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The World Factbook Africa :: Niger Introduction :: Niger Background: Niger became independent from France in 1960 and experienced single-party and military rule until 1991, when Gen. Ali SAIBOU was forced by public pressure to allow multiparty elections, which resulted in a democratic government in 1993. Political infighting brought the government to a standstill and in 1996 led to a coup by Col. Ibrahim BARE. In 1999, BARE was killed in a counter coup by military officers who restored democratic rule and held elections that brought Mamadou TANDJA to power in December of that year. TANDJA was reelected in 2004 and in 2009 spearheaded a constitutional amendment that would allow him to extend his term as president. In February 2010, a military coup deposed TANDJA, immediately suspended the constitution, and dissolved the Cabinet. ISSOUFOU Mahamadou emerged victorious from a crowded field in the election following the coup and was inaugurated in April 2011. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The Nigerien Movement for Justice, a predominately Tuareg ethnic group, emerged in February 2007, and attacked several military targets in Niger's northern region throughout 2007 and 2008. Successful government offensives in 2009 limited the rebels' operational capabilities. Niger is facing increased security concerns on its borders from various external threats including insecurity in Libya and spillover from the rebellion in Mali. Geography :: Niger Location: Western Africa, southeast of Algeria Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 8 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 1.267 million sq km country comparison to the world: 22 land: 1,266,700 sq km water: 300 sq km Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas Land boundaries: total: 5,697 km border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina Faso 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north Elevation extremes: lowest point: Niger River 200 m highest point: Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum Land use: arable land: 11.79% permanent crops: 0.05% other: 88.16% (2011) Irrigated land: 736.6 sq km (2005) Total renewable water resources: 33.65 cu km (2011) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 0.98 cu km/yr (30%/3%/67%) per capita: 70.53 cu m/yr (2005) Natural hazards: recurring droughts Environment - current issues: overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea Geography - note: landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture People and Society :: Niger Nationality: noun: Nigerien(s) adjective: Nigerien Ethnic groups: Haoussa 55.4%, Djerma Sonrai 21%, Tuareg 9.3%, Peuhl 8.5%, Kanouri Manga 4.7%, other 1.2% (2001 census) Languages: French (official), Hausa, Djerma Religions: Muslim 80%, other (includes indigenous beliefs and Christian) 20% Population: 16,899,327 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 64 Age structure: 0-14 years: 50% (male 4,261,662/female 4,183,112) 15-24 years: 18.2% (male 1,519,241/female 1,557,267) 25-54 years: 25.9% (male 2,188,451/female 2,194,606) 55-64 years: 3.3% (male 283,955/female 265,460) 65 years and over: 2.6% (male 226,454/female 219,119) (2013 est.) Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 111.5 % youth dependency ratio: 105.9 % elderly dependency ratio: 5.5 % potential support ratio: 18.1 (2013) Median age: total: 15 years male: 14.9 years female: 15.1 years (2013 est.) Population growth rate: 3.32% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 6 Birth rate: 46.84 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 1 Death rate: 13.07 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 Net migration rate: -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 139 Urbanization: urban population: 17.8% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 4.91% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Major urban areas - population: NIAMEY (capital) 1.004 million (2009) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.) Mother's mean age at first birth: 18 (2006 est.) Maternal mortality rate: 590 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 14 Infant mortality rate: total: 87.98 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 7 male: 92.64 deaths/1,000 live births female: 83.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.34 years country comparison to the world: 207 male: 53.17 years female: 55.55 years (2013 est.) Total fertility rate: 7.03 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 1 Contraceptive prevalence rate: 13.9% (2012) Health expenditures: 5.3% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 128 Physicians density: 0.019 physicians/1,000 population (2008) Hospital bed density: 0.31 beds/1,000 population (2005) Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 39% of population total: 49% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 61% of population total: 51% of population (2010 est.) Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 34% of population rural: 4% of population total: 9% of population unimproved: urban: 66% of population rural: 96% of population total: 91% of population (2010 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.8% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 56 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 61,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 54 HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,300 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 42 Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013) Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 2.4% (2008) country comparison to the world: 180 Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 39.9% (2006) country comparison to the world: 5 Education expenditures: 4.5% of GDP (2011) country comparison to the world: 94 Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 28.7% male: 42.9% female: 15.1% (2005 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 5 years male: 6 years female: 5 years (2011) Child labor - children ages 5-14: total number: 1,557,913 percentage: 43 % (2006 est.) Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 3.2% country comparison to the world: 137 male: 4% female: 1.7% (2001) Government :: Niger Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Niger conventional short form: Niger local long form: Republique du Niger local short form: Niger Government type: republic Capital: name: Niamey geographic coordinates: 13 31 N, 2 07 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 8 regions (regions, singular - region) includes 1 capital district* (communite urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder Independence: 3 August 1960 (from France) National holiday: Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960 Constitution: adopted 31 October 2010 Legal system: mixed legal system of civil law (based on French civil law), Islamic law, and customary law International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President ISSOUFOU Mahamadou (since 7 April 2011) head of government: Prime Minister Brigi RAFINI (since 7 April 2011); appointed by the president and shares some executive responsibilities with the president cabinet: 26-member Cabinet appointed by the president (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); candidate must receive a majority of the votes to be elected president; a presidential election to restore civilian rule was held 31 January 2011 with a runoff election between ISSOUFOU
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