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Multiple Views on the English-Speaking Communities of Quebec NEW CANADIAN PERSPECTIVES Decline and Prospects of the English-Speaking Communities of Quebec Centre d’études ethniques des universités montréalaises NEW CANADIAN PERSPECTIVES Decline and Prospects of the English-Speaking Communities of Quebec Research Report Edited by Richard Y. Bourhis This study received funding from Canadian Heritage, the Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities (CIRLM), and the Centre d’études ethniques des universités montréalaises (CEETUM). We wish to express our heartfelt thanks to these organizations for making this book possible. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication New Canadian Perspectives: Decline and Prospects of the English-Speaking Communities of Quebec / Edited by Richard Y. Bourhis. Published by Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, 2012 Co-published by: Canadian Institute for Research on Linguistic Minorities (CIRLM) Printed version: CH3-2/16-2013E ISBN 978-1-100-21090-2 1. Canada – Official languages – French – English 2. Linguistic minorities – Quebec – Anglophones 3. Community vitality – Education – Health – Economy – Culture – Judicial status – Politics Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 1 Group Vitality, Cultural Autonomy and the Wellness of Language Minorities Richard Y. Bourhis and Rodrigue Landry ................................ 23 Chapter 2 Legal Status of Anglophone Communities in Quebec: Options and Some Recommendations Pierre Foucher .......................................................................... 71 Chapter 3 Determining Who Is an English-Speaking Quebecer and Assessing its Demographic Vitality Jack Jedwab .............................................................................. 99 Chapter 4 The Socio-Economic Status of English-Speaking Quebec: Those Who Left and Those Who Stayed William Floch and Joanne Pocock ........................................... 129 Chapter 5 English Education in Quebec: Issues and Challenges Patricia Lamarre ....................................................................... 175 Chapter 6 What Future for English-Language Health and Social Services in Quebec? James Carter ............................................................................ 215 8 Decline and Prospects of the English-Speaking Communities… Chapter 7 The Artistic and Cultural Vitality of English-Speaking Quebec Guy Rodgers, Jane Needles and Rachel Garber ........................ 245 Chapter 8 Politics of Community: The Evolving Challenge of Representing English-Speaking Quebecers Jack Jedwab and Hugh Maynard .............................................. 277 Chapter 9 Social Psychological Aspects of French-English Relations in Quebec: From Vitality to Linguicism Richard Y. Bourhis ................................................................... 313 Chapter 10 Multiple Views on the English-Speaking Communities of Quebec .............................................................. 379 1. Victor C. Goldbloom – The Road Ahead: The English-Speaking Communities of Quebec ..................... 380 2. André Pratte – Bridging the Two Solitudes .................................................. 383 3. Graham Fraser – Quebec’s English-Speaking Community: Adapting to a New Social Context ....................................... 387 Notes on Authors and Contributors ..................................................... 393 List of Figures Chapter 1 Figure 1 Taxonomy of Socio-Structural Factors Affecting the Vitality of Language Community L1 in Contact with Language Communities L2 and L 3 (Adapted from Bourhis, 2001a) ................................................ 25 Figure 2 A Cultural Autonomy Model for Language Minorities (Adapted from Landry, 2008a) ................................................. 37 Figure 3 Continuum of Language Planning Ideologies Towards Linguistic Minorities .................................................. 41 Figure 4a The Wellness of Selected Linguistic Minorities (Adapted from Bourhis, 1999).................................................. 49 Figure 4b The Wellness of Selected Francophone and Anglophone Communities in Canada (Adapted from Bourhis, 1999) .......... 53 Chapter 4 Figure 1 Anglophone Population by Income Groups (Minority-Majority Index), Quebec, 2001 ................................. 142 Figure 2 Total Anglophone Labour Force Population (15+) by Occupation (2001 National Occupational Classification for Statistics) (Minority-Majority Index), Quebec, 2001 .......... 148 Figure 3 Total Anglophone Labour Force Population (15+) by Industry (1997 North American Industry Classification System) (Minority-Majority Index), Quebec, 2001 ................................ 149 10 Decline and Prospects of the English-Speaking Communities… Figure 4 Various Methods for Counting Official-Language Communities, Anglophones, Quebec, 2001 .............................. 153 Figure 5 Retention Rate (%) of Quebec-Born English Mother Tongue (EMT) Anglophones, by Highest Level of Schooling Attained, Quebec, 2001 ....................................... 163 Figure 6 Retention Rate of English Mother Tongue Anglophones Born-in-Quebec, by Highest Level of Schooling Attained, 1971-2001 ................................................................................. 164 Figure 7 Retention Rate of French Mother Tongue Born-in-ROC, by Highest Level of Schooling Attained, 1971-2001 ................. 164 Figure 8 Unemployment Rate for Anglophones (EMT) Born-in-Quebec, by Inter-Provincial Mobility Status, 1971-2001 ......................... 166 Figure 9 Labour Force Activity for Anglophones (EMT) Born-in-Quebec, as a Minority-Majority Index, 1971-2001 .................................. 166 Figure 10 Proportion of Anglophones (EMT) Born-in-Quebec with Low Income (< $20k), by Inter-Provincial Mobility Status, 1971-2001 ....................................................... 168 Figure 11 Proportion of Anglophones (EMT) Born-in-Quebec with High Income (> $50k), by Inter-Provincial Mobility Status, 1971-2001 ....................................................... 168 Chapter 5 Figure 1 Total Student Population in Quebec’s English School System, 1970-1971 to 2004-2005 ..................... 181 List of Figures 11 Chapter 7 Figure 1 Anglophones (15+) Working in the Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Industries, Relative to Francophones in the Same Region (Minority-Majority Index), by Administrative Region, Quebec, 2001 ........................................................................... 260 Figure 2 Number of Anglophones (15+) Working in the Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Industries, by Administrative Region, Quebec, 2001 (Floch, 2007) ........................................ 262 Chapter 9 Figure 1 Percentage of Mother Tongue (L1) Populations, Quebec, 1971-2006 ................................................................... 318 Figure 2 Language Most Frequently Used at Home (French, English, and Other Languages), by Percentage (%), Quebec, 1991-2006 ................................................................... 319 Figure 3 French-English Bilingualism for Francophones (French L1), Anglophones (English L1), and Allophones (L1 Other than French or English), by Percentage (%), Quebec, 1971-2006 ...... 321 Figure 4 Net Interprovincial Migration of Anglophones, Francophones, and Allophones (Arrival-Departure = Net Loss, in Thousands), Quebec, 1996-2001 .................................................................. 323 Figure 5 Knowledge of French or English in Total Population, by Percentage (%), Quebec, 1991-2006 ..................................... 326 Figure 6 Income Differential of Unilingual and Bilingual Anglophones and Allophones Relative to Base Rate Unilingual Francophones (%), Quebec, 1971 vs 2001 .............. 332 12 Decline and Prospects of the English-Speaking Communities… Figure 7a Language Convergence of Anglophone and Francophone Pedestrians (%), Downtown Montreal ...................................... 345 Figure 7b Language Convergence of Anglophone and Francophone Undergraduates (%), McGill University and Université de Montréal, Montreal ...................................... 345 Figure 8a Quebec Anglophone and Francophone Sense of Belonging to Various Groups, “Very Strong” and “Somewhat Strong”, Combined Responses (%), Quebec, 2008 ................................ 351 Figure 8b Strong Feeling of Belonging to their Own Language Community, and Importance of this Belonging (%), Anglophones in Quebec, and Francophones in Rest of Canada (ROC), 2006 ........................................................... 352 Figure 9 Multiple Identities of College Students (CEGEPs), Montreal, 2001 and 2004 Combined ....................................... 354 Figure 10 College Students Feeling Threatened by Presence of Various Groups, Montreal, 2004 .......................................... 356 Figure 11 Visible Minorities Who Reported Having Been the Victim of Discrimination in the Last Five Years (%), Canada, 2002 .... 359 Figure 12 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Generation Immigrants Who Reported Having Been the Victim of Discrimination in the Last Five Years (%), Canada, 2002 ................................................... 360 Figure 13 Participants Who Experienced Being Victim of Discrimination in Quebec, Compared to the Rest of Canada (ROC), by Mother Tongue of Respondents (%), Canada, 2002 ........................................... 361 List of Figures and Maps 13 Figure 14 Participants Who Experienced Being Victim
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