GMJ.2019;8:e1532 www.gmj.ir Received 2019-02-24 Revised 2019-04-05 Accepted 2019-05-06 Plant-Derived Essential Oils; Their Larvicidal Properties and Potential Application for Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases Mahmoud Osanloo1,2, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat3, Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi4, Amir Amani5,6 1 Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran 2 Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran 3 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 5 Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran 6 Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are currently considered as important threats to human health in subtropical and tropical regions. Resistance to synthetic larvicides in different species of mosquitoes, as well as environmental pollution, are the most common adverse effects of excessive use of such agents. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) with various chemical entities have a lower chance of developing resistance. So far, no proper classification based on lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) has been made for the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. To better understand the problem, a summary of the most common mosquito-borne diseases have been made. Related articles were gathered, and required information such as scientific name, used part(s) of plant, target species and LC50 values were extracted. 411 LC50 values were found about the larvicidal activity of EOs against different species of mosquitoes. Depending on the obtained results in each species, LC50 values were summarized as follows: 24 EOs with LC50 < 10 µg/mL, 149 EOs with LC50 in range of 10- 50 µg/mL, 143 EOs having LC50 within 50- 100 µg/mL and 95 EOs showing LC50 > 100 µg/mL. EOs of Callitris glaucophylla and Piper betle against Ae. aegypti, Tagetes minuta against An. gambiae, and Cananga odorata against Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. dirus having LC50 of ~ 1 µg/mL were potentially comparable to synthetic larvicides. It appears that these plants could be considered as candidates for botanical larvicides. [GMJ.2019;8:e1532] DOI:10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1532 Keywords: Volatile Oil; Pesticides; Aedes; Anopheles; Culex GMJ Correspondence to: Amir Amani, Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Copyright© 2019, Galen Medical Journal. This is Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Telephone Number: 00982143052130 Email:[email protected] Email Address: [email protected] Osanloo M, et al. Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Osanloo M, et al. Introduction toxic residues in the environment and make safety concerns [13, 19]. In this regards, iden- rthropod-borne diseases are the cause of tification of active and eco-friendly bio-pesti- Amore than 17% of all human infectious cides is crucial for successful management of diseases around the world [1]. Mosquitoes mosquito-borne diseases. Essential oils (EOs) (Diptera: Culicidae) are an important family have been suggested as alternative sources for of Arthropoda phylum which is grouped into control of insects as selective and biodegrada- 39 genera with a total of over 3000 species [2, ble agents with minimal impacts on non-target 3]. More than half the world’s population lives organisms and environment [13, 20]. EOs are in areas where mosquito-borne diseases are complex mixtures of volatile organic com- common. Mosquito-borne diseases represent a pounds which are produced as secondary me- critical threat for billions of people worldwide, tabolites in plants [21]. They are obtained from e.g., more than 3.9 billion people in over 128 hydrodistillation or steam distillation of plant countries are at risk of dengue, with 96 million entities such as flowers, roots, barks, leaves, cases estimated per year. Malaria causes more seeds, peels, fruits, and woods [22]. EO-based than 400,000 deaths every year globally; the pesticides consist of a combination of mole- majority of them are children under five years cules which can act concertedly on both be- of age [1, 4]. Three genera of mosquito which havioral and physiological processes. Thus, are very important in the transmission of hu- there is very little chance of resistance devel- man diseases include Aedes (Chikungunya, opment among the treated mosquitoes [10, 21, Dengue fever, Lymphatic filariasis, Rift Valley 23]. Generally, EOs have different larvicidal fever, Yellow fever, Zika), Anopheles (Malar- activity (LA) against various species of mos- ia, Lymphatic filariasis) and Culex (Japanese quitoes. The most critical factor in developing encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis, West Nile EO-based larvicides is their potency in terms fever) [1, 5]. All mosquitoes have immature of their LAs. Currently, there is a single review aquatic stages. Thus, larviciding could be an paper, which has gathered LA of 122 plants efficient method to reduce the population of against mosquitoes. However, the authors have mosquitos and prevent the transmission of not separated the LA-based on the mosqui- such diseases [6-8]. Larvicides reduce their to species [24]. In this review we have given population in breeding places, where they are an update to the potential of herbal larvicides, concentrated, immobilized and accessible be- gathering data for more than 400 LC50 values fore they emerge into adults [9, 10]. Larvicid- of EOs. EOs have been arranged based on their ing is usually performed by applying synthetic LC50, against each species to provide a better larvicides such as organophosphates (e.g., te- understanding and comprehensive knowledge mephos, fenthion, and malathion) or using an about their larvicide potential. insect growth regulator (IGRs) such as meth- oprene [11, 12]. However, indiscriminate use Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases of these agents affects the population of their natural enemies (such as Gambosia fish) and In Table-1, profiles of the most common mos- causes resistance in different species of mos- quito-borne diseases (including vectors, path- quitoes [10, 13]. Additionally, synthetic insec- ogenic agent, common hosts in vertebrate and ticides are usually based on a single active in- distribution) have been summarized. Malaria, gredient. Thus, resistance against them is more Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Zika, Chikun- probable compared with botanical insecticides gunya, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis having multiple components [14-16]. Devel- accounted for almost 0.7 million deaths around oping resistance against insecticides also has the world, annually [1]. been linked to their tendency to remain in the environment for a long time. During this peri- Categorizing LA of EOs Against Different od, larva starts to produce detoxifying enzymes Species or change their enzymes’ structure. Thus, re- sistance against the larvicides may be expected Tables-2 to 9 brief 411 LC50 values on LA of [17, 18]. Moreover, synthetic insecticides leave different EOs against different species of mos- 2 GMJ.2019;8:e1532 www.gmj.ir Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils Osanloo M, et al. Table 1. Profiles of the Most Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases Vertebrate Disease Vectors Caused by Distribution Hosts An. atroparvus, An. labranchiae, An. messeae, An. sacharovi, An. sergentii, An. superpictus Grassi, An. arabiensis , An. funestus, An. gambiae, An. melas, An. merus, An. moucheti, An. nili, Reptiles, Endemic throughout most An. barbirostris, Protozoan Malaria birds, rodents, of the tropics. Ninety-five An. lesteri, An. sinensis, parasite; [25] Primates and countries and territories have An. aconitus, An. annularis, Plasmodium humans. ongoing transmission An. balabacensis, An. culicifacies, An. dirus, An. farauti, An. flavirostris, An. fluviatilis, An. koliensis, An. leucosphyrus, An. maculatus, An. minimus, An. punctulatus, An. stephensi, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus. Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Ae. aegypti, Ae. africanus, Ethiopia, Liberia, Gambia, Yellow Ae. aromeliae, Virus of Mali, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Fever Ae. albopictus, the family Uganda, Congo, Chad, [26] Ae. furcifertaylori, Flaviviridae; Primates Angola, Brazil, Colombia Ae. luteocephalus, genus and Peru, Paraguay, Ae. metallicus, Flavivirus. Argentina, Ae. bromeliae, Ae. serratus. Philippines, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Japan, Pakistan, Virus of Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Dengue Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, the family Burma , Malay Peninsula, Fever Ae. polynesiensis, Flaviviridae; Primates Cambodia, Vietnam, [27] Ae. scutellaris. genus Indonesia, India, Australia, Flavivirus. Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, USA Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, The virus of Ae. africanus, Martinique, Honduras, the family Zika Ae. luteocephalus, Guadeloupe , El Salvador Flaviviridae; Primates [28, 29] Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, , French Guiana, Guinea genus Ae. furcifer, Ae. vittatus. Bissau, Angola, Cabo Flavivirus. Verde, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore Continue in next Page