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Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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Thalamus and Hypothalamus DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS M. O. BUKHARI 1 DIENCEPHALON: General Introduction • Relay & integrative centers between the brainstem & cerebral cortex • Dorsal-posterior structures • Epithalamus • Anterior & posterior paraventricular nuclei • Habenular nuclei – integrate smell & emotions • Pineal gland – monitors diurnal / nocturnal rhythm • Habenular Commissure • Post. Commissure • Stria Medullaris Thalami • Thalamus(Dorsal thalamus) • Metathalamus • Medial geniculate body – auditory relay • Lateral geniculate body – visual relay Hypothalamic sulcus • Ventral-anterior structure • Sub-thalums (Ventral Thalamus) • Sub-thalamic Nucleus • Zona Inserta • Fields of Forel • Hypothalamus M. O. BUKHARI 2 Introduction THE THALAMUS Location Function External features Size Interthalamic 3 cms length x 1.5 cms breadth adhesion Two ends Anterior end– Tubercle of Thalamus Posterior end– Pulvinar – Overhangs Med & Lat.Gen.Bodies, Sup.Colliculi & their brachia Surfaces Sup. Surface – Lat. Part forms central part of lat. Vent. Med. Part is covered by tela choroidea of 3rd vent. Inf. Surface - Ant. part fused with subthalamus - Post. part free – inf. part of Pulvinar Med. Surface – Greater part of Lat. wall of 3rd ventricle Lat. Surface - Med.boundary of Post. Limb of internal capsule M. O. BUKHARI 3 Function of the Thalamus • Sensory relay • ALL sensory information (except smell) • Motor integration • Input from cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia • Arousal • Part of reticular activating system • Pain modulation • All nociceptive information • Memory & behavior • Lesions are disruptive M. O. BUKHARI 4 SUBDIVISION OF THALAMUS M. O. BUKHARI 5 SUBDIVISION OF THALAMUS: WHITE MATTER OF THE THALAMUS Internal Medullary Stratum Zonale Lamina External Medullary Lamina M. O. BUKHARI 6 LATERAL MEDIAL Nuclei of Thalamus Stratum Zonale Anterior Nucleus Medial Dorsal Lateral Dorsal (Large) EXT.Med.Lam ILN Ret.N CMN VPL MGB VPM PVN Lateral Ventral Medial Ventral LGB (Small) LD, LP, Pulvinar – Dorsal Tier nuclei Hypothalamus VA, VL, VPL, VPM – Ventral Tier nuclei M. O. BUKHARI 7 VPM Functional group nuclei 1. Specific 2. Non-specific 3. Reticular 1. Specific - Input from certain specific ascending tratcs Project specific cortical areas VPL Ventral tier, Med & Lat. Geniculate bodies Ventral Posterior Nucleus: Nucleus Afferent Efferent Relay station VPM Trigeminal lemniscus Post central gyrus Impulses from face & head (3,1 & 2) Taste buds Solitariothalamic tract VPL Medial lemniscus Post central gyrus Exteroception (Pain,Tocuh (3,1 & 2) & Temp) Proprioception Spinal lemniscus from whole body except face & head M. O. BUKHARI 8 Functional group nuclei Nucleus Afferent Efferent Relay station Ventral Globus pallidus Premotor cortex Striatal impulses anterior (subthalamic fasciculus) area 6 & 8 Ventral Cerebellum Motor & premotor Cerebellar impulses lateral (dentato-rubro-thalamic areas fibres) Area 4 & 6 (Dentato-thalamic fibres) MGB Auditory fibres from Primary auditory Auditory impulses Inferior Colliculus area 41 & 42 LGB Optic tract Primary visual Visual impulses cortex area 17 M. O. BUKHARI 9 Functional group nuclei 2. Non - Specific group Do not receive afferents from ascending Tracts, but have abundant connections with other diencephalic nuclei. Project to cortical association areas in frontal & parietal lobes. Nucleus Afferent Efferent Relay station Anterior Mamillothalmic tract Cingulate gyrus Attention & Recent nucleus (Mamillary body) memory Medial Other thalamic nuclei & Prefrontal area Mood & Emotional dorsal Hypothalamus balance Lateral Ventral tier of thalamic Precuneus & Integrate sensory dorsal nuclei Cingulate gyrus information Lateral Ventral tier of thalamic Superior parietal Integrate sensory posterior nuclei lobule information Pulvinar Ventral tier of thalamic Association areas Correlates visual & nuclei in parietal, occipital auditory information with & temporal lobes other sensations M. O. BUKHARI 10 Functional group nuclei 3. Reticular nuclei Reticular nucleus, Intralaminar nuclei & Median nuclei (Paraventricular nucleus) Connected with Reticular formation Nucleus Afferent Efferent Relay station Reticular Brain stem reticular Whole of cerebral Forms part of reticular formation cortex activating system (RAS) Intralami Brain stem reticular Other thalamic Involved in awareness of nar & formation nuclei & Corpus painful stimuli at thalamic Centro striatum level median M. O. BUKHARI 11 Thalamus: BLOOD SUPPLY M. O. BUKHARI 12 CONNECTONS OF THE THALAMUS Main connections of the thalamus. AfferentM. O. BUKHARI fibers are shown on the left, and efferent13 fibers are shown on the right The thalamus is an Prefrontal cortex important relay station Cingulate gyrus Somesthetic sensory area for two sensory-motor (3, 1, 2) axonal loops involving Caudate N. the cerebellum and Hypothalamic Nuclei the basal nuclei: Parietal cortex The cerebellar- MB Anygdaloid body rubro-thalamic- Inferior parietal lobule cortical-ponto- Spinal lemniscus Sup. Cereb. Peduncle VPL (Spinothalamic tract) cerebellar loop. RN VPM Trigeminal lemniscus Dentate Nucleus VPL The corticalstriatal- Medial pallidal-thalamic- lemniscus Sup. Sens. N. of Trigeminal NG & NC cortical loop. N. of spinal tract of Trig. nerve Main Dorsal nerve root connectionsM. O. BUKHARI 14 of Thalamus Input to the Thalamus M. O. BUKHARI 15 Input to the Thalamus Metathalamus Vision and Hearing M. O. BUKHARI 16 Input to the Thalamus Sensory relay - Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain M. O. BUKHARI 17 Input to the Thalamus Motor control and integration M. O. BUKHARI 18 Input to the Thalamus Behavior and emotion connection with hypothalamus M. O. BUKHARI 19 Projections from the Thalamus Metathalamus Vision and Hearing M. O. BUKHARI 20 Projections from the Thalamus Sensory relay Ventral posterior group all sensation from body and head, including pain M. O. BUKHARI 21 Projections from the Thalamus Motor control and integration M. O. BUKHARI 22 Projections from the Thalamus Behavior and emotion connection with hypothalamus M. O. BUKHARI 23 A Summary of Various Thalamic Nuclei, Their Nervous Connections, and Their Functions Thalamic Nucleus Afferent Neuronal Loop Efferent Neuronal Loop Function Anterior Mammillothalamic tract, Cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus Emotional tone, mechanisms cingulate gyrus, of recent memory hypothalamus Dorsomedial Prefrontal cortex, Prefrontal cortex, Integration of somatic, hypothalamus, other hypothalamus, other thalamic visceral, and olfactory thalamic nuclei nuclei information and relation to emotional feelings and subjective states Lateral dorsal, lateral Cerebral cortex, other Cerebral cortex, other thalamic Unknown posterior, pulvinar thalamic nuclei nuclei Ventral anterior Reticular formation, Reticular formation, substantia Influences activity of motor substantia nigra, corpus nigra, corpus striatum, cortex striatum, premotor premotor cortex, other cortex, other thalamic thalamic nuclei nuclei Ventral lateral As in ventral anterior nucleus but also major input from Influences motor activity of cerebellum and minor input from red nucleus motor cortex Ventral Trigeminal lemniscus, Primary somatic sensory (areas Relays common sensations to posteromedial gustatory fibers 3, 1, and 2) cortex consciousness (VPM) Ventral Medial and spinal lemnisci PrimaryM. O. BUKHARI somatic sensory (areas Relays common sensations24 to posterolateral (VPL) 3, 1, and 2) cortex consciousness Thalamic Nucleus Afferent Neuronal Loop Efferent Neuronal Loop Function Intralaminar Reticular formation, To cerebral cortex via Influences levels of spinothalamic and other thalamic nuclei, consciousness and trigeminothalamic tracts corpus striatum alertness Midline Reticular formation Unknown Unknown Reticular Cerebral cortex, reticular Other thalamic nuclei Known to concerned formation mechanism by which Cerebral cortex regulates thalamus Medial Inferior colliculus, lateral Auditory radiation to Hearing geniculate lemniscus from both ears superior temporal gyrus body but predominantly the contralateral ear Lateral Optic tract Optic radiation to visual Visual information geniculate cortex of occipital lobe from opposite field of body vision M. O. BUKHARI 25 Functions of Thalamus Sensory integration relay station for all sensory pathways(Except olfaction) Capable of recognition of pain, thermal & tactile sensations Influences voluntary movements through basal ganglia & cerebellum – cerebral cortex – cortico-nuclear / cortico-spinal pathways Through ascending activating system – maintains state of wakefulness and alertness Impulses received from hypothalamus projected to prefrontal & cingulate gyrus – Determination of mood Recent memory and emotions Influences electrical activity of cerebral cortex (EEG) M. O. BUKHARI 26 LESIONS OF THE THALAMUS Sensory Loss These lesions usually result from thrombosis or hemorrhage of one of the arteries supplying the thalamus. Damage to the VPM nucleus and the VPL nucleus will result in the loss of all forms of sensation, including light touch, tactile localization and discrimination, and muscle joint sense from the opposite side of the body. Surgical Relief of Pain by Thalamic Cauterization Thalamic Pain Abnormal Involuntary Movements Choreoathetosis with ataxia may follow vascular lesions of the thalamus. It is not certain whether these signs in all cases are due to the loss of function of the thalamus or to involvement of the neighboring caudate and lentiform nuclei. Thalamic Hand M. O. BUKHARI 27 Fatal familial
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