Advances and Future Directions of Neuromodulation in Neurologic Disorders
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Microstructural White Matter Alterations and Hippocampal Volumes Are
6 178 S Fjalldal and others Diffusion tensor imaging in 178:6 577–587 Clinical Study craniopharyngioma Microstructural white matter alterations and hippocampal volumes are associated with cognitive deficits in craniopharyngioma S Fjalldal1, C Follin1, D Svärd2, L Rylander3, S Gabery4, Å Petersén4, D van Westen2, P C Sundgren2,5, I M Björkman-Burtscher2,5, J Lätt5, B Ekman6, A Johanson7 and E M Erfurth1 1Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, 2Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, 3Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 4Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Department 5 of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Correspondence 6 Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, Department of Endocrinology and Medical and Health Sciences, should be addressed 7 Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Skåne University Hospital, to E M Erfurth Lund, Sweden Email [email protected] Abstract Context: Patients with craniopharyngioma (CP) and hypothalamic lesions (HL) have cognitive deficits. Which neural pathways are affected is unknown. Objective: To determine whether there is a relationship between microstructural white matter (WM) alterations detected with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and cognition in adults with childhood-onset CP. Design: A cross-sectional study with a median follow-up time of 22 (6–49) years after operation. Setting: The South Medical Region of Sweden (2.5 million inhabitants). Participants: Included were 41 patients (24 women, ≥17 years) surgically treated for childhood-onset CP between 1958–2010 and 32 controls with similar age and gender distributions. HL was found in 23 patients. Main outcome measures: Subjects performed cognitive tests and magnetic resonance imaging, and images were analyzed using DTI of uncinate fasciculus, fornix, cingulum, hippocampus and hypothalamus as well as hippocampal European Journal European of Endocrinology volumetry. -
10041.Full.Pdf
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 23, 2014 • 34(30):10041–10054 • 10041 Systems/Circuits Frontal Cortical and Subcortical Projections Provide a Basis for Segmenting the Cingulum Bundle: Implications for Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Disorders Sarah R. Heilbronner and Suzanne N. Haber Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 The cingulum bundle (CB) is one of the brain’s major white matter pathways, linking regions associated with executive function, decision-making, and emotion. Neuroimaging has revealed that abnormalities in particular locations within the CB are associated with specific psychiatric disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. However, the fibers using each portion of the CB remain unknown. In this study, we used anatomical tract-tracing in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta)toexaminetheorganizationofspecificcingulate,noncingulatefrontal,andsubcorticalpathwaysthroughtheCB.Thegoalswere as follows: (1) to determine connections that use the CB, (2) to establish through which parts of the CB these fibers travel, and (3) to relate the CB fiber pathways to the portions of the CB identified in humans as neurosurgical targets for amelioration of psychiatric disorders. Results indicate that cingulate, noncingulate frontal, and subcortical fibers all travel through the CB to reach both cingulate and noncin- gulate targets. However, many brain regions send projections through only part, not all, of the CB. For example, amygdala fibers are not present in the caudal portion of the dorsal CB. These results allow segmentation of the CB into four unique zones. We identify the specific connections that are abnormal in psychiatric disorders and affected by neurosurgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation and cingulotomy. -
Differential Deep Brain Stimulation Sites and Networks for Cervical Vs
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.28.21261289; this version posted July 31, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Title Differential Deep Brain Stimulation Sites and Networks for Cervical vs. Generalized Dystonia Authors Andreas Horn*1, Martin Reich*2, Siobhan Ewert*1, Ningfei Li1, Bassam Al-Fatly1, Florian Lange2, Jonas Roothans2, Simon Oxenford1, Isabel Horn1, Steffen Paschen3, Joachim Runge4, Fritz Wodarg5, Karsten Witt6, Robert C. Nickl7, Matthias Wittstock8, Gerd-Helge Schneider9, Philipp Mahlknecht10, Werner Poewe10, Wilhelm Eisner11, Ann-Kristin Helmers12, Cordula Matthies7, Joachim K. Krauss4, Günther Deuschl3, Jens Volkmann2, Andrea Kühn1 Author Affiliations 1. Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Berlin, Germany. 2. Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Neurology, Germany 3. University Kiel, Department of Neurology, Germany 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School Hannover, MHH, Hannover, Germany. 5. University Kiel, Department of Radiology, Germany 6. University Oldenburg, Department of Neurology, Germany 7. Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Germany 8. University Rostock, Department -
The Creation of Neuroscience
The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits. -
The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
GLOSSARY Glossary Adapted with Permission from R
GLOSSARY Glossary adapted with permission from R. Kalb (ed.) Multiple Sclerosis: The Questions You Have: The Answers You Need (5th ed.) New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2012. This glossary is available in its entirety (as well as additional MS terms) online at nationalMSsociety.org/glossary. 106 | KNOWLEDGE IS POWER 106 | KNOWLEDGE IS POWER Americans with Disabilities Act Blood-brain barrier (ADA) A semi-permeable cell layer around The first comprehensive legislation blood vessels in the brain and spinal to prohibit discrimination on the cord that prevents large molecules, basis of disability. The ADA (passed immune cells, and potentially in 1990) guarantees full participation damaging substances and disease- in society to people with disabilities. causing organisms (e.g., viruses) from The four areas of social activity passing out of the blood stream into the covered by the ADA are employment; central nervous system (brain, spinal public services and accommodations; cord and optic nerves). A break in the transportation; and communications blood-brain barrier may underlie the Autoimmune(e.g., telephone disease services). Centraldisease process nervous in system MS. A process in which the body’s immune The part of the nervous system that system causes illness by mistakenly includes the brain, optic nerves, and attacking healthy cells, organs or tissues Cerebrospinalspinal cord. fluid (CSF) in the body that are essential for good health. In multiple sclerosis, the specific antigen — or target — that the immune A watery, colorless, clear fluid that cells are sensitized to attack remains bathes and protects the brain and unknown, which is why MS is considered spinal cord. -
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Chapter 8 Nervous System
Chapter 8 Nervous System I. Functions A. Sensory Input – stimuli interpreted as touch, taste, temperature, smell, sound, blood pressure, and body position. B. Integration – CNS processes sensory input and initiates responses categorizing into immediate response, memory, or ignore C. Homeostasis – maintains through sensory input and integration by stimulating or inhibiting other systems D. Mental Activity – consciousness, memory, thinking E. Control of Muscles & Glands – controls skeletal muscle and helps control/regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands II. Divisions of the Nervous system – 2 anatomical/main divisions A. CNS (Central Nervous System) – consists of the brain and spinal cord B. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) – consists of ganglia and nerves outside the brain and spinal cord – has 2 subdivisions 1. Sensory Division (Afferent) – conducts action potentials from PNS toward the CNS (by way of the sensory neurons) for evaluation 2. Motor Division (Efferent) – conducts action potentials from CNS toward the PNS (by way of the motor neurons) creating a response from an effector organ – has 2 subdivisions a. Somatic Motor System – controls skeletal muscle only b. Autonomic System – controls/effects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands – 2 branches • Sympathetic – accelerator “fight or flight” • Parasympathetic – brake “resting and digesting” * 4 Types of Effector Organs: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. III. Cells of the Nervous System A. Neurons – receive stimuli and transmit action potentials -
White Matter Abnormalities in Adults with Bipolar Disorder Type-II
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN White matter abnormalities in adults with bipolar disorder type‑II and unipolar depression Anna Manelis1*, Adriane Soehner1, Yaroslav O. Halchenko2, Skye Satz1, Rachel Ragozzino1, Mora Lucero1, Holly A. Swartz1, Mary L. Phillips1 & Amelia Versace1 Discerning distinct neurobiological characteristics of related mood disorders such as bipolar disorder type‑II (BD‑II) and unipolar depression (UD) is challenging due to overlapping symptoms and patterns of disruption in brain regions. More than 60% of individuals with UD experience subthreshold hypomanic symptoms such as elevated mood, irritability, and increased activity. Previous studies linked bipolar disorder to widespread white matter abnormalities. However, no published work has compared white matter microstructure in individuals with BD‑II vs. UD vs. healthy controls (HC), or examined the relationship between spectrum (dimensional) measures of hypomania and white matter microstructure across those individuals. This study aimed to examine fractional anisotropy (FA), radial difusivity (RD), axial difusivity (AD), and mean difusivity (MD) across BD‑II, UD, and HC groups in the white matter tracts identifed by the XTRACT tool in FSL. Individuals with BD‑II (n = 18), UD (n = 23), and HC (n = 24) underwent Difusion Weighted Imaging. The categorical approach revealed decreased FA and increased RD in BD‑II and UD vs. HC across multiple tracts. While BD‑II had signifcantly lower FA and higher RD values than UD in the anterior part of the left arcuate fasciculus, UD had signifcantly lower FA and higher RD values than BD‑II in the area of intersections between the right arcuate, inferior fronto‑occipital and uncinate fasciculi and forceps minor. -
The Enteric Nervous System: a Second Brain
The Enteric Nervous System: A Second Brain MICHAEL D. GERSHON Columbia University Once dismissed as a simple collection of relay ganglia, the enteric nervous system is now recognized as a complex, integrative brain in its own right. Although we still are unable to relate complex behaviors such as gut motility and secretion to the activity of individual neurons, work in that area is proceeding briskly--and will lead to rapid advances in the management of functional bowel disease. Dr. Gershon is Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In addition to numerous scientific publications, he is the author of The Second Brain (Harper Collins, New York, 1998). Structurally and neurochemically, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is a brain unto itself. Within those yards of tubing lies a complex web of microcircuitry driven by more neurotransmitters and neuromodulators than can be found anywhere else in the peripheral nervous system. These allow the ENS to perform many of its tasks in the absence of central nervous system (CNS) control--a unique endowment that has permitted enteric neurobiologists to investigate nerve cell ontogeny and chemical mediation of reflex behavior in a laboratory setting. Recognition of the importance of this work as a basis for developing effective therapies for functional bowel disease, coupled with the recent, unexpected discovery of major enteric defects following the knockout of murine genes not previously known to affect the gut, has produced a groundswell of interest that has attracted some of the best investigators to the field. Add to this that the ENS provides the closest thing we have to a window on the brain, and one begins to understand why the bowel--the second brain--is finally receiving the attention it deserves. -
Function of Cerebral Cortex
FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX Course: Neuropsychology CC-6 (M.A PSYCHOLOGY SEM II); Unit I By Dr. Priyanka Kumari Assistant Professor Institute of Psychological Research and Service Patna University Contact No.7654991023; E-mail- [email protected] The cerebral cortex—the thin outer covering of the brain-is the part of the brain responsible for our ability to reason, plan, remember, and imagine. Cerebral Cortex accounts for our impressive capacity to process and transform information. The cerebral cortex is only about one-eighth of an inch thick, but it contains billions of neurons, each connected to thousands of others. The predominance of cell bodies gives the cortex a brownish gray colour. Because of its appearance, the cortex is often referred to as gray matter. Beneath the cortex are myelin-sheathed axons connecting the neurons of the cortex with those of other parts of the brain. The large concentrations of myelin make this tissue look whitish and opaque, and hence it is often referred to as white matter. The cortex is divided into two nearly symmetrical halves, the cerebral hemispheres . Thus, many of the structures of the cerebral cortex appear in both the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres appear to be somewhat specialized in the functions they perform. The cerebral hemispheres are folded into many ridges and grooves, which greatly increase their surface area. Each hemisphere is usually described, on the basis of the largest of these grooves or fissures, as being divided into four distinct regions or lobes. The four lobes are: • Frontal, • Parietal, • Occipital, and • Temporal.