The Immigration Dilemma
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From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960S
Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies Revue interdisciplinaire des études canadiennes en France 84 | 2018 Le Canada et ses définitions de 1867 à 2017 : valeurs, pratiques et représentations (volume 2) From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s De la britannicité au multiculturalisme : l’identité officielle du Canada dans les années 1960 Shannon Conway Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1118 DOI: 10.4000/eccs.1118 ISSN: 2429-4667 Publisher Association française des études canadiennes (AFEC) Printed version Date of publication: 30 June 2018 Number of pages: 9-30 ISSN: 0153-1700 Electronic reference Shannon Conway, « From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s », Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies [Online], 84 | 2018, Online since 01 June 2019, connection on 07 July 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1118 ; DOI : 10.4000/eccs.1118 AFEC From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s Shannon CONWAY University of Ottawa The 1960s was a tumultuous period that resulted in the reshaping of official Canadian identity from a predominately British-based identity to one that reflected Canada’s diversity. The change in constructions of official Canadian identity was due to pressures from an ongoing dialogue in Canadian society that reflected the larger geo-political shifts taking place during the period. This dialogue helped shape the political discussion, from one focused on maintaining an out-dated national identity to one that was more representative of how many Canadians understood Canada to be. This change in political opinion accordingly transformed the official identity of the nation-state of Canada. Les années 1960 ont été une période tumultueuse qui a fait passer l'identité officielle canadienne d'une identité essentiellement britannique à une identité reflétant la diversité du Canada. -
Push and Pull Factors of Immigration to Canada
LESSON PACKAGE PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF IMMIGRATION TO CANADA LESSON PACKAGE FOR GRADES 9 TO 12 THEME: DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION | SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY WE Are Canada PUSH AND PULL FACTORS OF IMMIGRATION TO CANADA WE LEARNING FRAMEWORK SKILLS LEGEND: WORD BANK Child mortality—the death of children under the age of five, often expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births ARGUMENT INFORMATION LEADERSHIP ORGANIZATION FORMATION LITERACY SKILLS Cost of living—the total expenses associated with living in an area, including housing, taxes, food, clothing, health care and day-to-day expenses Economic—related to the global system of production and ACTION RESEARCH AND CRITI CAL REFLECTION consumption of wealth, goods and services PLANNING WRITING THINKING THEME: Diversity and Inclusion Family class—immigration based on a sponsorship by a spouse, parent, child or other relative SUBJECT: Geography GRADE LEVEL: Grades 9 to 12 Humanitarian immigrant—a person who is allowed to immigrate to a country because of danger in their current country of residence LESSON PACKAGE OVERVIEW: Permanent residency—the status of a non-citizen being allowed to Starting with the question, “Why Canada?”, students will investigate live in a country for as long as they choose the concept of what motivates people to immigrate to Canada. They will consider why an immigrant might choose to use measurable Pull factor—a factor that contributes to a person wanting to live in a data to help decide where to go. Students will research information particular country on Canada’s current standing in the world as a potential country for people to immigrate to. -
Canada's Immigration Policy, 1945 - 1962
G. A. Rawlyk CANADA'S IMMIGRATION POLICY, 1945 - 1962 IT CAN BE EFFECTIVELY ARGUED that the primary concern of any nation is to ensure its own survival. For Canada, the desire to survive as a viable political entity, inde pendent of the powerful republic to the south, and to make actual the tremendous physical potential of the country, has forced the federal government to be particu larly concerned with immigration and immigration policy. However, because of periods of serious unemployment and because the Canadian people on the whole, in W. L. Mackenzie King's famous words, "do not wish as a result of mass immi gration to make a fundamental alteration in the character of our population"'! the Canadian government from 1945 to 1962 has carefully pursued a relatively flexible policy of restricted immigration. As would be expected, when there was considerable unemployment, as in 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 196I,2 the immigration authorities, by reducing the number of immigrant visas granted, placed a severe check on the flow of immi grants. It is interesting to note that, with only one exception (1957), whenever the yearly average of the percentage of labour force unemployed climbed to over 4 per cent, the following year witnessed a sharp decline in the number of immigrants.s But when there was a demand for workers, the authorities quickly removed many of the temporary restrictive barriers. During these years, all too infrequent in the last decade, the absence of restrictions made one member of Parliament remark, "If you put pants on a penguin, it could be admitted to this country."4 In spite of the evident great need for a much larger population, it would be irresponsible for any government in Ottawa to fly in the face of the opposition of the majority of Canadians by adopting a policy of unrestricted immigration.5 D. -
Critical Canadiana
Critical Canadiana Jennifer Henderson In 1965, in the concluding essay to the first Literary History New World Myth: of Canada, Northrop Frye wrote that the question “Where is Postmodernism and here?” was the central preoccupation of Canadian culture. He Postcolonialism in equivocated as to the causes of this national condition of disori- Canadian Fiction By Marie Vautier entation, alternately suggesting historical, geographical, and cul- McGill-Queen’s tural explanations—the truncated history of a settler colony, the University Press, 1998 lack of a Western frontier in a country entered as if one were “be- ing silently swallowed by an alien continent” (217), a defensive The House of Difference: colonial “garrison mentality” (226)—explanations that were uni- Cultural Politics and National Identity in fied by their unexamined Eurocentrism. Frye’s thesis has since Canada proven to be an inexhaustible departure point for commentaries By Eva Mackey on Canadian literary criticism—as witnessed by this very essay, by Routledge, 1999 the title of one of the four books under review, as well as a recent issue of the journal Essays in Canadian Writing, organized around Writing a Politics of the question, “Where Is Here Now?” The question was first asked Perception: Memory, Holography, and Women at what many take to be the inaugural moment of the institution- Writers in Canada alization of CanLit, when the field began to be considered a cred- By Dawn Thompson ible area of research specialization.1 Since then, as one of the University of Toronto contributors to “Where Is Here Now?” observes, “Canadian liter- Press, 2000 ature as an area of study has become a rather staid inevitable in Here Is Queer: English departments” (Goldie 224). -
Canadian Demographics at a Glance
Catalogue no. 91-003-X ISSN 1916-1832 Canadian Demographics at a Glance Second edition by Demography Division Release date: February 19, 2016 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following toll-free numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-877-287-4369 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Standard table symbols Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, The following symbols are used in Statistics Canada reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has publications: developed standards of service that its employees observe. To . not available for any reference period obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics .. not available for a specific eferencer period Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are ... not applicable also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > 0 true zero or a value rounded to zero “Standards of service to the public.” 0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded p preliminary Note of appreciation r revised Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a x suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the of the Statistics Act citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other E use with caution institutions. -
Personal Meaning Among Indocanadians and South Asians
Meaning and Satisfaction-India 1 Personal meaning among Indocanadians and South Asians Bonnie Kalkman, MA, 2003 Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D. Meaning and Satisfaction-India 2 ABSTRACT This study extends Wong’s (1998) Personal Meaning Profile research on the sources and measurement of life meaning. An open-ended questionnaire was administered to an East Indian sample in India. From the 68 subjects ranging in age from 20 to 69, statements were gathered as to the possible sources of meaning in life. These statements were then analyzed according to their content and the 39 derived sources of meaning were added to Wong’s PMP to become the Modified PMP-India with a total of 96 items. In Study 2, the Modified PMP-India was then administered along with the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) to East Indian subjects, 58 from India and 58 from Canada. When factor analysis was unsuccessful, content analysis was applied and this resulted in 10 factors: 1) Achievement, 2) Altruism and Self-Transcendence, 3) General Relationships, 4) Religion, 5) Intimate Relationships, 6) Affirmation of Meaning and Purpose in Life, 7) Morality, 8) Relationship with Nature, 9) Fair Treatment, and 10) Self-Acceptance. The Indo-Canadian subjects reported higher mean levels of life satisfaction, and higher mean levels for the factors: Intimate Relationships, General Relationships, Morality, and Fair Treatment. Females reported higher mean levels for the factors Intimate Relationships and Religion. Overall meaning correlated moderately with overall life satisfaction. Meaning and Satisfaction-India 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… ii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………. -
Canadian Bilingualism, Multiculturalism and Neo- Liberal Imperatives
Scholars Speak Out December 2016 Canadian Bilingualism, Multiculturalism and Neo- Liberal Imperatives By Douglas Fleming, University of Ottawa Canadian second language and immigration policies have often been held up as positive models for Americans on both the right and the left. In particular, both the “English Only” and the “English Plus” movements in the United States have claimed that French Immersion programming in Canada support their own positions (Crawford, 1992; King, 1997). However, in this piece I argue that Canadian immigration and language policies are closely intertwined and have been carefully calculated to subsume linguistic and cultural diversity under what Young (1987) once characterized as a form of “patriarchal Englishness against and under which… all others are subordinated” (pp.10-11). These policies have served neo-liberal economic imperatives and have helped perpetuate inequalities. In fact, I am of the opinion that they are not incompatible with empire building. Bilingualism and Multiculturalism Canada is a nation in which French is the first language for 22% of the total population of 36 million. English is the first language for 59%. The remaining 19% speak a third language as their mother tongue. The size of this third language grouping (the so-called Allophones) is due mainly to immigration (the highest rate in the G8 industrialized nations), self- reported visible minority status (19%) and the relatively high numbers of first nation peoples (4.5%). According to the last census, 17.5 % of the total population is now bilingual and 26.5% born outside of the country. It is a highly diverse population (all figures, Statistics Canada, 2016). -
“Anglo-Conformity”: Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890S–1950S1
Jatinder Mann “Anglo-Conformity”: Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890s–1950s1 Abstract In the late nineteenth century Canada started to receive large waves of non- British migrants for the very first time in its history. These new settlers arrived in a country that saw itself very much as a British society. English-speaking Canadians considered themselves a core part of a worldwide British race. French Canadians, however, were obviously excluded from this ethnic identity. The maintenance of the country as a white society was also an integral part of English-speaking Canada’s national identity. Thus, white non-British migrants were required to assimilate into this English-speaking Canadian or Anglocen- tric society without delay. But in the early 1950s the British identity of English- speaking Canada began to decline ever so slowly. The first steps toward the gradual breakdown of the White Canada policy also occurred at this time. This had a corresponding weakening effect on the assimilation policy adopted toward non-British migrants, which was based on Anglo-conformity. Résumé À la fin du 19e siècle, pour la première fois de son histoire, le Canada commençait à accueillir des vagues importantes d’immigrants non britanni- ques. Ces nouveaux arrivants entraient dans un pays qui se percevait en grande partie comme une société britannique. Les anglophones canadiens se con- sidéraient en effet comme une composante centrale de la « race » britannique mondiale. Les francophones, en revanche, étaient de toute évidence exclus de cette identité ethnique. Par ailleurs, une autre composante essentielle de l’identité nationale canadienne anglophone était la pérennité du pays en tant que société blanche. -
The Characteristics and Experience of Immigrants on Settlement in Canada
• The characteristics and experience of immigrants on settlement in Canada Consequences of Migration • Canada: roughly 250,000 “immigrants” yearly How does Canada cope with so many migrants? How do the migrants cope with all the changes? Adaptation (initial arrival) Acculturation (first generation: immigrants themselves) Assimilation (possible for the second generation: the children of immigrants) Economic integration?? – Adaptation • Adjusting to new physical and social environment • Learning how best to negotiate everyday life • Loss of support from family/friends • On arrival: – Language and cultural obstacles • Some speak neither English/French • Language of migrants: • If the migrant speaks the language of the host country, much easier to adapt. • Note: Major Issue for immigration to Japan. • How many outside of Japan can speak Japanese? • For Canada, less of an issue: Globally, there is almost a billion people who can speak either English and/or French. Most migrants to Canada are proficient in either English or French when they arrive Recall Points System (extra points for language) Canada – Permanent residents and language ability, 2012 (showing percentage distribution) on arrival in Canada Almost 3 in 10 do not speak English or French NOTE: KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGES DIFFERS BY IMMIGRANT CLASS: Family Economic Refugee Canada – Permanent residents by category and language ability, 2012 (showing percentage distribution) on arrival in Canada FAMILY ECONOMIC CLASS REFUGEE Applicant’s family Primary applicant ALMOST 4 in 10 Family Class and Refugee Class Immigrants Can not speak English/French on Arrival in Canada Not speaking English/French: One of the largest barriers to meaningful employment One of the largest barriers to civic engagement e.g. -
Immigrate to Canada Under Quebec Program
Immigrate to Canada under Quebec program Abhinav Outsourcings Pvt. Ltd. | www.abhinav.com Settle in Quebec Canada Immigration and Canadian Permanent Residence Visa- Important Notice Starting July 1st 2012, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) has temporarily stopped accepting any new applications under the Federal Skilled worker program (FSWP), the Federal Investor program and the Federal entrepreneur program. CIC will start accepting new applications again in early 2013 as per new revised selection criteria, expected to be announced late 2012 or early 2013. Please note that applicants with arranged employment opinion or a qualifying job offer or PhD criteria may continue to file their applications. In addition, applicants under provincial nominee programs for businessmen and investors will continue to be accepted. Those willing to learn French language and if qualified under training factor, can also file under the Quebec skilled worker program and Immigrate to Canada! Our advice Immigration options worldwide are getting limited and restrictive. More importantly, all options – irrespective of the country - are quota based and one would do well to keep the file ready for filing. For Canada FSW, business and investor applications, meeting all documentation requirements can take around 3-4 months and hence, it makes sense to start your documentation process now so as to be ready for filing the application when new selection criteria is announced in early 2013 by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). Do NOT hold on to file preparation till new announcement is made! Because if qualified, those who are ready with file and required documents will have an edge over others and will thus be able to file the application before quota gets over. -
The Canadian Express Entry System for Selecting Economic Immigrants: Progress and Persistent Challenges
THE CANADIAN EXPRESS ENTRY SYSTEM FOR SELEctING ECONOMIC IMMIGRANTS: PROGRESS AND PERSISTENT CHALLENGES By Daniel Hiebert TRANSATLANTIC COUNCIL ON MIGRATION THE CANADIAN EXPRESS ENTRY SYSTEM FOR SELECTING ECONOMIC IMMIGRANTS Progress and Persistent Challenges By Daniel Hiebert April 2019 Acknowledgments This research was commissioned for the nineteenth plenary meeting of the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), held in Brussels, Belgium, in September 2018. The meeting’s theme was “Building Migration Systems for a New Age of Economic Competitiveness,” and this report was one of several that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: the Open Society Foundations, Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/ transatlantic. © 2019 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Cover Design: April Siruno, MPI Layout: Sara Staedicke, MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. Information for reproducing excerpts from this publication can be found at www.migrationpolicy.org/about/copyright-policy. -
Stories of Canada: National Identity in Late-Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Fiction" (2003)
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 2003 Stories of Canada: National Identity in Late- Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Fiction Elizabeth Hedler Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the Literature in English, North America Commons Recommended Citation Hedler, Elizabeth, "Stories of Canada: National Identity in Late-Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Fiction" (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 193. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/193 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. STORIES OF CANADA: NATIONAL IDENTITY IN LATE-NINETEENTH- CENTURY ENGLISH-CANADIAN FICTION Elizabeth Hedler B.A. McGill University, 1994 M.A. University of Maine, 1996 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2003 Advisory Commit tee: Marli F. Weiner, Professor of History, Co-Advisor Scott See, Professor of History and Libra Professor of History, Co-Advisor Graham Cam, Associate Professor of History, Concordia University Richard Judd, Professor of History Naorni Jacobs, Professor of English STORIES OF CANADA: NATIONAL IDENTITY IN LATE-NINETEENTH- CENTURY ENGLISH-CANADIAN FICTION By Elizabeth Hedler Thesis Co-Advisors: Dr. Scott W. See and Dr. Marli F. Weiner An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) May, 2003 The search for a national identity has been a central concern of English-Canadian culture since the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867.