Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Osanloo M, et al. Introduction toxic residues in the environment and make safety concerns [13, 19]. In this regards, iden- rthropod-borne diseases are the cause of tification of active and eco-friendly bio-pesti- Amore than 17% of all human infectious cides is crucial for successful management of diseases around the world [1]. Mosquitoes mosquito-borne diseases. Essential oils (EOs) (Diptera: Culicidae) are an important family have been suggested as alternative sources for of Arthropoda phylum which is grouped into control of insects as selective and biodegrada- 39 genera with a total of over 3000 species [2, ble agents with minimal impacts on non-target 3]. More than half the world’s population lives organisms and environment [13, 20]. EOs are in areas where mosquito-borne diseases are complex mixtures of volatile organic com- common. Mosquito-borne diseases represent a pounds which are produced as secondary me- critical threat for billions of people worldwide, tabolites in plants [21]. They are obtained from e.g., more than 3.9 billion people in over 128 hydrodistillation or steam distillation of plant countries are at risk of dengue, with 96 million entities such as flowers, roots, barks, leaves, cases estimated per year. Malaria causes more seeds, peels, fruits, and woods [22]. EO-based than 400,000 deaths every year globally; the pesticides consist of a combination of mole- majority of them are children under five years cules which can act concertedly on both be- of age [1, 4]. Three genera of mosquito which havioral and physiological processes. Thus, are very important in the transmission of hu- there is very little chance of resistance devel- man diseases include Aedes (Chikungunya, opment among the treated mosquitoes [10, 21, Dengue fever, Lymphatic filariasis, Rift Valley 23]. Generally, EOs have different larvicidal fever, Yellow fever, Zika), Anopheles (Malar- activity (LA) against various species of mos- ia, Lymphatic filariasis) and Culex (Japanese quitoes. The most critical factor in developing encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis, West Nile EO-based larvicides is their potency in terms fever) [1, 5]. All mosquitoes have immature of their LAs. Currently, there is a single review aquatic stages. Thus, larviciding could be an paper, which has gathered LA of 122 plants efficient method to reduce the population of against mosquitoes. However, the authors have mosquitos and prevent the transmission of not separated the LA-based on the mosqui- such diseases [6-8]. Larvicides reduce their to species [24]. In this review we have given population in breeding places, where they are an update to the potential of herbal larvicides, concentrated, immobilized and accessible be- gathering data for more than 400 LC50 values fore they emerge into adults [9, 10]. Larvicid- of EOs. EOs have been arranged based on their ing is usually performed by applying synthetic LC50, against each species to provide a better larvicides such as organophosphates (e.g., te- understanding and comprehensive knowledge mephos, fenthion, and malathion) or using an about their larvicide potential. insect growth regulator (IGRs) such as meth- oprene [11, 12]. However, indiscriminate use Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases of these agents affects the population of their natural enemies (such as Gambosia fish) and In Table-1, profiles of the most common mos- causes resistance in different species of mos- quito-borne diseases (including vectors, path- quitoes [10, 13]. Additionally, synthetic insec- ogenic agent, common hosts in vertebrate and ticides are usually based on a single active in- distribution) have been summarized. Malaria, gredient. Thus, resistance against them is more Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Zika, Chikun- probable compared with botanical insecticides gunya, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis having multiple components [14-16]. Devel- accounted for almost 0.7 million deaths around oping resistance against insecticides also has the world, annually [1]. been linked to their tendency to remain in the environment for a long time. During this peri- Categorizing LA of EOs Against Different od, larva starts to produce detoxifying enzymes Species or change their enzymes’ structure. Thus, re- sistance against the larvicides may be expected Tables-2 to 9 brief 411 LC50 values on LA of [17, 18]. Moreover, synthetic insecticides leave different EOs against different species of mos- 2 GMJ.2019;8:e1532 www.gmj.ir Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Osanloo M, et al. Table 1. Profiles of the Most Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases Vertebrate Disease Vectors Caused by Distribution Hosts An. atroparvus, An. labranchiae, An. messeae, An. sacharovi, An. sergentii, An. superpictus Grassi, An. arabiensis , An. funestus, An. gambiae, An. melas, An. merus, An. moucheti, An. nili, Reptiles, Endemic throughout most An. barbirostris, Protozoan Malaria birds, rodents, of the tropics. Ninety-five An. lesteri, An. sinensis, parasite; [25] Primates and countries and territories have An. aconitus, An. annularis, Plasmodium humans. ongoing transmission An. balabacensis, An. culicifacies, An. dirus, An. farauti, An. flavirostris, An. fluviatilis, An. koliensis, An. leucosphyrus, An. maculatus, An. minimus, An. punctulatus, An. stephensi, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus. Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Ae. aegypti, Ae. africanus, Ethiopia, Liberia, Gambia, Yellow Ae. aromeliae, Virus of Mali, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Fever Ae. albopictus, the family Uganda, Congo, Chad, [26] Ae. furcifertaylori, Flaviviridae; Primates Angola, Brazil, Colombia Ae. luteocephalus, genus and Peru, Paraguay, Ae. metallicus, Flavivirus. Argentina, Ae. bromeliae, Ae. serratus. Philippines, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Japan, Pakistan, Virus of Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Dengue Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, the family Burma , Malay Peninsula, Fever Ae. polynesiensis, Flaviviridae; Primates Cambodia, Vietnam, [27] Ae. scutellaris. genus Indonesia, India, Australia, Flavivirus. Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, USA Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, The virus of Ae. africanus, Martinique, Honduras, the family Zika Ae. luteocephalus, Guadeloupe , El Salvador Flaviviridae; Primates [28, 29] Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, , French Guiana, Guinea genus Ae. furcifer, Ae. vittatus. Bissau, Angola, Cabo Flavivirus. Verde, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore Continue in next Page
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.Circadian Variation of Essential Oil from Piper Marginatum
    Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas ISSN: 0717-7917 [email protected] Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chile MORAES, Marcilio M.; da SILVA, Telma M. G.; da SILVA, Rodolfo R.; RAMOS, Clecio S.; da CÂMARA, Claúdio A. G. Circadian variation of essential oil from Piper marginatum Jacq Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, vol. 13, núm. 3, mayo-, 2014, pp. 270-277 Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85631010006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © 2014 Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 13 (3): 270 - 277 ISSN 0717 7917 www.blacpma.usach.cl Artículo Original | Original Article Circadian variation of essential oil from Piper marginatum Jacq [Variaciones circadiana de aceite esencial de Piper marginatum Jacq] Marcilio M. MORAES, Telma M. G. da SILVA, Rodolfo R. da SILVA, Clecio S. RAMOS & Claúdio A. G. da CÂMARA. Department of Molecular Sciences, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Street Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-030 Recife, PE, Brazil Contactos | Contacts: Clecio S. RAMOS - E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: The composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Piper marginatum (Piperaceae) shows circadian variation and a higher yield during high solar incidence. The essential oils samples were investigated by GC-FID and GC-MS, which allowed identification of 29 compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenology of Neotropical Pepper Plants (Piperaceae) and Their Association with Their Main Dispersers, Two Short-Tailed Fruit Bats, Cavollia Pevspidllata and C
    OIKOS 104: 362-376, 2004 Phenology of neotropical pepper plants (Piperaceae) and their association with their main dispersers, two short-tailed fruit bats, Cavollia pevspidllata and C. castanea (Phyllostomidae) Wibke Thies and Elisabeth K. V. Kalko Thies, W. and Kalko, E. K. V. 2004. Phenology of neotropical pepper plants (Piperaceae) and their association with their main dispersers, two short-tailed fruit bats, CaroUia perspicillata and C. castanea (Phyllostomidae). - Oikos 104: 362-376. To relate differences in phenological strategies of a group of closely related plants to biotic (pollinators, dispersers) and abiotic (water, light) factors, we studied leafing, flowering, and fruiting phenology of 12 species of Piper (Piperaceae) in a neotropical lowland forest in Panama for 28 months. We asked how Piper may partition time and vertebrate frugivores to minimize possible competition for dispersal agents. Based on habitat preferences and physiological characteristics we discriminate be- tween forest Piper species (eight species) and gap Piper species (four species). Forest Piper species flowered synchronously mostly at the end of the dry season. Gap Piper species had broader or multiple flowering peaks distributed throughout the year with a trend towards the wet season. Both groups of Piper species showed continuous fruit production. Fruiting peaks of forest Piper species were short and staggered. Gap Piper species had extended fruiting seasons with multiple or broad peaks. Both groups of Piper species also differed in their time of ripening and disperser spectrum. Forest Piper species ripened in late afternoon and had a narrow spectrum consisting mainly of two species of frugivorous bats: CaroUia perspicillata and C. castanea (Phyllostomidae).
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Medicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Application of Piper Marginatum
    Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26 (2016) 767–779 ww w.elsevier.com/locate/bjp Review Folk medicine, phytochemistry and pharmacological application of Piper marginatum ∗ Jennifer Brú, Juan David Guzman Departamento de Química y Biología, División de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Piper marginatum Jacq., Piperaceae, is a widely distributed Neotropical species abundant in the Caribbean, Received 16 February 2016 exhibiting a characteristic winged petiole and a heart-shaped leaf, its two vegetative landmarks for rapid Accepted 31 March 2016 identification. The species has been employed by traditional indigenous cultures for its reputed medicinal properties. The plant is most frequently employed by local healers in Central America, the Antilles and Keywords: South America, for alleviating gastrointestinal ailments, administered as a decoction or infusion for its Piper marginatum tonic, diuretic and carminative effects. These beneficial properties may be attributed to the presence of Piperaceae various phytochemicals within P. marginatum, with most of the studies focusing on the essential oil of Folk medicine the plant. Monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids of a varied chemical structure have Phytochemistry Pharmacology been identified in the essential oil, while phenylalkanoids, aristolactams, amides and flavonoids have been Biological applications purified by chromatographic techniques from the extracts. The biological and pharmacological exami- nation of P. marginatum showed that the plant may be a valuable source of mosquitocidal, antifungal, antitumoral and hemostatic agents. Future bioguided research may yield biologically relevant molecules useful in medicine or agriculture. © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia.
    [Show full text]
  • Efeito Letal De Extratos De Piperáceas Ao Ácaro-Vermelho-Das-Palmeiras, Raoiella Indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)
    Revista Verde 15:3 (2020) 229-238 Efeito letal de extratos de piperáceas ao ácaro-vermelho-das-palmeiras, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Lethal effect of piperaceous extracts on palm red mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) Esmael Cunha Pinheiro 1; Geraldo José Nascimento de Vasconcelos 2 1Graduando em Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Itacoatiara, Amazonas; +5592991226199; [email protected]. 2Doutor em Entomologia; Professor da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Itacoatiara, Amazonas; [email protected]. A R T I G O R E S U M O Recebido: 21/01/2020 Desde a introdução do ácaro-vermelho-das-palmeiras, Raoiella indica, no Brasil, diversos métodos Aprovado: 26/06/2020 de controle têm sido estudados para supressão desta praga, a exemplo dos métodos de controle quarentenários, químicos, biológicos e com extratos vegetais. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o potencial letal de extratos aquosos de folha de Piper aduncum, P. callosum, P. hostmannianum, P. marginatum e P. peltatum sobre R. indica. Foi avaliada a ação residual de contato dos extratos, aplicados por imersão, nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30%, sendo a ação avaliada em Palavras-chave: três períodos de exposição, 24, 48 e 72 h. A partir dos dados de mortalidade nas diferentes Controle alternativo concentrações e em cada período de exposição foram determinadas as mortalidades corrigidas e as Acaricidas botânicos concentrações letais (CL25% e CL50%) dos extratos das piperáceas para a população de R. indica. Metabólitos Apenas os extratos de P. aduncum, a 5% após 24 h de exposição, e P.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Metabolites of the Genus Piper Against Aedes Aegypti: Natural Alternative Sources for Dengue Vector Control
    Univ. Sci. 2015, Vol. 20 (1): 61-82 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC20-1.amgp Freely available on line REVIEW ARTICLE Active metabolites of the genus Piper against Aedes aegypti: natural alternative sources for dengue vector control André M. Marques1 , Maria Auxiliadora C. Kaplan Abstract The mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the principal vector of the viruses responsible for dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fevers. The mosquito is widespread throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions; its prevalence makes dengue one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world occurring annually in more than 100 endemic countries. Because blood is essential to their development cycle, the Aedes species maintains a close association with humans and their dwellings. Fittingly, the most widely adopted strategy to decrease the incidence of these diseases is the control of the mosquito larvae population. The emergence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes has amplified the interest in finding natural products effective againstAedes aegypti adults, as well as larvae. Plant- derived compounds have played an important role in the discovery of new active entities for vector management as they are safer and have lower toxicity to humans in comparison to conventional insecticides. This review assesses a naturally occurring plant matrix and pure compounds of the Piper species, which have been shown to be active against Aedes aegypti. Keywords: dengue; Aedes aegypti; Piper; Piperaceae; larvicidal metabolites; tropical diseases. Introduction Edited by Alberto Acosta Dengue: an emerging disease in the world 1. Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (IPPN), Centro de Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti Ciências da Saúde, Bloco H - 1º andar, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Drying on the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Piper
    Research, Society and Development, v. 10, n. 8, e46810817397, 2021 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17397 Influence of drying on the chemical composition and bioactivity of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) essential oil against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Influência da secagem na composição química e bioatividade do óleo essencial de de Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) sobre Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Influencia del secado en la composición química y bioactividad del aceite esencial de Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) en Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Received: 06/20/2021 | Reviewed: 07/01/2021 | Accept: 07/05/2021 | Published: 07/16/2021 Thais Silva Santos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9325-1671 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Taynara Ellen Sardeiro Vieira ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-9765 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] José Realino de Paula ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4424-7692 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Jerônimo Raimundo de Oliveira Neto ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-4554 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Luiz Carlos da Cunha ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-8528 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Adelair Helena dos Santos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1743-4297 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Camila Aline Romano ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3564-6368 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Piper species are producers of essential oils with high yield and promising chemical composition for both perfumery and the pharmaceutical industry.
    [Show full text]
  • PROPAGAÇÃO DE Piper Marginatum Jacq.: QUALIDADE DE LUZ NA GERMINAÇÃO in VITRO DE SEMENTES E NÍVEIS DE ILUMINAÇÃO NA ESTAQUIA
    MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA, INOVAÇÕES E COMUNICAÇÕES - MCTIC INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA – INPA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGRICULTURA NO TRÓPICO ÚMIDO PROPAGAÇÃO DE Piper marginatum Jacq.: QUALIDADE DE LUZ NA GERMINAÇÃO IN VITRO DE SEMENTES E NÍVEIS DE ILUMINAÇÃO NA ESTAQUIA LORENA DE PAULA CABRAL Manaus, AM Fevereiro, 2017 ii LORENA DE PAULA CABRAL PROPAGAÇÃO DE Piper marginatum Jacq.: QUALIDADE DE LUZ NA GERMINAÇÃO IN VITRO DE SEMENTES E NÍVEIS DE ILUMINAÇÃO NA ESTAQUIA Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sidney Alberto do Nascimento Ferreira Co-orientadora: Profª. Drª. Eva Maria Alves Cavalcanti Atroch Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco Célio Maia Chaves Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Agricultura no Trópico Úmido. Manaus, AM Fevereiro, 2017 iii iv Ficha catalográfica C117 Cabral , Lorena de Paula Propagação de Piper Marginatum Jacq.: qualidade de luz na germinação in vitro de sementes e níveis de iluminação na estaquia /Lorena de Paula Cabral . --- Manaus: [s.n.], 2017. 65 f. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) --- INPA, Manaus, 2017. Orientadora : Sidney Alberto do Nascimento Ferreira Coorientadora : Francisco Célio Maia Chaves Área de concentração: Agricultura no Trópico úmido 1. Capeba . 2.Planta medicinal . 3.Amazônia CDD 581.634 Sinopse: Estudou-se aspectos da propagação sexuada e assexuada de Piper marginatum Jacq.. Na sexuada, avaliou-se a influência da qualidade de luz na germinação in vitro e na vegetativa, ou assexuada, estudou-se o efeito do sombreamento da planta matriz combinado com diferente tipo de estacas no pegamento das mesmas. Palavras-chave: Capeba 2. Planta pioneira 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity of Essential Oils of Piper Marginatum
    Toxicity of essential oils of Piper marginatum Jacq. against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) Nicolle Ribeiro1, Claudio Camara1*, and Clecio Ramos2 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an Among the different species of mites of the family Tetranychidae, economically important pest of agricultural and ornamental the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch; Acari: crops worldwide. It has been shown that many of natural Tetranychidae) is considered the most important. This cosmopolitan plant-based pesticides have fewer side effects compared pest feeds on several plant species, including crops such as tomato, with synthetic chemicals. The essential oils of plants have cucumber, melon, strawberry, corn, soybean, apple, grape, and been broadly studied for pest-control, including toxic citrus fruit (Gerson and Weintraub, 2012). The first records of and repellent effects, antifeedant, ovicidal, and other the two-spotted spider mite in agricultural systems in the state properties. Essential oils from stems, flowers, and leaves of of Pernambuco, Brazil, date back to the 1980s. Since then, this Piper marginatum Jacq. were evaluated in the laboratory pest has caused considerable harm to tomato, melon, strawberry, regarding their acaricidal potential against the two-spotted and grape crops, exerting a negative impact on productivity and spider mite (T. urticae) and the results were compared with economic returns for farmers. eugenol as a positive control. The oils were also evaluated The main form of control for T. urticae is the use of synthetic with regard to the susceptibility of the natural enemy of pesticides, together with biological control involving the generalist T. urticae (Neoseiulus californicus McGregor).
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Properties of Essential Oils from the Piper Species of Brazil: a Review
    Chapter 4 Biological Properties of Essential Oils from the Piper Species of Brazil: A Review Renata Takeara, Regiane Gonçalves, Vanessa FariasRenata Takeara, dos Regiane Santos Gonçalves, Ayres and AndersonVanessa Farias Cavalcante dos Santos Guimarães Ayres and Anderson Cavalcante Guimarães Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66508 Abstract Piperaceae, a Latin name derived from Greek, which in turn originates from the Arabic word babary—black pepper, is considered one of the largest families of basal dicots, found in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The species that belong to this family have a primarily pantropical distribution, predominantly herbaceous members, occurring in tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Central America and the Amazon region. The Piperaceae family includes five genera:Piper , Peperomia, Manekia, Zippelia and Verhuellia. Brazil has about 500 species distributed in the Piper, Peperomia and Manekia genera. The Piper genus, the largest of the Piperaceae family, has about 4000 species. Within the Piper genus, about 260–450 species can be found in Brazil. Piper species have diverse biologi- cal activities and are used in pharmacopeia throughout the world. They are also used in folk medicine for treatment of many diseases in several countries including Brazil, China, India, Jamaica and Mexico. Pharmacological studies of Piper species point toward the vast potential of these plants to treat various diseases. Many of these species are bio- logically active and have shown antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti- inflammatory, antinociceptive, enzyme inhibitor, antiparasitic, antiplatelet, piscicide, allelopathic, antiophidic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, ame- bicide and diuretic possibilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Patterns and Nitrogen Dynamics of Epiphytic Lichen in Jack
    Ecological and Ethnoecological Classification of a Forested Landscape in the Tayal Mrqwang Territories, Taiwan (ROC) by Kevan James Berg A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Kevan J. Berg, May 2013 ABSTRACT ECOLOGICAL AND ETHNOECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF A FORESTED LANDSCAPE IN THE TAYAL MRQWANG TERRITORIES, TAIWAN (ROC) Kevan James Berg Advisor: University of Guelph, 2013 Dr. Steven G. Newmaster In landscape ecology, it is widely acknowledged that landscape is as much a social and cultural entity as it is biophysical, and that people and place must be jointly considered to fully understand the evolution of spatial pattern. This thesis explores the overlapping biophysical and human dimensions of landscape in the context of an (i) ecological and (ii) ethnoecological classification on the local landscape of the Tayal Mrqwang indigenous people in north central Taiwan. The goal of the ecological classification was to identify ecosystem types for a ~3000 acre landscape by relating vegetation patterns to gradients of physiography, soil, humidity, light, pixel brightness, and human modification across 76 transect sample plots. Using multivariate analyses, seven ecosystem types were identified, ranging from xeric through submesic pine, bamboo, alder, and laurel forests to mesic evergreen broadleaved and mixed coniferous forests. At the broad scale, ecosystems were distributed along gradients of elevation, soil, humidity and human modification, while factors related to local variability in physiography and soil development were more important at the fine scale (i.e., within elevational ecoregions). Within lower elevation sites in particular, patterns of forest variation and soil development were resonant of ancestral practices, including shifting cultivation, terrace farming, arboriculture, and selective extraction.
    [Show full text]
  • HUANGLONGBING and ITS VECTORS Information to Develop A
    HUANGLONGBING AND ITS VECTORS Information to Develop a Response Plan for the Citrus and Allied Industries Patricia Barkley (formerly Citrus Australia Ltd. and NSW DPI) & GAC Beattie (University of Western Sydney) PATHOGENS COMMON NAMES huanglongbing (official common name, meaning ‘yellow shoot disease’), citrus greening (informal common name), likubin or decline (Taiwan), leaf mottling (Philippines), citrus dieback (India), citrus vein- phloem degeneration (Indonesia), citrus greening, yellow branch or blotchy-mottle (South Africa) SCIENTIFIC NAMES ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Asiatic form), ‘Ca. L. africanus’ 1(African form) and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ (‘South American’ form);2 SYNONYMS ‘Ca. Liberobacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. Liberobacter asiaticum’ ‘Ca. Liberobacter africanus’ and ‘Ca. Liberobacter africanum’ ASIATIC VECTOR COMMON NAMES Asiatic citrus psyllid, Asian citrus psyllid, oriental citrus psyllid, citrus psylla SCIENTIFIC NAME Diaphorina citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea:Liviidae ] SYNONYMS Euphalerus citri Crawford AFRICAN VECTOR COMMON NAME African citrus psyllid, citrus psylla SCIENTIFIC NAME Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Triozidae] SYNONYMS Aleurodes erytreae del Guercio; Trioza citri Laing; Trioza merwei Petty; Spanioza merwei (Petty); Spanioza erythreae (del Guercio); Spanioza erytreae del Guercio 1 A sub-species transmitted by T. erytreae, ‘Ca. L. africanus subsp. capensis’, occurs in Cape chestnut (Calodendrum capense Thunb. [Rutaceae: Rutoideae]), an ornamental tree in southern Africa (Garnier et al. 2000, Pietersen et al. 2010). Pietersen & Viljoen (2012) and Viljoen et al (2013 a,b) found liberibacters in all genera of South African native Rutaceae analysed. Each rutaceous genus appears to harbour different specific Laf-like liberibacters. Those found in Xanthoxylum appear to be most closely related to Laf from Citrus. Vepris and Clausena harbour liberibacters more closely related to the LafC subspecies found in Calodendrum.
    [Show full text]
  • 273 the Neotropical Region Comprises Around 37% of the World's Flora (In
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY RESEARCH ARTICLE A LATE CRETACEOUS P IPER (PIPERACEAE) FROM COLOMBIA 1 AND DIVERSIFICATION PATTERNS FOR THE GENUS C AMILA M ARTÍNEZ 2–5 , M ÓNICA R. CARVALHO 3,4 , S ANTIAGO M ADRIÑ ÁN 2 , AND C ARLOS A . J ARAMILLO 3 2 Laboratorio de Bot ánica y Sistem ática, Universidad de los Andes, Apartado Aéreo 4976, Bogot á, Colombia; 3 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panam á; and 4 L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 USA • Premise of the study: Documented fossil fl oras in the neotropics are sparse, yet their records provide evidence on the spatial and temporal occurrence of taxa, allowing for testing of biogeographical and diversifi cation scenarios on individual lineages. A new fossil Piper from the Late Cretaceous of Colombia is described here, and its importance for assessing diversifi cation patterns in the genus is addressed. • Methods: Leaf architecture of 32 fossil leaf compressions from the Guaduas Formation was compared with that of 294 extant angiosperm species. The phylogenetic position of the fossil named Piper margaritae sp. nov. was established based on leaf traits and a molecular scaffold of Piper . The age of the fossil was independently used as a calibration point for divergence time estimations. • Key results: Natural affi nities of P. margaritae to the Schilleria clade of Piper indicate that the genus occurred in tropical America by the Late Cretaceous. Estimates of age divergence and lineage accumulation reveal that most of the extant diversity of the genus accrued during the last ~30 Myr.
    [Show full text]