SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1961

MilliN/IT /tEl/lEW

VOL. XVIII (181) TORONTO, CANADA 25 CENTS

THE NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY CONVENTION - Leslie Morr;is 3

SAVE THE COLUMBIA RIVER FOR CANADA - Bruce Yor1?e... 11

THE SHEVCHENKO JUBILEE AND THE COLD WAR-John Weir 17

A NAZI-LIKE EDICT - C.P. of the U.S.A :...... 21

COMMENTS ON LAST ECONOMIC NOTES - L. and F.P. 25

A NEW STAGE IN THE CUBAN REVOLUTION-Anibal Escalante 27

OF THE POOR, By THE POOR, FOR THE PooR-Fidel Castro...... 30

DREAMS AND REALITIES - Y. Abramov. 32

THE MORAL UN-NEUTRALITY OF SCIENCE - C. P. Snow...... 43

LEADERSHIP - Dr. Norman Bethune . 51

REVIEWS 67

THE NEW DEMOCRATIC PARTY CONVENTION -Page3- Look for Your Sub Number

MARXIST REVIEW has a system of obtaining renewals of subscriptions which should again be drawn to the attention of our readers. This issue is No. 181, as you will see on the front cover. If you look at your address label you will see a number alongside your address. That is the number of the Review at which your subscription expires. If you take the trouble now and then to look at it, and compare the number on the address label with the number of the current issue, you will find out whether you are in good standing, or whether your subscription is about to expire or has expired. The Review makes it a practice not to continue "dead subscriptions". We do not continue to send the magazine when it is clear that the subscriber does not intend to re-subscribe. It will be of service to the Review if you follow this practice. In fact, check with this issue, and if you are about to become a "dead subscription", use· the blank below and re-subscribe. Thank you.

------r------SUBSCRIPTION BLAMK I RENEWAL BLANK Enclosed pJea5'e find $1.50 for a year's I Enclosed please find $1.50 to renew my subscription to MARXIST REVIEW. I subscription to MARXIST REVIEW. Name of Subscriber _. I Name of Subscriber ___ I Address . I Il.ddress _. ,I ------I

MARXIST REVIEW is published as a non·profit-making party journal by the National Committee of the Communist Party of Canada, 24 Cecil St., Toronto 2B, Onto Send subscriptions and payment to Marxist Review, 24 Cecil St., Toronto 2B, Ontario, Canada. Editorial Board: Tim Buck, Stanley B. Ryerson, leslie Morris. Editor: leslie Morris. Successor to National Affairs Monthly. Authorized as second class mail, Post Office Department, Ottawa. Annual subscription $1.50. Single copies: 25¢

2 The New Democratic Party Convention By LESLIE MORRIS

TWO WEEKS after the founding con­ nuclear warheads? Will they make vention of the New Democratic Party this issue the centre of their political had concluded its work and the dele­ activity? It remains to be seen. gates were back in their homes, the Whatever they do, it is already clear prime minister announced in a speech that the equivocation on Canada's at Halifax that he was on favor of sup­ membership in NATO which marked plying our troops under NATO com­ the NDP convention, and the success mand with nuclear weapons. This was of the platform in defeating the advo­ a snide way of saying that he was in cates of Canada's withdrawal from favor of arming the Bomarc missiles NATO, which was the political high­ on Canadian territory with nuclear war­ light of the convention, have been al­ heads, ,as well as the new interceptor ready exposed as, to say the least, aircraft which the RCAF will receive shortsightedness and a complete under­ from the U.S.A. estimation of the determination o.f the The Berlin crisis will no doubt be Tory government to do the bidding of used by the government to whip up the U.S.A. support for Canadian nuclear arma­ Had the organizers of the NDP con­ :ment. vention given a clear-cut lead on NATO, Is the NDP prepared by its foreign and advocated an independent Canadian policy program for -action to help to foreign policy based squarely on dis­ stop war over Berlin? It seems not-for entangling Canada from the American it is still tied to NATO. military bloc (even if this was not Diefenbaker's statement has con­ spelled out as neutrality, at the fronted the leaders of the NDP with present) DO doubt that they could have their first big policy problem~ because won the support of the majority of their platform advocates continued delegates. membership in the North Atlantic Why didn't they do it? Because Treaty Organiaztion so long as no Douglas. Knowles, Lewis and the chiefs more of its members are given nuclear of the Canadian Labour Congress stand arms. In another platform statement, by the basic NATO policy of the capit­ the NDP convention took the position alist governments of the U.S.A., Bri­ that no nuclear arms should be present tain and Canada. on Canadian soil. That is why they invited Mr. Hugh Will national leader T. C. Douglas Gaitskell, leader of the British Labour and the national committee of the new Party, to address the convention. Mr. party now undertake a national cam­ Gaitskell is now busily trying to turn paign to prevent Canada from joining the tide in his own party away from the "nuclear club" and to withdraw the famous 1960 Scarborough decisions from NATO if the Bomarcs are given supporting British nuclear disarma- September-October, 1961 3 ment, and towards the American­ to take a position. The NDP will be no British war alliance. He and his col­ exception. leagues in the leadership of the British What many of the delegates to the Labour Party publicly flouted the Scar­ convention, ·and most certainly the lead­ borough decision 'and declared that ers of the convention, did not grasp, they would not abide by them, just as was that they haven't got all the time Andrew Brewin and other CCF leaders in the world, certainly not as much openly condemned the August, 1960 de­ time as the British workers had when cision of the CCF national convention they organized the Labour Party half which advocated Canada's withdrawal a century ago; and that in the course from NATO. They are undisciplined of the next few years massive world men who do not hesitate to defy the issues will be decided one way or the opinions of their own members. other, in the course of which Canada's Those delegates at the NDP conven­ fate also will be decided. 'These are ticm, and there was a large number of not "ordinary" times, but times of them, who fought for a consistent peace world crisis, of national crisis, in which policy for Canada, already have been the very survival of Canada is at issue. proved correct by Diefenbaker's Halifax The possibility that the affiliates to statement, and the leaders of the con­ the NDP, its clubs, and some of its vention, who are now the leaders of the leaders, will wake up to this and act NDP, have been proved wrong - all in a resolute manner to make sure that within a few days of the founding of the issues are decided, as far as Cana­ the party. dians can influence it, in a progressive • • • way, in a way that will preserve world IT SEEMS to us that this episode at peace, is a very real one indeed. Here­ once reveals the actual weakness and in lies the positive achievement of the the potential strength of the NDP, its fact of the formation of the NDP; one founding convention, and its election could not for a moment conceive of the platform. The actual weakness lies in Liberal or Conservative parties going hesitation to adopt consistently inde­ through any such inner change, for pendent, progressive and militant poli­ they are the creatures of monopoly cies different than those of the capitalist capital, paid by it and expressing its parties, policies that would arouse Can­ interests. The NDP is the property of adians, tap their inherent progressive­ the workers and farmers who organized ness and give the NDP that crusading it, not the right-wing leaders who dom­ spirit, that power of attraction, without inated the convention and who suc­ which it cannot sweep the country b:}:': ceeded in taking the whole leadership providing a realistic alternative to the (because the radical elements in the Conservative, Liberal and Social Cre­ conventicm, several hundreds of them, dit parties. are not represented in the leadership of The potential strength of the NDP lies the NDP, which in itself was a non­ in the possibility that the members of democratic outcome, masked of course the NDP can learn from fast-moving by the "democratic" fiction of simple events to enter into the political struggle majorities in the balloting). in a way that the party's leaders are • • • not prepared to do. The NATO-Bomarc WE HAVE chosen the NATO Bomarc warhead episode is an example of how missile and Berlin episodes to'illustrate contemporary history confronts politi­ the y.-eakness and strength of the con­ cal parties with issues that force them ventIOn, but there are other aspects of 4 Marxist Review policy which, while not so immediately of peace and Canadian foreign policy) and dramatically as NATO, neverthe­ and failed to create an "image" to its less just as. effectively in the coming potential supporters of a party of demo­ days will show to the members and cratic, progressive, patriotic Canadian­ supporters of the NDP the necessity of ism. Is there any doubt that had the interpreting the party's program in a platform done this, and issued such a militant way, and in some respects call to the delp-gates, that they would going far beyond it. Take, for example, have found a response? Of course not. the question of the U.S. domination of But it was too much to expect men like Canada and the struggle for Canadian Stanley Knowles to do this; they are independence, for Canadian survival in infected (as his book on the new party the face of the U.S. threat to our inde­ shows) with a cynical political cosmo­ pendent existence. politanism which denies the necessity of The NDP hasn't got a clear-cut posi­ a fight for national independence, and tion on this vital matter. True, it says deny the great truth of our age, that that an NDP government will use its social progress merges with ,the strug­ resources to repatriate gradually indus­ gle for national independence from im­ tries which are now owned and controll­ perialist domination. (This attitude is ed by outside interests. Good enough, intermixed with large doses of Anglo­ as far as it goes; but it doesn't go very Saxon "superiority", of chauvinism.) far in a country like Canada, which, But can one expect, for a moment, of all the many countries where U.S. that the actual issues of life in Canada­ capital penetrates, is the one which is as they develop from day to day, will dominated the most completely. There fail to confront the NDP with the neces­ is more U.S. capital invested in Can­ sity for taking a stand on the issue of ada than in the whole of Latin Amer­ Canadian independence, on the need to ica. Not only that. Every major aspect nationalize the great U.S.-owned indus­ of Canadian life is affected by this tries, on increasig the taxation on for­ domination: political, cultural, mili­ eign investors, on repatriating our tary. In its own way, and with its spec­ stolen natural resources, on the even ial features, Canada is in great mea­ deeper Canadian entanglement with the sure facing the same sort of national U.S. economy which Britain's entry into revolution for its independence which the European Common Market will the Cuban people faced, and every bring with it, on the need to end the Latin-'American country faces, not to one-sided dependence of Canada on speak of countries such as Japan. trade with the U.S. and to develop new markets (on non-penalizing terms) with There was little enough evidence of deep concern at the NDP convention the new independent countries and with about this, even though the Coyne inci­ the great socialist market? dent had brought it sharply to the at­ 'These 'are of the very stuff of the tention of the whole country on the Canadian economy today, part as it is very eve of the Ottawa gathering. Here of a capitalist world economy in mortal the NDP convention was far behind the crisis, and existing alongside a socialist feelings and questionings in the hearts world economy which is rapidly grow­ of mos.t Canadians, regardless of how ing in strength and volume and is now they vote. being supplemented by new independent In that sense the NDP convention by­ economies as in Cuba and Arabia. . passed the single biggest domestic issue Take the fundamental question of em­ (but one joined inseparably to the cause ployment, which is inseparably tied in September-October, 1961 5 with Canadian independent economic the structural and nationally indepen­ development. It has been estimated that dent renovation of Canada, short of the present policy of exporting raw socialism, is the "communist program" materials to the U.S.A. and importing is to expect that all Canadians who finished goods from the U.S.A. robs the are interested in the welfare and prog­ Canadian people of two million jobs a ress of their country are Communists. year. The convention went on record Surely that is fantastic. On the other for full employment through a guaran­ hand, to reject a progressive nation­ teed employment act. But that is so building program of Canadian indepen­ many words unless it is accompanied dence just because the Communists also by a program of the development of advocate it, is to feed the maw of poli­ Canadian manufacturing and ending the tical reaction, of the monopolies, and monopolist policy of "integrating" !he strengthen the hold of the U.S.-Cana­ Canadian with the U.S. economy which dian monopolist oligarchy on the life is bringing economic ruin to our coun­ of our country. That is where anti-com­ try and betraying its nation~l intere~ts. munism leads to. We do not 'ask the What is needed is a new natIOnal policy NDP to be pro-Communist; we ask it of Canadian industrial deevlopment, and not to be anti-Communist, because that trade based on peaceful coexistence, of way lies disaster. a magnitude equal, if not greater, than Canadian Communists have made it Sir John R. Macdonald's national pol­ perfectly plain, for those at least who icy of many years 'ago. want to be fair and to understand their Nationalization of the U.S.-owned in­ point of view, that the struggle to free dustries, development of manufacturing Canada from U.S. imperialist domina­ by processing our own natural resour­ tion is a democratic struggle which ces into finished goods, new markets inevitably embraces wide sections of by ending the U.S.-imposed economic the population, cutting across class cold war-this spells independence for lines aod involving people who, while Canada' and it also spells jobs, not to rejecting the basic socialist solution, provide' raw.mate:ials .for U.S..indus­ and who are, in fact, actively hostile to tries but skIlled lobs m a baSIC and Communist ideas, at the same time are man~facturing Canadian industry that impelled by necessity to fight for Can­ could begin, for the first time, ~o make adian national interests. its own machinery of production and The NDP convention trembled on the assist the industrialization of the under­ edge of adopting such a program as developed countries. progressive, militant Canadianism * *• which corresponds to the needs of our IF ONE SHOULD say, "But this is the country and its people: it touched such Communist program, and how can you a platform at certain points, but did expect the NDP to adopt it?", the an­ not follow through consistently. That swer could be: While it is true that was its negative side. the Communists have put forward and The positive side, and it is the most fought for a program of indeI?e~dent important, is the fact of the formation Canadian development more ongmally o.f a third national party of working­ and harder than anyone else, and see class people, farmers, and profession­ the path to socialism in those terms, als, a party which is not tied to mono­ it is not the basic Communist program, poly; a party which is genuinely, by which is socialism, 'and eventually its structure as a federated party of communism, in Canada. In fact, to say trade unions and other groups, a break 6 Marxist Review with the past and the fulfilment of a The right wing of the trade union basic political urge which has been movement and of the COF is in control present in Canada for half a century. of the NDP. Jodoin's keynote speech Here a few words should be said: The was a shameful open defense of the Communist Party has since its forma­ war policy of NATO, and a rejection of tion advocated such a party, and it is labor's leading role in the New Party. no exaggeration to say that without its Eugene Forsey, the research director 40 years of work for a mass labor-far­ of the CLC, might have been speaking mer party and the principle of indepen­ at a Tory party convention. T. C. Douglas hedged opportunistically on the dent labor political action, the NDP main issues, especially peace, and did would not be here today. The influence not meet Hazen Argue's arguments in of Communist ideas, which often bear a straightforward way. The more radi­ no direct relationship to the party's cal elements in the convention were organized strength, is to be seen in the themselves not clear and coherent formation of the NDP; as it was in the enough to win ,a support which might defeat of the "Iron Heel" government otherwise have come to them, but they of R. B. Bennett in 1935; in the winning did put forward the case for withdraw­ of unemployment insurance; in the ing from NATO, and other progressive union organization of the mass produc­ points, with courage and vigor. tion industries; in the rise of the anti­ fascist movement of the 1930's; in the Some socialist-minded delegates may defeat of the Drew government of On­ have left the convention disappointed tario in 1943 by the campaign, "Drew and disheartened, but they should con­ Must Go! ", when the CCF missed its sider whether they failed to link up opportunity to form a left coalition gov­ their socialist ideas with the necessity ernment; in the fight against Duplessis for a mass party on immediate issues, neo-fascism 'and the Padlock Law; in or to see, as the Communists do, that the recognition of French Canada as a the way to socialism lies precisely in nation by growing numbers in English­ such mass movements with all their speaking Canada; and in the present ideological unclarity, scientific imma­ fight for peace, Canadian independence, turity, lack of class consciousness, and disarmament and peaceful coexistence, so on, 'and that the duty of socialists which will be won just as the other is to be with the masses, influencing big class battles were won. and enlightening their struggles. How vain and foolish, then, to try ** '" to "excommunicate" Communist ideas! THERE MAY be some who say, with The people who hold them may be dis­ what appears to be justification, that in criminated against but their ideas grow any case the majority of the delegates and flourish because they reflect real­ supported the ideas put forward by the ities. right wing. But that is to cast overboard To fail to see this is not to understand the conception of political leadership. modern politics at all. On the other The active political leadership and hand, that does not mean that the control were in the hands of the right weaknesses of the NDP should be wing, from the very beginning, long be­ glossed over; that would be to as­ fore the convention. Anyone who, not cribe to the NDP what it yet does not being at the convention, saw it on tele­ possess, a fighting democratic program vision and heard it on the radio can and a consistently progressive leader­ testify that the union men and women, ship. farmers, French Canadian delegates and September-October, 1961 7 others who made up the convention, look. They haven't got a class under­ displayed an enthusiasm and vitality standing of Canada. These are classical and readiness to battle which the labor right social-democratic attitudes, like and progressive movement are sorely Willy Brandt's in West Berlin and Hugh in need of. They would have responded Gaitskell's. They lack faith in the to a solidly consistent progressive, mil­ masses and so go over to the other itant line on peace, Canadian indepen­ side, first ideologically and then practi­ dence and economic reconstruction. And cally. likewise, it is clear that such a fight­ * * * ig policy could have been taken to the SO AS IT comes up against the accel­ electors with greater benefit than Doug­ er~ted problems of the world in crisis, las is now able to do with his "safe" and Canada in crisis, with the abbrev­ line on the key issues, sugared as it is iated time-span which the contest be­ by his specious agreement with Diefen­ tween imperialism and its negation the baker's challenge to fight the next elec­ world socialist system allow us, the tion on the issue of "socialism". Very NDP will be compelled to fashion a safe, that, so long as NATO, peace, in­ new leadership out of the people who dependence are not at the heart of the are willy-nilly engaged in the struggle struggle! for life, and the present right wing The "argument" is put forward, by leadership, the product of different the right wing, that the policies of the times will be set aside. Similarly, the NDP had to be "tailored" to the platfo'rm of the NDP will, of necessity, "psychology" of Canadians as they are be changed as the issues become sharp today. This is what Communists call and unavoidable. "tailism", lagging behind the mas~es This is the prospect before the NDP, instead of giving them bold leadership. and it fits in with the times we live in. Can Premier Douglas, David Lewis, All thoughts of "slow gradualism", of Stanley Knowles or the other NDP going at a snail's pace and blaming it leaders guarantee in advance that the on the "people", will be shown to be Canadian people, harassed as they are the dangerous illusions they really are. by the threat of nuclear war, devel?p­ That is why the contrast between ing as they are a sturdy Canadian the NDP convention's bad resolution consciousness, prey as they are to on NATO and the fact of the prime ravaging monopolies, chronic unemploy­ minister's' Halifax statement, is so ment, ("too old at 40") insecurity and illuminating. It reveals the pattern of uncertainty, would not respond to a NDP development, set almost at the militant people's program? Of course moment the party was born. they can't. The secret of t~e conserva­ Either the NDP at its coming pro­ tism of Douglas and CO. IS not to be vincial convention' and in the coming found in "clever tactics", but in the federal election, and in the many and fact that they have become soft o.ver complex struggles that lie -ahead, will the years, that their anti-communIsm move to a more radical position in har­ obsesses them and drives them further mony with the needs of the times or it to the right and into the war camp, will fail and be replaced by some other that they have become supporters of political mass movement; and the dan­ the advocates of "people's capitalism" ger must not be overlooked here of the and other sophistries and are, in many rise of a demagogical reactionary mass ways, now indistinguishable from. many movement, with fascist overtones, if the L-iberals and Conservatives in their out- NDP fails. However, the possibilities 8 Marxist Review are excellent that the inner contradic­ cabal which seeks to prevent human tions of the NDP-between its right-wng progress by misrepresenting scientific leadership and the aspirations of its socialism. members and supporters, between the And, in any case, the Communist word and the deed, between the official Party, the only party of socialism in "non-class" pretension and the realities Canada, continues in being and will of the class struggle, etc.-will produce flourish, and will bring to the popular a genuine mass party of the Canadian movement not only that knowledge of workers and farmers in content, as tactics which is so vital to the working­ well as in form. This possibility has to class movement, but the strategic con­ be seized. The good outcome- will not cept of socialism, without which all automatically arise. working-class tactics, in the end, be­ That is why the adherents of the NDP come 'a vicious circle and defeat them­ will have to make sure that it is a selves rank-and-file, democratic party, without '" '" • the heavy hand of officialdom which THERE IS A dire need for a perspec­ has dampened the British Labour Par­ tive for Canada, a vision for the fu­ ty's original ardour (it is a good thing ture based on the operat·ion of realities. that the block vote system of the Brit­ Only the Communist Party, with its ish Labour Party has been avoided in scientific program, has this perspective. the NDP constitution); and that the There is no contradiction between the original conception of the Winnipeg Res­ Communist Party's insistence upon a olution for a broadly-based people's broad movement for immediate de­ movement of an all-inclusive nature, mands, and its programmatic, strategic continue to be fought for and event­ aim of socialism, because the aim of ually incorporated into the NDP struc­ socialism is not "plastered" on to the ture. daily struggle, but grows out of it 'cind A "screening" job was done by the is fused with it by socialist understand­ right wing before the convention. ing. Unions like the UE, Mine·Mill, Fisher­ The NDP adopted the perspec­ men and others were excluded by red­ tive of forming the government of baiting policies, and the NDP is much Canada. This is a realistic prospect weaker 'ciS a result. only if it abandons opportunist By excluding Communists from the "caution" and understands that NDP, thus violating the federative prin­ masses of Canadians are ready for ciple, the right wing, cashing in on the inspired, militant, alternative leader­ current hysterical propaganda cam­ ship, that political support grows paign of big business, has eliminated geometrically -and not arithmetically_ from the NDP the most clearsighted This is a good perspective, and it is and militant fighters for a genuine peo­ ~he immediate main thing, but it raises ple's coalition and program. This will other problems too. Given a labor-far­ not help the NDP. The membership will mer, or NDP government, then what? come to see, sooner or later, that Com­ The British workers have had four munists cannot be excluded from pop­ Labour governments, and have been ular movements by arbitrary decree, ruled by the Tories since 1951. and that when this is made a studied There is needed something more policy of a popular movement it will than the perspective of popular gov­ evenutally betray its original purpose ernment; there is the prospect, under and become part of the reactionary given conditions, of effecting sweep- September-October, 1961 9 ing nationalization, of keeping the the French Canada to self-determina­ goverment on the "upward path" tion up to and including separation which Ramsay MacDonald and Attlee .from Confederation. Unless that right rejected. To keep this, arbitrarily and is recognized, national equality is by decree, out of the NDP's thinking, meaningless and voluntary federal to make it a mortal sin to include in union. A real basis has now been es­ the NDP those people with the longer tablished for the formation of the NDP perspective, will work only to the in French Canada, as a mass move­ benefit of the capitalist monopolies ment, something which the COF, because it would limit the NDP to the whrich never recognized French Can­ sphere of capitalist politics. ·ada as a nation because of its Anglo­ These political lessons will be learn­ Saxon chauvinism, never succeeded in ed, but only if the socialist-minded being. One of the first reactions to this people in the NDP and the Communist progressive step in French Canada Party by its independent work patient­ has been the approval given to the ly and consistently point out the les­ NDP by the Syndicates and the new sons. way in which Le Devoir and other na­ Now the big job is to build the NDP, tionalist centres 'are greeting the NDP. getting the party going, bringing the *** ·unions into it (it is estimated that The position of the Communist only 200,000 union members were rep­ Party towards the new party has been resented at the founding convention) clear from the start: one of support as well as the farmers' organizations for the formation of an all-inclusive and co-ops, and making it a truly labor-farmer party as a step forward mass party. In the selection of can­ aolng the road of independent political didates in constituencies, in the prov­ action, coupled with warnings about inces and municipalities, there will be the danger of opportunism and red­ plenty of opportunity for testing policy baitig. Both the support, and the warn­ and leadership. ings, have been justified by the found­ One thing was done by the NDP con­ ing convention. The Communist Party, vestion which was truly significant, the party of socialism, is a party in and that was the victory of the French its own right, with its independent Canadian delegates who succeeded by Marxist views and its own critical a strong presentation of their case, in approach. This independence of mind winning recognition by English-speak­ and critical ·approach never can be ing delegates of the existence of surrendered in the name of "unity". French Canada as a nation. That so for that would not be unity, but self­ representative a gathering took this liquidation. step is a tribute to the political saga­ The Communist Party's published ciy of the delegates. Such recognition statement on the founding convention is the only foundation on which the (Canadian Tribune, August 28) is a fur­ unity of the English-speaking and ther contribution to clarity among Com­ French Canadian people can be built; munists and socialist-minded Canadians it is the only way in which genuine who are not Communists. voluntary co-operation between the The NDP, besides constituting a strong two Canadas within a federal union potential instrument for labor-farmer can be achieved. This implies (it is political action, is also a school of poli­ a shortcoming that it was not said tics, an arena of struggle for consis­ flatly) the recognition of the right of tent working-class, progressive policy. 10 Marxist Review Save the Columbia River for Canada

By BRUCE YORKE

THE COLUMBIA River in Canada, Columbia River Treaty? This treaty the largest untapped hydro-electric binds Canada to build three storage source in the Americas, is in danger dams on the Columbia system in Can­ of being sacrificed to U.S. monopoly ada. These dams could so regulate the interests and the notorious nazi col­ flow of water that huge amounts of laborator, Axel Wenner Gren. additional hydro-electric power could If this betrayal of our national in­ b e produced at already existing down­ terest is allowed to take place the in­ stream U.S. Columbia River power dustrialization of Canada, and con­ generators during the natural low flow sequently our political independence, period of the water months. will have suffered a serious setback. This additional power would cost An all-out struggle on the part of all U.S. monopolies virtually not hi n g democratic Canadians, and in partic­ since the Treaty calls for Canada to ular the labor movement, is neces­ pay the entire cost of the three stor­ sary to prevent this long-planned age dams. For Canada's part, half of move. The betrayal, though in an ad­ the additional power produced down­ vanced stage, is by no means com­ stream in the U.S. is to be returned pleted. The Federal Tory government to us. Until recently U.S. interests which signed the give-away Columbia would not even consider this conces­ River Treaty wil:h the U.S. in January sion since they correctly reasoned that 1961 still has to place this treaty be­ any Columbia River development in fore Parliament for ratification. (The Canada would automatically benefit U.S. Senate took a mere 30 minutes them. for ratification). A nation wide cam­ The labor 'and democratic movement paign, not unlike the campaign on the in B.C. has conducted a 10-year struggle gase pipeline, can still be launched against various plans to give away which would force a real debate in par­ the Columbia. In the case of the pro­ liament and could lead to the scrap­ posed new treaty however, it is only ping of the Treaty. Though the Tories recently, thanks mainly to the tireless have the majority in Parliament it is work of the Communist Party in B.C., the Liberals who have the majority in that the sell-out features of the treaty the Senate. General McNaughton, the have been recognized by the labor Liberal appointee to the International movement. The B.C. Federation of Joint Commission for Boundary Waters, Labor in late August -issued a pamphlet is known to be violently opposed to endorsing the McNaughton plan for the the Treaty and could very well be used Columbia (the direct antithesis of the by the Liberals as a star witness to Treaty plan) ,and came out strongly block the Treaty. against the explort of electricity. What are the terms of the proposed However, the main hold-up to rati- September-October, 1961 11 fication so far has been t·he attitude of rich agricultural lands of the Peace the B.C. government. River. It has a rail outlet to the Coast. On the surface this is hard to un· the Pacific Great Eastern. Bernard derstand since B.C. (which normally Gore, Wenner·Gren's front man, has controls water resources under the described northern B.C. as the last B.N.A. Act) was an integral part of great "safe" undeveloped natural re­ the Treaty negotiations with the U.S., source area in the world. Africa, Asia agreed with every aspect of the Trea­ and Latin America are not "safe" be­ ty and in fact more than any other cause of the national liberation move­ party determined its main character­ ments sweeping these continents, but istics. northern B.C. is not in the same cat­ * * * egory, claimed this hard boiled im­ WHY HAS the B.C. government held perialist to a Vancouver newspaper­ up ratification of the Treaty? Premier man. Bennett stoutly maintains that he Only one ingredient is mlssmg in wishes to see both the Columbia and order to make "super" profits. That Peace Rivers in B.C. "developed". He ingredient is "cheap" hydro electric has proceeded vigorously with the power necessary for the rapid explo­ Peace River, having just instructed itation of the fabulously rich mineral the now Crown corporation B.C. Elec­ resources of the area. tric to start construction immediately. At the start Bennett turned over the A $75 million loan has been secured hydro rights of the area to a Wenner from the Royal Bank to commence Gren subsidiary, the Peace River Peace River power development. But Power Company. But on August 1, no such action is forthcoming on the 1961 he took this over in the name of Columbia. the Crown at the same time that he Does Bennett wish to see the Col­ took over the B.C. Electric. Scarcely umbia "developed"? Yes, he does. But a whisper of protest was heard from it is the form of the "development" Mr. Wenner Gren. Why? that Bennett is interest in. He wants According to the B.C. Energy Board, to so arrange development on the which had just concluded a seven­ Columbia that it will subsidize Peace month's study of costs, Peace River River power development and hence power could be developed for 4 mills provide "cheap" power for his notor­ per kilowatt under public ownership ious backer, Axel Wenner Gren. The instead of the 6 mills it would cost "development" he has in mind would under private control. The cost and also benefit U.S. monopoly interests, risk was too great for Mr. Wenner notably Henry Kaiser, whose firm still Gren. Hence the credit of the entire has a half-million dollar deposit in province was brought in to under­ Victoria for the right to build a stor­ write Peace power development. age dam on the Columbia in Canada. How is it possible that "develop­ Bennett intends to pay for this de­ ment" of the Columbia River could velopment by sacrificing the resources benefit Axel Wenner Gren? Three of the Columbia River in Canada. He years ago Bennett granted a huge intends to do this quickly, literally to northern empire in B.C., now called sell these resources for a fast buck "Wenner Gren Land", to this notor­ in the U.S. But he can do this only ious financier. This area is extremely if the federal government agrees to rich in gas, oil, timber, coal and many the export of Canadian electricity for other minerals. It is adjacent to the long terms and for cash. So far the 12 Marxist Review federal government has refused to do of the Columbia, but originally it this. flows south within one mile of the ** * Columbia headwaters, down through BENNETT has stalled on the Col­ B.C. into the state of Montana where umbia River Treaty mainly because it loops and then returns northward it calls for the return of half the ad­ into B.C. again, entering Kootenay ditional downstream power to B.C. in Lake, whose west arm joins the the form of power, not cash. He did south-flowing Columbia at the foot of not originally insist on cash payment the Arrow Lakes. The 'Fraser River because it was necessary first of all originally rises in the Rockies and to get federal government approval flows north, but, unlike the Columbia, on the general nature of Canadian its southerly flow is entirely within Columbia River development; that is B.C., entering the Pacific at New West­ to say, should it be for Canadian or minster. American use, for power production purposes in Canada or for storage ** * purposes to benefit the U.S.A.? McNAUGHTON'S original plan had two parts. The first part called for As far back as the early 1950's Ben­ nett planned to sell Columbia River the diversion of the Columbia into the storage rights to the Kaiser corpora­ Fraser. The second part called for the tion for a mere million dollars. Under diversion of the Kootenay into the the British North American Act the headwaters of the Columbia. The di­ province has control of water resourc­ version of the Columbia into the Fraser es, but because the Columbia is an was to take place at a point just be­ international river the then federal fore it entered the Arrow Lakes, a Liberal government was able to inter­ point south of the three big power vene and enacted special legislation sites on the Columbia in Canada ­ which blocked the sell-out. Mica Creek, Downie Creek and Revel­ General McNaughton, the Canadian stoke Canyon. Hence the water that chairman of the International Joint would flow over these dams would not Commission for Boundary Waters, only produce power at these sites but simultaneously devised a plan to force also it would be available for potential U.S. monopoly interests to share the sites on the Fraser. No downstream downstream benefits resulting from benefits would accrue to the U.S. if "development" in Canada. the Fraser diversion plan were to b In order to appreciate McNaughton's put into effect. plan it is necessary to have a rough The diversion of the Kootenay into idea of the geography of the rivers the headwaters of the Columbia was involmed, and a glance at a map to take place at the U.S. border at a would help the reader. spot called Dorr. It would involve a The Columbia River rises in the series of dams sufficient to raise the Rocky Mountain Trench in south east­ Kootenay at Dorr above the water ern B.C., flows northward for one hun­ level of the Columbia headwaters. dred miles, ,turns in a big bend to This has been shown to be both prac­ flow southward through the Arrow tical from an engineering point of view Lakes to the B.C. border and through and relatively inexpensive. The effect the state of Washington to enter the of this diversion would be to add 50 Pacific on the Washington-Oregon percent more water for the Mica boundary. The Kootenay River rises Creek, Downie Creek and Revelstoke in the Rockies north of the headwaters Canyon sites, thus considerably cheap- September-October, 1961 13 ening the unit cost of producing elec­ would the diversion be economic. tricity at these sites. The~e three sites are capable of gen­ Taken together, the two diversions eratmg 1,600,000, 1,100,000 and 800 000 would guarantee the maximum Can· kilowatts respectively. ' adian development of the Columbia Development of these three sites system. Naturally, U.S. interests de­ would constitute a huge hydro-electric nounced McNaughton's plan. Never­ power ~omplex. It would guarantee theless, studies commenced on the the rapId development of B.C. indus­ feasibility of the Fraser diversion. It try concent~ated in the southern part was shown to be practical as well but of the provmce. It would provide all the conflicting interests of the sa~on the flood control storage necessary for fishery on the Fraser were not readily the benefit of U.S. interests. But, most solvable. However, the possibility of important, it would provide the basis ~uch a move forced the U.S. monopol­ for a giant east-west all-Canadian Ists to concede that they would have power grid for the development of to share some of the downstream ben­ Canadian industry. efits from Canadian Columbia develop­ ment. *** The International Joint Commission IN FEBRUARY, 1960, according to meanwhile produced three plans for the Financial Post, after the Amer­ possible international development of icans had agreed to the Dorr diver­ the Columbia. Although it does not sion, Premier Bennett personally in· say so directly, its report makes it tervened and without so much as con· quite clear that the Dorr diversion suIting the federal negotiators vetoed plan (without the Fraser diversion) is the Dorr diversion plan in favor of the one plan that would maximize the non-diversion High Arrow scheme. power and flood control benefits in The federal government failed to sup­ both Canada and the United States. port McNaughton's Dorr plan and sub­ sequently a Treaty was quickly drawn In 1959, negotiations with the U.S. up which effectively ruled out any di­ commenced on the basis of the I.J.C. version and consequently any power report. According to the Financial production in Canada. Post the American negotiators agreed to the Dorr diversion plan, even Under the Treaty the key dam to be though this meant dropping their built is the so-called High Arrow dam plans for a power dam on the Koot­ (it is only 60 feet high in reality) at enay in the state of Montana, the the southern end of the Arrow Lakes. Libby Dam. The I.J.C. report makes it quite clear It was shown that the Dorr diver­ that this dam is for the exclusive ben­ sion was considerably more economic efit of the U.S.A. It is a storage dam than the Libby Dam even from the only. It could be constructed quite point of view of U.S. interests, since quickly and at a relatively cheap cost the waters so diverted would still be $71 million. It would flood out the en: available for all existing U.S. Colum­ tire Arrow Valley in Canada. bia power plants. The other dams to be built under But the Dorr diversion plan makes the Treaty are at Duncan, at the sense to Canada only if the waters northern end of the Kootenay Lake so diverted are to be used for power and Mica Creek at ~he top of the big production purposes in Canada. Only bend on the ColumbIa. Duncan is also if dams are built at Mica Creek, a storage dam whose cost is estimated Downie Creek and Revelstoke Canyon at $25 million. 14 Marxist Review The proposed Mica Creek dam, on is to cost two and a half times as the other hand, although capable of much as the other two put together? storing more water than the other Why was Mica included at all? two combined, is primarily a power Ii' ** dam because of its huge height - 750 THE ONLY plausible theory that can feet. It is the most expensive - $247 be advanced is that Mica Creek was million - and would probably take the included as a smokescreen to cover longest time to build. up the monstrous betrayal of national Under Treaty terms the U.S. plans interests involved. If there were no to use water from these dams as fol­ plans, at least on paper, for eventual lows - as far as flood control pur­ Mica development then the outright poses are concerned: sell-out would be obvious to all. It Mica-80,000 acre feet, and to pay would be clear as crystal that the U.S. $1,200,000; Duncan~1,270,000 acre feet, would be getting all the benefits and and to pay $11,100,000; High Arrow-­ that there would be no power in the 7,100,000 acre feet, and to pay $52,­ deal for Canada at all. And for this 100,000. very same reason, Premier Ben~ett It is readily seen that as far as made no fuss over getting half the flood control purposes are concerned downstream power back in the form the U.S. intends to use High Arrow of power. Not at the time, that is. and Duncan. Mica accounts for less After all, this was the only saving than 1%. feature of the treaty as far as Canada When it comes to spelling out the is concerned. downstream power benefits, the story But Bennett, though he agreed with is much the same. Here the so-called every cla~lse of the Treaty at the time, first-added principle is used, whereby had no intention of allowing its ratifi­ the dams first constructed get the main cation in its specific form. He was credit. Because Mica is the largest interested in an even bigger sell-out, and involves the most work it would but this called for proper timing on be the last completed. Hence its credit his part. His demands were not long under the first-added principle would in coming. be relatively small. Here is how the First of all, he began to wrangle Treaty works out the allocation of with Ottawa over the cost of the dams. downstream power benefits: Since Mica is by far the most expen­ Attributable to Duncan, 75,000 kilo­ sive, this immediately calls it into watts of prime power; to Mica, 204,000 question despite his assurances to the kilowatts of prime power; to High Ar· contrary. Ottawa offered to pay half row, 484,000 kilowatts of prime power. the entire cost since they had already In other words, 73% of the down­ signed the Treaty. This did not suit stream power benefits are credited to Bennett either. He even refused to see High Arrow and Duncan and only 27% Finance Minister Fleming when the to Mica. latter traveled to the Pacific Coast for In terms of U.S. interests then, why the purpose of discussing finances. build Mica Creek at all? Seventy-three Bennett then said in the B.C. legisla­ percent of the additional power bene­ ture that the Columbia River Treaty fits and 99% of the flood control bene­ was a poor deal (the colossal nerve fits can he secured without building of the man!) and allowed his Minister Mica. And why indeed build Mica of Lands and Forests to state that Creek, from Bennett's viewpoint, if it. Columbia River Treaty power would September~ctober, 1961 15 be very costly. He challenged Ottawa holders were compensated in a very to guarantee Columbia River power generous fashion. But Premier Ben­ at 3.77 mills per kilowatt. nett's move is not an anti-monopoly As a result of this wordy battle, now one. What he proposes would make running into its eighth month, the Co­ the B.C. Electric lookk like a midget. lumbia River sell-out Treaty has been Bennett's plan is no less than to "in­ temporarily "suspended". tegr'ate" all of B.C.'s resources with But on August 1 Bennett made his the U.S. His plan is to Americanize big play. He took over the B.C. Elec­ B.C. It is most significant that one tric and the Peace River Power Com­ week after Bennett's big move he jour­ pany, made concrete steps to develop neyed to California where he promised the Peace and let all and sundry know cheap B.C. power ,to that state and that there would be no signing of the opened up a special B.C. office in San Columbia River Treaty unless the Francisco. feder,al government granted the right 01< 01< * to export electricity to the U.S. PREMIER BENNETT has now laid Bennett's real plan for Columbia his cards on the table. But the federal River "development" is one that would government can still block his plans if make the sell-out even more complete, sufficient pres'>ure is mounted. So far, hastening the alienation of our resour­ the key missing link is the right to ces to the U.S. He wants cash payment, export electricity. So far the federal not power, in order to subsidize the government has not permitted this re­ Peace development for the benet of source to go to the U.S. If it continues "Wenner Gren Land." And he wants with this policy it would be only natur­ the right to export electricity generally al for the federal government to de­ from anywhere in B.C. - the Colum­ velop an east-west power grid. bia, the Peace, the Liard and scores If the federal government persists of other spots. in its refusal to export electricity then To cover up his anti-national posi­ it would also be natural for it to tion and to give it a seemingly anti­ renegotiate the Columbia River Treaty. monopoly character Bennett took over Under the B.N.A. the federal govern­ the B.C. Electric. This move was made ment could intervene in the national basically to facilitate the Columbia interest. It could develop the Columbia give-away. This is so because the pos­ without Bennett's say-so. The U.S. sibility still exists that the federal gov­ would have no alternative but to agree ernment would develop the Columbia to Ottawa's terms, as indeed they had as a power project and sell the elec­ before Bennett's intervention. tricity to the privately owned B.C. If the Tories have a shred of national Electric. Any power that the federal interest at heart they will forbid the government might develop on the Col­ export of electricity, renegotiate the umbia in Canada now would have to Treaty and develop the Columbia as be sold in B.C. to the provincial gov­ a national project. ernment. But the development of the Columbia Bennett is mainly working for Ame­ River in Canada is in reality a national rican monopoly interests and Wenner issue, requiring the support of all Can­ Gren. These monopolists proved even adians. If the federal government caves more powerful than the former B.C.E. in to. ~ennett and allows export of octopus. Hence the B.C.E. was taken electnclty from the Columbia devel­ over by the province and the share- opment then it will not be long before 16 Marxist Review the demand will have to be met in the to the future of the nation compar,able rest of Canada. If we are to have an to the building of the Canadian Pacific east-west, ,all-Canadian power grid we Railway. will need all our power for Canadian All-out support for an east-west pow­ use and there will be no basis for er grid 'lind a halt to plans to export export. Hence the fight to save the electricity to the U.S., and saving the Columbia and to ban export of elec­ Columbia for our own use-that is the tricity is a national issue of importance truly Canadian progressive policy.

The Shevchenko Jubilee and the Cold War

By JOHN WEIR

WHILE the great revolutionary-demo­ own Pauline Johnson was paid at such cratic poet of the Ukrainian people, 'liffairs as. the gathering held in the Taras Shevchenko, was being honored Massey Hall in Toronto under the aus­ throughout the world on the centenary pices of the Canadian Peace Congress. of his death in Canada and the United in cooperation with the Association of States the most shameless and cynical United Ukrainian Canadians. attempts were undertaken by the It is understandable that Ukrainian powers-that-be to use the occasion for Canadians generally, and the A.U.U.C. cold war purposes, to calumniate the in particular, played a special role in USSR and Soviet Ukraine and distort marking the anniversary coinciding as everything Shevchenko stood for. it did with the 10th anniversary of the 'First, however, it must be noted unveiling at Palermo, ant., of the that tens of thousands of Canadians first monument to Shevchenko in the marked the centenary in a fitting man­ Western Hemisphere, 'a gift from the ner. Eulogies weer delivered in the people of Ukraine. House of Commons 'and several Pro­ The A.U.U.C. projected and success­ vincial legislatures-although not with­ fully carried out a plan for twelve fes­ out a dab of poison in the honey in tivals of Ukrainian music, song and s.ome cases. A monument to Shev­ dance across the country. Over 40,000 chenko was unveiled on the Manitoba people attended those festivals, which Legislature's grounds in Winnipeg. At­ were held on a high cultural level and tention to the poet was paid in the linked the legacy of Shevchenko with press, on TV, over the airways. Com­ the struggle for peace and Canadian memorative ,affairs were organized. progress. One of the highlights was Translations of Shevchenko's works the original Canadian Dance Suite were brought out. which artistically portrayed the merg­ Since tribute to Shevchenko, Franz ing of the national groups in the for­ Liszt, Rabindranath Tagore 'lind our mation of Canadian culture. September-October, 1961 17 Here are some of the highlights of entitled, A New Twist in the Cold War. the anniversary: performance of the In an. article from Winnipeg by its opera Katerina (based on a poem by staff wnter, J. K. Edmonds The Fin­ Shevchenko) in Toronto, numerous lec­ ancial Post (July 15, 1961) s~id: tures and readings from his works, a film of the Shevchenko Museum in "If you are unacquainted with the Palermo, a mass pilgrimage of 500 workers of the poet Taras Shevchenko, people to the bard's grave at Kanev you are not alone. For over 17 million in the Ukraine, records of songs to Canadians, Shevchenko's art is a closed Shevchenko's words and readings of book, since he wrote in Ukrainian. his poetry, a mass of material in the "Why, then, did Prime Minister progressive press, a substantial dis­ Diefenbaker fly here from Ottawa in tribution of Shevchenko's works both the midst of his battle with the in Ukrainian and in English transla­ Senate and the governor of the Bank tion, the publication of a number of of Canada to unveil a monument of original works such as Peter Kraw­ the poet in the grounds of the Mani­ chuk's Shevchenko in Canada, Hannah toba legislative buildings? Poloway's book for children, Childhood "Why for that matter was the site of Taras and the book of translations made available? ... Ta,;as Shevchenko: Selections, by the writer. "The answer to all these questions The A.U.U.C. which had been pre­ lies in the existence of an ethnic vot­ paring for the Jubilee for over two ing bloc that makes the Boston Irish ytlars, had issued a caIl to all other look like a bunch of amateurs: the Ukrainian societies in Canada to get Canadian Ukrainians .. ..' together on the centennial. It sent a Proving that The Financial Post is letter to the convention of the Canadian not as naive as all that, further on Ukrainian Committee (C.U.C.), the joint the article confessed that "whether committee of the Ukrainian church Ukrainian Canadians vote in a bloc is and bourgeois nationalist groups, form­ something no one will ever know for ed under government pressure during certain", and then, towards the end, the war. This invitation was spurned. demonstrated that the reason for the The reason for that is no mystery. measures taken by Diefenbaker and * * * Co. to mark the Shevchenko centennial WHETHER the idea first arose in the were no secret by pointing out that minds of the cold war masterminds in Ukraine is part of the Soviet Union. Washington and was transmitted to There is 110 "Canadian Ukrainian Canada by them, as happens in so voting bloc" as anybody who bothers many instances of late, or whether it to study politics in our country even germinated in the heads of the coun­ superficially soon learns. Ukrainian ter-revolutionary Ukrainian emigres Canadians vote very much as do other here and Canadian capitalist politicians Canadians. If anything, the progressive simultaneously with the U.S. develop­ sentimelft opposed to the anti-Soviet ment, the fact remains that there was "nationalists" and Canadian Tories ­ a coordinated plan to exploit the is greater than 'among other sections. Shevchenko centenary for anti-Soviet And a comparison of the attendance propaganda. As long ago as October 15, at the AUUC festivals with those at the 1960 the New York Herald Tribune car­ C.U.C. affairs will readily demonstrate ried an account of these plans in an that reaction, to put it mildly, doesn't article by its Washington correspondent have the Ukrainians in its pocket. 18 Marxist Review That is not to say that Mr. Diefen­ with them in the services of the U.S. baker didn't want to pick up any votes cold warlords. And collaboration it that may have been around ... He was, all down the line. The C.U.C. not went out of his way to close out the only turned down the proposal for unit­ Liberal politicians from the functions ed Shevchenko jubilee actions but is­ and to make the C.U.C. affairs a Tory sued hysterical calls in the daily monopoly. But his new reason was to press to "warn" the public against serve the U.S. cold war line by using attending the A.U.U.C. festivals. the occasion to slander the U.S.S.R. The government, in its turn, in National prejudices die hard. Un­ actuality forbade Luka Palamarchuk, able to defend imperialism openly any foreign minister and leader of the longer and finding it ever more dif­ Ukrainian delegation to the U.N. Gen­ ficult to present rapacious, ruthless, eral Assembly, from visiting Canada crisis-ridden monopoly rule as "peo­ because he proposed to pay tribute to ple's capitalism", the imperialists are the poet's memory at the foot of the striving to exploit bourgeois natio~al­ Shevchenko monument in Palermo, ism in 'an effort to weaken the socIal­ and it took extraordinarf measures to ist world system and the struggles of prevent a group from the Ukraine the world's peoples for peace and na­ from taking part in the Shevchenko tional freedom. festival in Toronto. With the U.S. rulers too comprised U.S. senators runaway Ukrainian to successfully put over the false nationalists and the capitalist politic­ "Russian imperialism" line on the broug~t ians, press, 1V and radio in Canada peoples of the world, they have combined to misrepresent Shevchenko, forward John Diefenbaker as their his ideals and his works. They portray­ main propagandist of that line, hoping ed him as a bigoted Russian-hater, a that Canada's comparatively lesser.in­ lover of the Ukrainian gentry, a pious volvement in the crimes of the Im­ priest-ridden, weeping mystic, every­ perialists (or at least, less obvious .in­ thing but the flaming revolutionary volvement) \vill give the Canadian democrat that he was. prime minister a hearing where the Yankees would not be listened to at References to the Russian tsar and all. the tsarist army ware twisted to pre­ That was Diefenbaker's roJoe at the tend that Shevchenko - protagonist of UN General Assembly, where he tried Slav unity and the friend of Chernish­ to shunt aside the Soviet reputation evsky and the other great Russian for the immediate freeing of the democrats of his. day - hated "every­ colonies by false charges of Soviet thing Russian." The words, "Where "colonialism" in regard to the non­ is our own George Washington?", Russian Soviet republics (Ukraine, ~he Shevchenko's call to a war of libera­ Baltic republics) and the other SOCIal­ tion against tsarism and feudalism, ist countries of Europe. And that was were quoted ad nauseum as proof that also the reason for his sudden con­ he was "for the American way of version to culture and Taras Shev­ life." The words, "I recognize no chenko. God", were left out of his most famous poem, The Testament (I translated the MR. DIEFENB~R was not doing heading 'as My Bequest) and his final favors to the Ukrainian nationalist appeal that in the future family, new chiefs in Canada. He was collabor·ating and free, "with kindly and a gentle September-October, 1961 19 word remember also me", was trans­ again trying to conquer Ukraine, the lated "pray for me". And so On. prime minister's "forgetfulness" falls These distortions were topped off mto its logical place. And that place by Mr. Diefenbaker on July 9 when is the cold war line of U.S. imperial­ he declared that Shevchenko "refused ism, which is contrary to the interests to write in the lordly Russian tongue" of Canada and in fact is the source whereas. as a matter of fact many of of the greatest troubles and perils that his poems, all his novels and his beset our country and people. diary were written in Russian. * * • This went hand in hand with a THE SHEVCHENKO centenary af­ distortion of Ukrainian history and of fairs are over in Canada, but the plans present-day Ukraine. The outrageous of the U.S. and Canadian powers-that­ lies were peddled that Ukrainians do be include a continuation of the "job" not rule themselves, that in Soviet they had tried to do this year, leading Ukraine the people were compelled to up to the 150th anniversary in 1964 of pay tribute to Shevchenko "secretly" the birth of the poet, when a monument and so on. to Taras Shevchenko is projected in Mr. Diefenbaker delivered an ad­ Washington. dress 'at a C.U.C. banquet 4n Winnipeg The cold war line of the capitalist on July 9 in wh4ch he demonstrated parties. in both countries shows no that he was being guided I not only by sign of slackening. The progressive sublime ignorance of Ukrainian history, forces in Canada will be called upon but by political considerations with the to treat with Taras 'Shevchenko in the most sinister implications. How else coming years again and again, not could he go to the trouble to enumer­ only to assimilate the cultural herit­ ate the v'arious enemies that had in­ age of this great revolutionary demo­ vaded and plundered Ukrainian lands crat of world stature, but also to give during the centuries, as far back as a sharp rebuff to the brazen attempts the Tatar-Mongol hordes, and not men­ of the cold war elements to use tion German imperialism, which twice Shevchenko 'as a "twist" (having first in our century occupied Ukraine, razed twisted him) in the cold war. its cities and villages, plundered its The further dissemination of Shev­ wealth and murdered millions of its chenko's works -in English and French people? and the presentation of more facts to 'When it is remembered that it was the public about the U.S.S.R., the in this same address that the prime Soviet Ukraine and the socialist solu­ minister beat the war drums on the tion of the national question, will be "Berlin crisis", taking his. stand on both a contribution to Canadian cul­ the side of the German revanchists ture and a blow at tIie imperialists who want to renew the "drag nacn, who are plotting raga'inst the peace and Osten" policy of the kaisers and of throttling the independence of our Hitler, including the dream of once country.

20 Marxist Review A Nazi-Like Edict

I. THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ACT A Nazi-Like Edict in any defense facility, designated as THE McCARRAN ACT, passed by the such by the Secretary of Defense, such U.S. Congress over the veto action of as. plant, factory, airport, pier, mine, President Truman, is a legal monstro­ raIlroad, connected in any way with sity. It it not a law but a Nazi-like defense. It covers practically all basic edict. First it declares, according to industry in the country. It is "verbo­ "findings" of various Congressional ten" for Communists to earn a living. (3) They are not allowed to apply for committees, that an international Com­ pass~ munist conspiracy exists, which em­ or renew a passport or to use a ploys treachery, deceit, infiltration, port, after an organization is registered. espionage, sabotage, terrorism, etc., for (4) No tax exemptions or reductions are the purpose of bringing about the over­ allowed to Communist organizations. (5) throw of governments, and of establish­ All mail, publications, etc., put out by ing Communist "totalitarian dictator­ registered organizations must be desig­ ships, which will be subservient to the nated "Disseminated by , a most powerful existing Communist Communist organization." (6) All names totalitarian dictatorship." of organizations registered and of mem­ bers shall be made public, also annual A Built-In Verdict reports, etc. It further "finds" that Communist­ Cruel and Unusual Punishment action organizations, "on a secret con­ spiratorial basis" exist and also operate l.le .>enalties for refusing to register through "Communist-front organiza­ are fantastic -and unique. No such pre> tions," that in effect they repudiate their cedure has ever been written into any allegiance to the U.S.A., and that they American law. Upon conviction of fail­ are controlled by foreign agents through ure to register, the organization can be foreign legations, and number thous­ punished by a fine of $10,000 for every ands of adherents rigidly and ruthlessly day of non-compliance. Officers and disciplined. This is a built-in verdict of ~em~ers can be punished 'by five years' guilt. lmpnsonment or $10,000 fine or both, for each day of non-compliance. As What Is Verboten? Supreme Court Justice Black pointed After setting forth the above and other out: "Thus for a delay of thirty days elaborations of the same fraud, the law in filing required reports, a fine of sets forth a procedure which members $300,000 a,!d imprisonment for 150 years of Communist-action and front organiza­ could be Imposed by a trial judge." tions are ordered to follow after regis­ Who Decides? tration: (1) They are not allowed to work for the U.S. government either in . The. determi~ation of who should reg­ a non-elective office or otherwise. (2)· Ister IS vested In a Subversive Activities They may not s·eek or hold employment Control Board set up under the law, of September-October, 1961 21 five members, three members consti­ chers, ministers-have been driven out tuting a quorum. They are appointed of employment and many jailed due to by the President and are not even this committee's activities. confirmed by Congress. They have the When President Truman vetoed the power to hold hearings at the request law in a 5,500 word message, he char­ of the Attorney-General, to subpoena acterized it as "a blow at our liberties...· witnesses, documents, etc., and finally He felt so strongly about it that he to decide if an organization should be sent it to every member of Congress called upon to register under the law. with a personal letter. But by 1950, we So far the Board has called thirteen were in the cold-war atmosphere and a organizations for hearings. Many are hysterical Congress, inflamed by Korea, now defunct as a result of such har­ ignored his words. rassmCI!t. Its passage was opposed by the Summary of the Law AF of L; the CIO; the National Association for the Advancement of Col­ In the McCarran Act there is (1) a ored People; the American Civil Liber­ built-in verdict of guilt for any organ­ ties Union; the National Lawyers' ization that registers, guilty of being Guild; the Friends (Quakers) Comm~t­ part of an international conspiracy, of tee on Legislation; the American being a foreign agent, of planning to Jewish Congress; the Railroad Brother­ use a host of illegal means to overthrow hoods; the Women's International theg overnment. No one in his right League for Peace and Freedom; Ameri­ mind could or would register under such cans for Democratic Action; the Ameri­ a set-up. (2) There is a built-in trial can Veterans' Committee; the National machinery of a Board, substituting for Farmers' Union; the Governors of a grand jury, trial jury and judge, to Colorado and Montana; law professors pass upon the guilt or innocence of of Harvard, Yale, Wisconsin, and Chi­ organizations, by the definitions of this cago Universitites; morc than twenty law. Their order to register has dead­ major newspapers and thousands of line dates prescribed in the law, after local groups and individuals. which one is subject to prison for not complying. This sets a new low in C. P. Cited 1951 American jurisprudence. The Subversive Activities Contro\ Board first cited the Communist Party, History of the Law USA, to appear in 1951. The attorneys The McCarran Act originated as the for the Party (Congressman Vito Marc­ Mundt-Nixon bilI, defeated in 1948. This antonio, now deceased, John Abt, and is the same Richard Nixon who ran for. Joseph Forer), appealed then to the President in 1960. It was sponsored by U.S. Supreme Court to pass on the con­ Senators McCarran, Mundt, Eastland, stitutionalitv of the law, which it refus­ and McCarthy and by Congressmen ed to do. Lengthy hearings of the Board Nixon Velde and Walter, now head of ensued, before which there paraded the n~torious Committee on Un-Ameri­ the travelling circus of stool pigeons, can Activities. renegades, paid info~mers.who w~re The so-called "findings" written into also testifying then In vanous Smith the McCarran Act are the product of Act cases around the country, many of the fertile minds of this irresponsible which cases were thrown out later. witch-hunting committee. Thousands of. During the ten years of litigation, the Americans-workers, professionals, tea- U.S. Supreme Court twice refused to 22 Marxist Review pass on the Board's order to the "Foreign Agent" Charge C.P.U.S.A to register. Robert Kennedy, brother of the Presi­ Board's Case Weakened dent, is now Attorney General of the United States. He evinced an immediate In the first place, in 1953, the matter determination to press the ruling was returned to the Board because of against the Communist Party. This "tainted evidence." The testimony of brash young man's previous legal ex­ the proven perjurers-Crouch, Matusow perience is scanty but significant. He and Johnson - was stricken from the was one-time counsel for the Democrats record by the Board. Later the Su­ on the notorious McCarthy committee preme Court again returned the case to and later was counsel for the labor­ the Board with an order to make avail­ hating and baiting subcommittee of thE able to the party's

II. SMITH ACT MEMBERSHIP CLAUSE THE SUPREME Court on June 5 also includes Gus Hall, Ben Davis, Jack upheld the membership clause of the Stachel, Carl Winter, Gil Green and notorious thought-control Smith Act. William Z. Foster. The immediate result is that Junius The C.P.U.S.A. has fought unflinch­ Scales. (one-time organizer of the ingly for the last four decades to pre­ C.P.U.S.A. in the South but not now a serve its rights of free speech, press, member of the party) will go to prison assemblage, political organization and for a six-year term. This is a longer activities. It will continue to do so, at sentence than any leader of the party all costs. Gus. Hall, General Secretary received under the conspiracy section of of the Party, in a large press confer­ this law. ence, with press, radio and TV repres­ This decision affects at least twelve e.'ltatives present, accompanied by others with outstanding membership in­ Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Chairman, and dictments - Lightfoot, Hellman, Blum­ Benjamin J. Davis, National Secretary, berg, Weiss, and eight of the original made the following statement on behalf Smith Act cases., arrested in 1948. ThiS( of all three: "We would rather spend 24 Marxist Review the rest of our lives in prison than the various movements of the people. betray a single member or sympathizer We urge all progressive newspapers of our party, and live in freedom." and magazines to give full publicity to Freedom-loving people the world over this latest attack on the rights of the will approve the stand of the party. American people. We urge that pro­ It is important for all to remember, tests be registered to President Ken­ we are not only fighting for ourselves, nedy, to American embassies and to as Communists. We are fighting for the the American press, by people's organ­ rights of all Americans, against fascist­ izations in other countries. like laws comparable to the hideous Nuremberg laws. We are fighting too that a precedent shall not be established EDITOR'S NOTE: We urge all read­ here in our country, which is the stron­ ers to send their protests to President gest monopoly capitalist country in the Kennedy, without delay, in response to world today, that can and will be used this statement of the National Commit­ in other capitalist countries against tee of the C.P.U.S.A.

Comments on Last Economic Notes

By L. and F. P.

ECONOMIC NOTES, "Tax Foreign Con­ The tax question is an important one trol of Canadian Industries" (July­ and deserves further examination es­ August Marxist Review) illustrate the pecially the extent to which Canadian­ difficulty of achieving a proper political U.S. income tax agreements favor U.s. balance between the "anti-monopoly capital and also the question of how struggle in general" referred to in the dealings between head offices and sub­ Notes, and the demand to nationalize sidiaries enable profits to be switched key U.S.-controlled monopolies in Can­ from one side of the border to the ada as part of the struggle against U.S. other. imperialism and U.S. domination of Some questions arise out of the line Canada. of ar-gument in the Notes: The Notes argue that present Cana­ (a) What is the most important rea­ dian tax policy favors the foreign own­ son for advocating nationalization of ers of Canadian industries, that meas­ key U.S. monopolies operating in Can­ ures to tax the annual increase in ada? foreign-controHed wealth in Canada are (b) Is it necessary to think of nation­ needed, and that taxation of this kind alization as something so far in the would be a step "taken in advance of future that we must find an intermed­ nationalization" and "help prepare the iate front to fight on until nationali~a­ way for it". tion becomes politically possible? September-October. 1961 25 (c) Does the tax proposal lead to­ play a fully national role-under Tory wards nationalization? or Liberal rule that is not in the cards (d) On what points do we want to -and U.S. influence is felt indirectly achieve theoretical clarity-on "the im­ through government, but at least they plication of the rapid development of are not operated as subsidiaries, with monopoly and the high degree of state their development subjected to the monopoly capitaHsm in Canada today" world profit considerations of U.S. im­ -or, on the implications of the rapid perialism. Since these enterprises al­ development of u.s. domination in ready exist, clearly we are not asking Canada through the alliance between for something far in the future when U.S. and Canadian monopoly capital? we urge that Imperial Oil, Trans Can­ ada Pipelines, Iron Ore Company of * * Canada, etc., be nationalized now. We (a) U.S. enterprises operating in Can­ must Hnk the demand for nationaliza­ ada today dominate the economy, ex­ tion with the ending of the distortion tract large profits, and distort the line imposed on the economy, not with of development of the economy (with socialism. Hence there is no need to well-known political consequences). In look for something to be done in the the context of the demand for national­ meantime; what is wanted now is the ization, the profits taken out by U.S. analysis of the distortion and the con­ capital are less important than the dis­ vincing arguments for nationalization. tortion imposed on the economy by U.S. control. The demand for national­ (c) Taxation and nationalization are ization is not primarily based on the both points of attack against U.S. profits taken out (we resent the taking capital and both need to be argued out, call attention to it, seek to tax for, each in their own context. Taxation those profits) but on the distortion of is a minor point in relation to nation­ the economy and the threat to national alization, and arguments in favor of existence. From the nature of the case, taxation do not lead towards national­ the U.S. monopolies are making big ization or prepare for it. By directing profits in their Canadian operations, our fire at the taxation of profits and but we attack not the exploitation alone, minimizing the demand for nationaliza­ or even in the first place, but the dis­ tion as something not immediately tortion and threat to independence. realizable, that has to be prepared for, (b) The point is to develop convinc­ we are directing attention away from ing arguments for nationalization as an the distortion of the economy which is immediate step that can be taken (and the main (not the sole) argument for has been taken) by any government, nationalization. The Notes, in pointing even though its lull benefit will only be at the adverse effects of U.S. penetra­ felt with a left-moving government in tion, refer to effects on policy, on trade office. Nationally-owned enterprises and on research, but do not get sharply now exist. Their existence has done at the distortion question, and it is the nothing to end the rule of monopoly distortion that makes the qualitative difference and should be spelt out. capital in general, but the key point is that these nationally-owned enterprises (d) If we are not clear on the gen­ (Polymer, Ontario Hydro, CBC, etc.) eral theory of monopoly and state­ represent a field which U.S. capital has monopoly capital, then we shall not be not been able to penetrate, a field re­ clear on its Canadian manifestation­ moved from direct U.S. influence. This the dominance of U.S. monopoly capital does not mean that these enterprises over key sections of the economy in 26 Marxist Review alliance with the leading sections of ination, then the same enterprises rep­ Canadian capital-and the consequences resent fields from which U.S. capital to Canada of this situation. But it is has been excluded. Both aspects have the Canadian manifestation of the to be considered. We do not stop expo­ phenomenon 'at which we direct our sure of the exploitation oJ Canadian fire. Thus, when we talk. about state­ workers in favor of exposure of U.S. monopoly capital in general, then the penetration; the point is to achieve a CNR, CBC, Polymer, Ontario Hydro, position that takes Canadian specifics etc. etc., appear as manifestations of into account and explains the decline the development of state-monopoly cap­ in the Canadian economy resulting from italism; when we talk about U.S. dom- U.S. imperialist penetration.

A New Stage in the Cuban Revolution

By ANIBAL ESCALANTE

Anibal Escalante is Secretary of the Until January 1, 1959, Cuba was, in Executive Committee of the Popular the first place, a subject country, a Socialist Party of Cuba. The following semi-colony of United States imperial­ is a SW7l'/11,'llry of a nation-wide tele­ ism; and secondly, remnants of feud­ vision speech on May 7, 1961. alism existed here, forms which were out of keeping with the present epoch, forms of an already extinct social­ IN MAY 1959 we defined the Cuban economic formation - the latifundist revolution as an advanced, patriotic, form of production, share cropping, democratic and anti-imperialist agra­ land rent, etc., which held back the rian and popular revolution. In view growth of production in the country­ of what has happened since, was that side and thus restricted the entire definition correct? Yes, it was cor­ development of our economy. rect. That definition corresponded to the historical period through which Without real national liberation there our country was then passing. It was could be no advance, because United a social revolution in the conditions States imperialist capital deliberately of a semi-colonial and backward coun­ prevented it; without getting rid of try. the remnants of feudalism the neces­ The tasks of the revolution at that sary basis for the development of time were not the tasks it is fulfilling industry could not be established. today: they were the tasks of na­ But the revolution is a process: a tional liberation and the rooting out process which advances in stages, of the remnants of feudalism. though there is no Chinese wall sep- September-October, 1961 27 arating one stage from the next. Whe­ might mean some restriction of our ther the process goes forward without national independence, it is sometimes check depends on which classes and said; but this is not the case. It is which forces are in power. The Cuban now only a question of the relation revolution has in fact gone forward of forces, a question of time. without interruption, and the defini­ The consistent carrying through of tion of May 1959 no longer corres­ agrarian reform has similarly solved ponds with present-day reality. the problem of abolishing the rem­ ** * nants of feudalism. The latifundists WHAT HAS happened? Only that the have been expropriated and their prop­ revolution has developed further, that erties put into the service of the it has fulfilled the tasks set for its Cuban people: either handed over to first stage, and has entered upon a the peasants, or formed into co-oper­ higher stage. And this was possible atives or state farms. Share cropping because in the course of the develop­ and rent have also been abolished. ment of the revolution the working Today the peasant in our country is class has been the leading force, and a really free man. Thus the anti­ at the head of the working class and feudal tasks have also been fulfilled. of the whole people there was a revo­ Other tasks of the -first stage, though lutionary core, led by an experienced secondary, were nevertheless of great revolutionary, which represented the importance; for example, democrati­ force that was constantly driving the zation. No one can deny that our revovlution forward. But for these fac­ country is democratic - that it is tors, the revolution would not have the most democratic country in all taken the course it did take. America. The revolution has not only The task of national liberation has brought democracy for the people, it been achieved: full national indepen­ has also developed culture on a broad dence has been won. Cuba, formerly scale. a puppet of imperialism in interna­ The standard of living of the masses tional affairs, in the United Nations, of the people has improved. The low­ in the Organization of American States, est wages have been raised, unem­ stands today outside the imperialist ployment has in the main been ended, camp. Our country has achieved its and rents have been lowered: thus the full sovereignty. It has forever left income of the masses has been sub­ the imperialist camp and stands firm­ stantially raised. No one can deny ly, today and in the future, in the that the peasants have today a high­ camp of national independence. er income than ever before. Cuba has ended the rule of the And if we were able to work in foreign monopolies. Our country has peace, if imperialism had not set up nationalized all foreign undertakings, its blockade of our country, if it did and thus it has become economically not send us its mercenaries and as well as politically free - that is, threaten us with aggression, then completely free. things would be even better for our Today Cuba is free in every respect, people. it is fully sovereign in its economy • ** and in its policy, so that we are THUS THE revolution has success­ entirely justified in saying that the fully fulfilled the tasks of its first task of achieving national indepen­ stage. But as I have already said, a dence has been wholly realized. What social revolution cannot stand still. To is left is the Guantanamo base. This stand still means stagnation, stagna- 28 Marxist Review tion means retreat. A revolution which as a whole the existing relations of stands still is a revolution which is production are in the main not capi­ dying. talist, but socialist. Some people in the enemy camp Today production is rising in both say that they are for the revolution, industry and agriculture. There is but not for the one which we are car­ nothing to hinder this, since produc­ rying through. Others speak of the tion is not for the profit of individuals, tempo of the revolution dying down. but for the people's needs. But the tempo of a revolution is de­ When in his speech on May 1 Fidel termined by the concrete conditions. Castro said that our revolution was The Cuban revolution is led by classes a socialist revolution, this does not and men devoted to the revolution and mean that we have built socialism. is firmly going forward. There is still a section of produc­ In the course of the development of tion in Cuba which is not working the revolution, new elements have on socialist lines. It is true that so­ been formed which are: cialist production relations have trium­ (1) The nationalization of the entire phed over capitalist, but the old pro­ sugar industry, not only of the foreign duction relations still exist in some sugar enterprises, has been carried measure. through, so that at one blow 26 or We must go forward to the complete 27 percent of the national income has socialist transformation of our coun­ come into the hands of the revolu­ try, a task which still lies ahead. We tionary state, becoming the property are entering into a transition period of the whole people. to the establishment of socialist foun­ (2) The banks and foreign trade have dations, the building up and develop­ been nationalized, as essential means ment of a socialist society. This will for the control of the economy. take a longer or shorter period of (3) Industry, transport, port instal­ time - how long will depend on the lations, etc. have been nationalized actual conditions and the resistance of in lthe main. the enemy. -(4) There has been 'a consistent de­ We are thus entering into a new velopment in the countryside of the stage of national development, the simplest forms of co-operation, pass­ socialist stage. Of course it is not ing quickly over to co-operative farms easy to feel the difference. In the followed by the development of state course of social processes the border­ farms. Thus in the sphere of agricul­ line is hard to distinguish. This is due ture the development has been even to the fact that first the material con­ more rapid than in other socialist ditions of life undergo change, and countries. only after that do our ideas change. Another new element is planning: The new outlook stems from the the coming year will see the begin­ new life. ning of the Four-Year Plan. We can now say that the ruling The old capitalist relations, which classes of Cuba have gone, that they held back our national development, have left - or rather, been compel­ have been replaced by new relations led to leave - the stage of history. of production. In industry today some ** * 80 percent is based on socialist rela­ CORRESPONDING to the changes in tions of production; in agriculture, the revolutionary process, there have over 50 percent is in the hands of also been changes within the classes the people. Hence in our economy and in the relations between the class- September-October, 1961 29 es. Many different classes took part rich peasants are, however, beginning in the revolutionary process before to go over to support of the counter­ January 1959. The broad alliance revolution. ranged from the revolutionary prole­ The revolutionary power is that tariat to the national bourgeoisie and of the workers and peasants, a power even some large landowners, the so­ which expresses the democratic rule called liberals. They were certainly of the people in Cuban society. Today against the Batista tyranny, but in the the revolution is rooted in the work­ measure that the forces underwent ing class and the great majority of polarisation, in the measure that the the peasants. The class that is de­ revolution grew stronger, so these cisive numerically, the proletariat, and "friends" on the right drew back. the decisive sections of the peasantry The class forces that are leading and the small bourgeoisie, are firmly the revolution forward can be de­ behind the revolution. Though the find as follows: the decisive force of range of classes in the revolution has the revolution, before and after it was narrowed, the support of the masses victorious, was and is the working for the revolution is as unlimited as class and the poor section of the pea­ it was in the nrst stage. sants. The alliance of the workers and Today the consolidation of the revo­ peasants is and remains the founda­ lutionary forces throughout the coun­ tion of the revolutionary power. The small bourgeoisie of the town, try is growing stronger, and this is especially its radical sections, has the guarantee that, under Fidel Cas­ played a part and will continue to tro's leadership, the revolutionary play a part, and likewise the middle movement will continue to go for­ peasants can still play a part. Some ward.

Of the Poor, by the Poor, for the Poor By FIDEL CASTRO

On April 16, the day before the inva­ also because they know that this sc>­ sion of Cuba" Fidel Castro spoke at cialist revolution is going to be de­ the funeral of the victims of the air fended with the courage with which raids which preceded the invasion. We our anti-aircraft gunners made sieves publish below the English text of his out of the attacking invaders. This re­ address. volution is not going to be defended by mercenaries. It is going to be THEY HATE US because we are defended by men and women of the ready to defend the revolution with people! those guns, those rifles and machine Who has the weapons? Are they guns, you have in your hands! And in the hands of mercenaries? Are 30 Marxist Review they being held by millionaires? The two machines and most of the enemy fact is that mercenary and millionaire craft were badly damaged or shot are two of a kind. Are these arms in down. the hands of the spoiled boys of the Here, facing the graves of our fall­ rich familie!?? Are they being handled en comrades, close to the remains of by the overseers? No! Who is holding these young heroes, the children of these weapons? Whose hands are rais­ poor people, by the dead bodies of ing these weapons? Are they the hands these victims, let us reaffirm our deci­ of the rich? Are they the hands of sion to emulate them. Let us swear exploiters? No, they are not' Whose that just as they presented their young hands are they? Are they not workers' breasts to the enemy's bullets, just as hands? Are they not peasants' hands? they offered their lives, so will we, Are they not hands toughened by hard no matter when or how the mercen­ work? Are they not creative hands? aries may come. All of us, immensely Are they not the hands of the humble, proud of our revolution, proud to de­ of the poor, of the people? fend this revolution of the poor, by And what makes up the majority the poor and for the poor, will not of the people? The millionaires or hesitate, will not waver and will not the workers? The exploiters or the ex­ be stopped, no matter who they are ploited? The privileged or the humble? or how many they are. We will shed Are the arms in the hands of the our last drop of blood. priviledged? No, they are held by the Long live the working class! Long poor, by the under-privileged! Are the live the peasants! Long live the poor! privileged in a majority? Is a revolu­ Long live the martyrs of the Father­ tion in which the poor have arms a land. Long live the socialist revolu­ democratic one? Comrades, workers tion! Long live liberty for Cuba! and peasants: this is a socialist and Fatherland or Death! We will win! democratic revolution of the poor and To battle! Let us sing the national the humble, for the poor and the anthem. humble! And for this revolution of • • the poor, by the poor and for the Comrades, all units must go to the poor we are more than ready; we quarters of their respective battalions are anxious to give our lives! in view of the mobilization ordered ** * to keep the whole country on the Workers and peasants, men and wo­ alert. In face of the imminence of men of the Fatherland: Do you swear the aggression that can he expected that you will defend with your last after all the events of the last few drop of blood this revolution of the weeks, and from the cowardly attack poor, by the poor and for the poor? of yesterday, let us march to the mi­ litia headquarters, let us form our Fellow workers and peasants of the battalions and make ready to face Fatherland: yesterday's raids were the enemy, with the National An­ only a prelude, a preliminary to the them on our lips, the words of that full-fledged aggression by the mer­ patriotic song: "to die for one's coun­ cenaries. Yesterday's attack, 'which try is to live forever! To live in cost the lives of seven heroes, was chains is to live in shame and de­ designed to destroy our ground in­ gradation! " stallations and the aircraft parked in Let us march to our respective bat­ them - though of course, they failed. talions, and once there, await orders, The enemy managed to destroy only comrades! September-October, 1961 31 Dreams and Realities

By Y. ABRAMOV

NOTE: The Communist Party of the ism from a science is becoming a real­ Soviet Union, having carried out the ity. Even now the Soviet people are by Program of 1903, and of 1919, is now dis­ their very deeds taking part in this cussing its third Program-the Program historical turning point. of the building of the first communist Dream. society, about which Man has dreamed Science. for so lang. In a recent issue of Com­ Reality. munist, the political journal of the These are not only three stages in C.P.S.U., the following article appeared the development of communism, three which will be of great interest to those decisive landmarks along its historical who are studying the epic march of the path; they are also three highly signi­ Soviet people. The article has been ficant aspects of the communist move­ specially translated by L. M. for Marx­ ment today which give it its scope, ist Review. scale and dynamism.

COMMUNISM has a long and glorious OOmmunism as a Dream history. Its origins were in a dream­ COMMUNISM IS A social ideal, a con­ the working people's dream of a happy ception of the society which commun­ life, of a perfect social order, a dream ists are striving to construct; a con­ which in the faraway past often assum­ ception of the final -aim of the commun­ ed the shape of a communist ideal: the ist movement. In this sense the dream razing of property distinctions, the ap­ is not a remnant of the past "belly" pearance of common property in the stage of the development of commun­ means of production and work for the ism. On the contrary, it is communism's common good. And so, for thousands of natural and inseparable element, which years, communism lived in folklore and today gives the communist movement legend, and then in Utopias described enormous inner strength. Why? Pri­ by the most advanced people of their marily because the communist ideal times in which pictures were drawn of embodies the aspirations of the major­ the treasured hopes of the millions. ity of mankind, its dream of a better A century ago communism became life. transformed from ·a dream to a science If millions of ordinary people were -the knowledge of the laws that govern to be asked: What does mankind need life and social development and which now, more than anything else?, we lead to the conquest of the ideal through would receive many different answers. struggle to bring it into being. That But, on separating them out, we would was a magnificent event, a scientific most certainly discover that amidst all 1eap by Marx and Engels, a feat with­ the various answers one theme would out parallel in the history of human stand out plainly: a dream of a happy thought. future which, in one way or another, It has happily fallen to our genera­ wholly or in its main features, would tion to live in the epoch when commun- coincide with the communist ideal: 32 Marxist Review -a future free from war and emnity ideal arouses among the millions. It between peoples; is one of the greatest sources of its -a future without poverty or forced strength. labor; It is not accidental that the bour­ -a future free from social injustice geoisie long ago stopped scoffing at and political, national or any other kind "communist dreamers". Skeptical of oppression; smiles have given place to unconcealed -a future in which every human fear 'and panic. More than ever the being could enter into all the joys of bourgeois politicians and ideologists de­ life, develop his potentialities and apply bate the problem: how can we counter­ them in free, creative work; act the power of attraction of the communist ideal? -a future in which relationships between people would be those of John Foster Dulles, one of the main mutual respect, brotherhood and co­ strategists of the "cold war", often operation, and not a bitter struggle for spoke about this with great alarm. He existence. warned that communism could be Of course, many who think in this fought only with the help of "conscious way would not dare to utter the word­ ideas and high ideals". The same alarm communism. But what of it? The hero runs through the speeches of Nixon, of one of Moliere's plays never guessed Stevenson and many other American that he spoke prose until he finally public figures and their fears are found it out accidentally. Millions of echoed by bourgeois theoreticians in people who are still deceived by bour­ other capitalist countries. geois propaganda and held in ignorance We have before us the latest number and darkness, also will learn that com­ of the influential West German official munism is the realization of their weekly paper, Das Parliament. It gives dream. But they will learn this not a special heading to an article by Prof. through a happy accident; life will lead George Smolka entitled, "The Western them inevitably to such a conclusion. Reply to the Challenge of the East". The power of the communist ideal, He writes: "The greatest danger to therefore, lies in the fact that it cor­ the West is not the material strength of responds to the vital strivings of all the East ... It lies in its messianic people who labor, and at the same time will and its consequent response to the is the loftiest and boldest dream of aspirations to freedom among many human happiness. Western peoples." The ideal of a There is nothing in this ideal which is "classless and stateless society", says beyond the grasp of people because its this West German philosopher, is the roots are in the very thick of life. "shock force" of communism. He con­ Communism is not the private ideal of cludes that unless an answer is found solitary heroes, ascetics or hermits, to this challenge "the historic power but of the simple, earthly man, of the of the West will not avail to maintain masses. or reconquer even its superiority in the There are, of course, many kinds of material, scientific or industrial-techni­ dreams. Some lull and weaken a man cal fields." and take his thoughts far away from But what can the the modern bour­ earthly things. Others inspire a will to geoisie counterpose to the communist struggle, a passionate desire to win the ideal? Their visiO'l1 of the future as it desired aim, a readiness to act. They arises from their world outlook? No. are the feelings which the communist Such an "ideal" would only alienate September..()ctober, 1961 33 people. Because it reflects the position structive changes in the lives of hun­ of capitalism on the historical arena dreds of millions of people throughout and the approaching complete shatter­ the world." Mr. McCloy's proposal is ing of its rule, the modern bourgeois "to remind others" about the revolu­ world outlook is saturated with prem­ tionary traditions of the U.S.A. lIn re­ onitions of doom, pessimistic ideas and cent months his suggestion has been doubts about the future. These are cer­ taken up word for word by other !Amer­ tainly powerless weapons in the strug­ ican leaders, who are reminding every­ gle against the ideals of communism. body about the revolutionary traditions Prof. 'Smolka puts his trust in worn­ of the U.S.A. and how it must again be out Christian dogmas and thinks that if looked upon as the "forge of revolu­ they were renovated and adapted to the tionary ideas and effort:' situation, they could arm the West with Of course the American people have a similarly attractive social ideal. What glorious revolutionary traditions. But sort of an ideal? Once more heaven in imperialist policies haven't the slightest another world, instead of a humane life thing to do with them. This is not only on earth? Or that platonic love for one's because the democratic bourgeoisie of neighbor which has been repeated at the 19th Century was not the monopoly ohuroh altars for hundreds and thouSr capital of the middle of the 20th, or ands of years but which prevented that McCarthy was not Thomas Paine neither war, nor exploitation, nor op­ or Eisenhower is not Jefferson. :me pression, nor the most monstrous in­ main thing is something else entirely: justices? attitudes to a revolution are not limited But the leaders of the modern bour­ to declarations at the microphone or geoisie ,are too practical and careful to at the writing table, but 'are proved by rely on such recipes. Only one thing 'actions. The socialist and national-lib­ remains for them to do: to fabricate eration revolutions of recent decades a false ideal by means of borrowed have presented enough possibilities for slogans which are alien even to them­ such proof. How they are utilized by the selves, stolen from anyone at all, even U.S. government was shown convincing­ from the accursed communists. And so ly enough in Cuba. myths have arisen about "the free No, social ideals cannot be bought, world", plans for "universal well-being" borrowed or exchanged. The modern and even for a "classless society" imperialist bourgeoisie have no pro­ which, to say the least, sound comical gressive ideas with which to rally the coming from the lips of the defenders masses around them. Their aims repel of the monopolies. At times matters go wide sections of the population while so far that some imperialist spokesmen their actions arouse the just indigna­ put a stamp of approval on the idea of tion of working people. That is why ... revolution. the bourgeoisie have nothing to coun­ James McCloy, an outstanding Amer­ terpose to the communist ideal save ican political and military figure, now hypocrisy, while the communist ideal one of the President's advisers, quite grows out of the very heart of the seriously develops such 'a thought. "We emancipation movement of the working usually regard the Soviet Union," he class 'and of 'all people who labor, all grieves, "as a revolutionary power in the oppressed. 'It appears to them not the modern world. U we concede that, as a mere good intention hut as a real we risk permitting the Soviet to become a,im, towards whose conquest the laws the symbol and inspiring ideal of con- of history guide them. 34 Marxist Review Communism as a Science living conditions of working people in a DREAMS AND IDEALS can be a society of exploitation. In their con­ powerful force. History gives many in­ tent, these ideas are a form of reac­ stances when they inspired great mass tion to that poverty and those burdens movements for decisive action in bitter which fall to the lot of laboring people struggles. But groundless dreams and in such a society. The ideal of peace inaccessible ideals always proved to be could never have been born had human­ temporary weapons. Their power soon ity not known the terrors of war; the became exhausted, their lustre dimmed. ideal of well-being could not have From torches calling to battle they arisen if humanity had not suffered became smouldering brands giving from hunger and beggary; the ideal of neither heat nor light. Did not that freedom would not have spread had happen to the ideals of the young there been no slavery or oppression. bourgeoisie who promised the people Communism does not postulate an liberty, fraternity and equality, but gave automatic solution of all human proD­ them instead the dictatorship of money­ lems in general {they will always bags and the merciless despotism of arise, and unless they did society would capital? stand still) but only those problems Communism is different from all which life puts before people in an other mass movements because it de­ exploitative society. Is it strange that pends not only on human desires, hopes their solution, at a time when the laws and faith, but on knowledge. By means of history have put on the order of of the great discoveries, themselves the day the liquidation of an exploita­ preceded by the development of science tive society, becomes both possible and and society, which were made by the unavoidable? noble thinkers Marx, Engels 'and Lenin, Communism became a science when it was proved that the society about it was discovered that the laws of his­ which men had so long dreamed, one tory lead capitalism to its doom and without exploitation or poverty, injus­ create the conditions for the creation tice or oppression, was not a Utopia on its ruins of ·a new society in which but the inevitable next stage, after social property in the means of produc­ capitalism, in the historical develop­ tion will dominate. It is just this trans­ ment of humanity. formation (finding expression in Proved? One can already see the scientific language in several prin­ skeptical smirks on the faces of the ciples) which constitutes the radical critics of communism. Why, they might change in the life of humanity and the ask, are the boldest human dreams, realization of all that working people which so far have been proven to be have dreamed about for so long. illusory, suddenly "proved" to be real­ For Marxist-Leninist science has istic, awaiting people at the next turn proved incontrovertibly that all the of history? What is this-an accident, social and political poverty to which the a happy coincidence, or a communist people who labor in an exploitative propaganda trick? society are sentenced, is nothing less No, it is neither an accident nor a than the consequence of private owner­ trick. Working people's dreams of a ship and the exploitation of man by happy future and their ideals are not man. born in a vacuum. As with all ideas Having become a science, commun­ they have their roots in the social con­ ism took on enormous strength, and not ditions of life. and in particular in the only because its ideal, resting as it does September-October, 1961 35 on the 'firm grounds of reality, inspires seen in the existence and victories of new confidence, resoluteness and firm­ the world socialist system and in the ness in the hearts of all who participate progressive decline of capitalism which in the movement. Science is in the high­ has now assumed the form of grave est degree the active, real side of general crisis. c.ommunism, its sharpest weapon in ** * the struggle of the working class and of FINALLY, communist scientific theory all working people. Its task is not only makes it possible to work out correct to explain, but to transform the world. policies and tactics. This is one of the The scientific theory of the commun­ "secrets" of the communist movement ists arm the working class with a which explains many of the successes knowledge of its world-historic mission it achieved in very complicated and un­ -to liquidate capitalism and build a favorable conditions, at times. In other classless society. This knowledge re­ words, communism as a science gives leases enormous creative energies hid­ the labor movement and all progressive den in the proletariat 'and helps it to forces a scientifically-based program of become conscious of itself as a class action which takes into account all the and approaoh the :fulfillment of its his­ turns of history, all the pecularities and toric task-the revolutionary transfor­ possibilities of a given epoch, as well mation of society. as the concrete situation in each coun­ Communist scientific theory also try. makes it possible to foresee events. Herein lies the distinguishing feature This is a strong weapon in the working­ of the programmatic documents of the class struggle. It gives the working communist and workers' parties, ,as was class an advantage which other social shown at their conference in Moscow groups cannot possess because they are last November. The documents they destined to act in the dark and often adopted are a realiable scienHfic-theo­ are the playthings of social forces to retioal guide to the world communist which they are blind. movement in the present situation. Of course the bourgeoisie also tries This year the communist movement to create its own social science and is being enriched by a new and highly penetrate into the mysterious future. important programmatic document­ But what are its prophesies worth? the program of the Communist 'Party For many years bourgeoisie science has of the Soviet Union. This is specially said that capitalism was about to be significant because it is the program of relieved of its sundering contradictions, a party which communists the world its blemishes - crises, unemployment over look upon as the vanguard of their and class struggle. But reality merci­ movement. Over many decades it fell to lessly upsets these prognostications. the lot of the C.P.S.U. to decide ques­ And how often bourgeois philosophers, tions which sooner or later other par­ sociologists and economists predict the ties will face. It is natural that all end of socialism. But it lives and grows communists value highly the experience and wins one success after another. of the C.P.S.U. and its contribution to Only Marxism-Leninism, the science the development of Marxist-Leninist of the working class, enables us to see theory. the course of events in advance. Now Marxist science is the science of the we can say, with full conviction: yes, practical, transforming activities of the history is really developing as Marx masses, which means that it develops said it would, and proof of that can be constantly, embodying the experience 36 M.arxist Review of the struggle and the achievements munism, and by this means knowledge of human thought. Only in this way can is disclosed. Communism is strong be­ it be the science of communism, of cause it arms the millions with such the movement that is called upon to knowledge. And so, communist ideas bring about the radical transformation are becoming transformed, and indeed of society and of all human life. There­ have been already transformed, into a fore, the advance of such a science re­ mighty material force which is chang­ quires the steady creative efforts of ing the world. the party, impatience with ossified dog­ matic thoughts and vigilance towards Communism as Reality revisionist attempts to distort Marxist­ THE SOCIAL ideal of a happy life Leninist teachings. which has filled workingmen's dreams, Communist science is not limited to and the scientific theory to light up the the basic propositions of Marxist phil­ path to the realization of these dreams osophy, the materialist

42 Marxist Review The Moral Un-Neutrality of Science

By C. P. SNOW

This address by Sir Charles Percy I think there is just a little in it. The Snow, C.B.E., F.R.S.L., was given at moral qualities I admire in scientists the 127th meeting of the American are quite simple ones, but I am very Association for the Advancement of suspicious of attempts to over-subtilize Science in New York. moral qualities. It is nearly always a sign, not of true sophistication, but of a SCIENTISTS ARE the most important specific kind of triviality. So I admire occupational group in the world today. in scientists very simple virtues, like At this moment, what they do is of courage, truth-telling, kindness-which, passionate concern to the whole of judged by the low standards which the human society. At this moment, the rest of us manage to achieve, the scien­ scientists have little influence on the tists are not deficient in. I think on the world-effect of what they do. Yet poten­ whole the scientists make slightly bet­ tially, they can have great influence. ter husbands and fathers than most of The rest of the world is frightened both us, and I admire them for it. I don't of what they do-that is, of the intel­ know the figures, and I should be cur­ lectual discoveries of science-and of ious to have them sorted out, but I am its effect. The rest of the world, trans­ prepared to bet that the proportion of ferring its. fears, is frightened of the divorces among scientists is slightly scientists themselves, and tends to but significantly less than that among think of them as radically different other groups of similar education and from other men. income. I do not apologize for consider­ As an ex-scientist, if I may call my­ ing that a good thing. self so, I know that is nonsense. I A close ·friend of mine is a very have even tried to express in fiction distinguished scientist. He is also one some kinds of scientific temperament of the few scientists I know who has and scientific experience. I know well lived what we used to call a Bohemian enough that scientists are very much life. When we were both younger, he like other men. After all, we are all thought he would undertake historical human, even if some of us don't give research to see how many great scien­ that appearance. I think I would be tists had been as fond of women as he prepared to risk a generalization. The was. I think he would have felt mildly scientists I have known, and because supported if he could have found a of my official life I have known as precedent. I remember him reporting to many as anyone in the world, have me that his research hadn't had any been in certain respects just perceptibly luck. The really great scientists seem­ more morally admirable than most ed to vary from a few neutral char­ other groups of intelligent men. ·acters to a large number who were de­ That is a sweeping statement, and I pressingly "normal." The only gleam mean it only in a statistical sense. But of comfort was to be found in the life September-October, 1961 43 of Jerome Cardan; and Cardan wasn't wrong. Yet we nearly all feel intuitively anything like enough to outweigh all that the invention of comfortable cate­ the others. gories is a moral trap. It is one of the So scientists are not much different easier methods of letting the conscience from other men. They are certainly no rust. It is exactly what the early 19th worse than other men. But they do century economists, such as Ricardo, differ from other men in one thing. did in the face of the facts of the first That is the point I started with. Whe­ industrial revolution. We wonder now ther they like it or not, what they do how men, intelligent men, can have is of critical importance for the human been so morally blind. We realize how race. Intellectually, it has transformed the exPOsure of that moral blindness the climate of our time. Socially, it gave Marxism its apocalyptic force. wiII decide whether we live or die, and We are now, in the middle of the scien­ how we live or die. It holds decisive tific or second industrial revolution, in powers for good and evil. That is the something like the same position as situation in which the scientists find Ricardo. Are we going to let our con­ themselves. They may not have asked science rust? Can we ignore that in­ for it, or only have -asked for it in part, timation we nearly all have, that scien­ but they cannot escape it. They think, tists have a unique responsibility? Can many of the more sensitive of them, we believe it, that science is morally that they don't deserve to have this neutral? weight of responsibility heaved upon To me - it would be dishonest to them. All they want to do is to get on pretend otherwise - there is only one with their work. I sympathize. But the answer to those questions. Yet I have scientists can't escape the responsibil­ been brought up in the presence of the ity-any more than they, or the rest of same intellectual categories as most us, can escape the gravity of the western scientists. It would also be dis­ moment in which we stand. honest to pretend that I find it easy to There is of course one way to con­ construct a rationale which expresses tract out. It has been a favourite way what I now believe. The best I can for intellectual persons caught in the hope for is to fire a few sighting shots. mids.t of water too rough for them. Perhaps someone who sees more clear­ ly than I can wiII come along and make In consists of the invention of cate­ a real job of it. gories-or, if you like, of the division ••• of moral labor. That is, the scientists LET ME BEGtN. by a remark which who want to contract out say we pro­ seems some way off the point. Anyone duce the tools. We stop there. It is for who has ever done any science knows you, the rest of the world, the politi­ }row much aestheNc joy he has obtain­ cians, to say how the tools are used. ed. That is, in the actual activity of The tools may be used for purposes 'Science, in the process of making a dis­ which most of us would regard as bad. covery, however humble it is, one can't If so, we are sorry. But as scientists, help feeling an awareness of beauty. that is no concern of ours. The subjective experience, the aesthetic This is the doctrine of the ethical satisfaction, seems exactly the same as neutrality of science. I can't accept it the satisfaction one gets from writing a for an instant. I don't believe any poem or a novel, or composng a piece scientist of serious feeling can accept of music. I don't think anyone has it. It is hard, some think, to find the succeeded in distinguishing between precise statements which wiII prove it them. The literature of scientific dis- 44 Marxist Review covery is full of this aesthetic joy. The Applied science has its beauties, which very best communication of it that I are, in my view, identical in nature. know comes in G. H. Hardy's book, The magnetron has been a marvellously A Mathematician's Apology. Graham useful device: but it was a beautiful Greene once said he thought that device, not exactly apart from its along with Henry James' preface, utility, but because it did, with such this was the best 'account of the ar­ supreme economy, precisely what it tistic experience ever written. But one was designed to do. Right down in the meets the same thing all over the his­ field of development, the aesthetic ex­ tory of science. Bolyai's great yell of perience is as real to engineers. When triumph when he saw he could con­ they forget it, when they begin to de­ struct a self-consistent, non-Euclidean sign heavy-power equipment about geometry; Rutherford's revelation to his twice as heavy as it need be, engineers colleagues that he knew what the atom are the first to know that they are was like; Darwin's slow, patient, tim­ lacking virtue. orous certainty that at last he had got there: all these are voices, different * * * voices, of aesthetic ecstasy. THERE IS NO doubt, then, about the aesthetic content of science both in That is not the end of it. The result B~t of the activity of science, the actual the activity and the result. aesthe­ finished piece of soientific work, has an tics has no connection with morals, say aesthetic value in itself. The judgments the categorizers: I don't want to waste passed on it by other scientists will time on peripheral issues-but are you more often than not be expressed in quite sure of that? Or is it possible aesthetic terms. "That's beautiful!" or, that these categories are inventions to "That really is very pretty!" (as the make us evade the human and social understanding English tend to say.) conditions in which we now exist? But The aesthetics of scientific constructs, let us move straight on to something like the aesthetics of works of art, are else, which is right in the grain of the variegated. We think some of the great activity of science, and which is at the syntheses, like Newton's, beautiful be­ same time quintessentially moral. I cause of their classical simplicity; but mean, the desire to find the truth. we see a different kind of beauty in the By truth, I don't intend anything relativistic extension of the wave-equa­ complicated, once again. I am using tion, or the interpretation of the struc­ the words as a scientist uses it. We all ture of D.N.A., perhaps because of the know that the philosophical examina­ touch of unexpectedness. Scientists tion of the concept of empirical truth know their kinds of beauty when they gets us into some curious complexities; see it. They are suspicious, and scien­ but most scientists really don't care. tific history shows they have always They know that the truth, as they use been right to have been so, when a the word, and as the rest of us use ·it subject is in an "ugly" state. For ex­ in the language of common speech, is ample, most physicists would feel in what makes science work. That is good their bones that the present bizarre enough for them. On it rests the assembly of nuclear particles, as whole great edifice of modern science. grotesque as a stamp-collection, can't They have a sneaking sympathy for possibly be, in the long pun, the last Rutherford who, when asked to exam­ word. ine the philosophical bases of science, We should not restrict the aesthetic was inclined to reply, as he did to the values to what we call "pure" science. metaphysician Samuel Alexander: September-October, 1961 45 "Well, what have you been talking all of the total number of scientists. In­ your life, Alexander? Just hot air! cidentally, the effect on science of such Nothing but hot air!" frauds is also vanishingly small. Science Anyway, truth in their own straight­ is a self-correcting system. That is, no forward sense is what the scientists are fraud (or honest mistake) is going to trying to find. They want to find what stay undetected for long. There is no is there. 'Without that desire, there is need for an extrinsic scientific critic­ no science. It is the driving force of ism, because criticism is inherent in the the whole 'cIctivity. It compels the process itself. So that all that a fraud scientist to have an overriding respect can do is waste the time of the scien­ for truth, every stretch of the way. tists who have to clear it up. That is, if you're going to find what is The remarkable thing is not the hand­ there, you mustn't deceive yourself or ful of scientists who deviate from the anyone else. You musn't lie to your­ search for truth, but the overwhelming self. At the crudest level, you musn't numbers who keep to it. That is a fake your experiments. demonstration, absolutely clear for Curiously enough, scientists do try anyone to see, of moral behaviour on to behave like that. A short time 'cIgo, a very large scale. I wrote a novel in which the story We take it for granted. Yet it is very hinged on a case of scientific fraud. important. It differentiates science in its But I made one of my characters, who widest sense (which includes scholar­ was himself a very good scientist, say ship) from -all other intellectual activ­ that, considering the opportunities and ities. There is a built-in moral com­ temptations, it is astonishing how few ponent right in the core of the scien­ such cases there are. We have all heard tific activity itself. The desire to find of perhaps half a dozen open and the truth is itself a moral impulse, or notorious ones, which are on the rec­ at least contains a moral impulse. The ord for anyone to read-ranging from way in which a scientist tries to find the "discovery" of the L-Radiation to the truth imposes on him a constant the singular episode of the Piltdown moral discipline. We say a scientific Man. conclusion-such as the contrdiction of parity by Lee and Yang-is "true" in We have all, if we have lived any the limited sense of scientific truth, time in the scientific world, heard pri­ just as we say that it is "beautiful" vate talk of something like another according to the criteria of scientific dozen cases which for various reasons aesthetics. We also know that to reach are not yet public property. In some this conclusion took a set of actions of these cases, we know the motives which would have been useless without for the cheating. Sometimes but not the moral nature. That is, all through always, sheer personal advantage, such the marvellous experiments of Dr. Wu as getting money or a job. But not and her colleagues., there was the con­ always. A special kind of vanity has stant moral exercise of seeing and tell­ led more than one man into scientific ing the truth. To scientists, who are faking. At a lower level of research, brought up in this climate, this seems they are presumably some more cases. as natural as breathing. Yet it is a There must have been occasional Ph.D. wonderful thing. Even if the scientific students who scraped by with the help activity contained only this one moral of a bit of fraud. component, that alone would be enough But the total number of all these to let us say that it was morally un­ men is vanishingly small by the side neutral. 46 M.arxist Review But is ,this the only moral compon­ world that lived on a plane above the ent? All scientists would -agree about nation-state, and lived there with joy. the beauty and the truth. In the wes­ That was at least as true of those two tern world, they wouldn't agree on' other great men. Niels Bohr 'and much more. Some will feel with me, in Franck-and some of that spirit rubbed what I am going to say. Some will not. off on to the pupils round them. The That doesn't affect me much, except same was true of the Roman school of that I am worried by the growth of an physics. attitude I think very dangerous, a kind The personal links within this interna­ of technological conformity disguished tional world were very close. It is worth as cynicism. I shall say a little more remembering that Peter Kapitza, who about that later. As for disagreement, was a loyal Soviet citizen, honoured G. H. Hardy used to comment that a my country by working in Rutherford's serious man ought not to waste his laboratory for many years. He became time stating a majority opinion-there a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow are plenty of others to do that. That of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the was the voice of classical scientific founder and king-pin of the best physics non-conformity. 'I wish that we heard club Cambridge has known. He never it more often. gave up his Soviet citizenship and is * * now director of the Institute of Physical LET ME COL'LECT some grounds for Problems in Moscow. Through him a hope. Any of us who were doing science generation of English scientists came before 1933 can remember what the to have personal knowledge of their atmosphere was like. It is a terrible Russian colleagues. These exchanges bore_ when men in their fifties speak were then, and have remained, more 'about the charms of their youth. Yet valuable than all the diplomatic ex­ I am going to irritate you - just as changes ever invented. Talleyrand irritated his juniors - by The Kapitza phenomenon couldn't saying that unless one was on the scene before 1933, one hasn't known take place now. I hope to live to see the sweetness of the scientific life. The the day when a young Kapitza can once scientific world of the Twenties was as more work for sixteen years in Berke­ near a full-fledged international com­ ley or Cambridge, and then go 'back to munity as we are likely to get. Don't an eminent place in his own country. think I'm saying that the men involved When that can happen, we are all were superhuman or free from the or­ right. But after the idyllic years of dinary frailties. That wouldn't come world science, we passed into a tem­ well from me, who have spent a frac­ pest -of history: and by an unfortunate tion of my writing life pointing out coincidence, we passed into a technolog- that scientists are, first and foremost, ical tempest too. - men. But the atmosphere of the scien­ The discovery of atomic fission broke tific Twenties was filled with an air of up the world of international physics. benevolence and magnanimity, which "This has killed a beautiful subject," transcended the Deople who lived in it. Anyone who ever spent a week in said Mark Oliphant, the father-figure Cambridge or Gottingen or Copenhagen of Australian physics, in 1945, after felt it all round him. Rutherford had the bombs had dropped. In ~ntellectual very human faults, but he was a great terms, he has not turned ou~ right. in man with abounding human generosity. spiritual and moral terms, I someti.mes For him the world of science was a think he has. September-October, 1961 47 A good deal of the international that they didn't realize it, of the full community of science remains in other scientific life. Not intellectually. I see fields-in great areas of biology, for no evidence that scientific work on example. Many biologists are feeling weapons of maximium destruction has the same liberation, the same joy at been in any intellectual respect different taking part in a magnanimous enter- from other scientific work. But there prise, as physicists felt in the Twenties. is a moral difference. More than likely, the moral and intel- It may be--scientists who are better lectual leadership of science will pass men than I am often take this attitude, to biologists, and it is among them we and I have tried to represent it faith­ shall find the Rutherfords, Bohrs and fully in one of my books-that there is Francks of the next generation. a moral price which, in certain circum- Physicists have had a bitterer task. ~ta?ces, has to be pa.id. Nevertheles~, With the discovery of fission, and with It IS no good pr~tendmg .that there IS some technical break-throughs in elec- not a mora~ prIce. Soldl~rs have _ ~o tronics, physicists became, almost obey..That I~ the foundation o~ tlielr oevrnight, the most important military moralio/..It IS not. the f?Un?atlOn of resource a nation-state could call on. A the sCIentific moralIty SCIentIsts have large number of physicists became to qU,estion and if n~cessary to rebel. soldiers not in uniform. So they have I don t wa~t to be mlsundersto<>:d. I am remained in the advanced societies no anarchISt. I am not suggestmg that ever sinc~. ' loyalty is not a prime virtue. I am not saying that all rebellion is good. But >I< * >I< I am saying that loyalty can easily IT IS VERY DIFFICULT to see what tum into conformity, and that conform­ else they could have done. All this ity can often be a cloak for the timid began in the Hitler War. Most scien­ and self-seeking. So can obedience, tists thought then that Nazism was as carried to the limit. When you think of near absolute evil as a human society the long and gloomy history of man, can manage. I myself thought so. I you will find far more, and far more still think so, without qualification. That hideous crimes, have been committed being so, Nazism had to be fought, and in the name of obedience than have since the Nazis might make fission ever been committed in the name of bombs-which we thought possible until rebellion. If you doubt that, read 1944, and which was a continual night­ William Shirer's Rise and F.all of the mare if one was remotely in the know Third Reich. The German officer corps -well then, we had to make them too. were brought up in the most rigorous Unless one was an unlimited pacifist, code of obedience. To themselves, no there was nothing else to do. And un­ more honorable and God-fearing body limited pacifism is a position which of men could conceivably exist. Yet in most of us cannot sustain. the name of obedience, they were party Therefore I respect, and to a large to, and assisted in, the most wicked extent share, the moral attitudes of hrge-scale actions in the history of those scientists who devoted themselves the world. to making the bomb. But the trouble Scientists must not go that way. Yet is, when you get on to any kind of the duty to question is not much of a moral escalator, to know whether support when you are living in the mid­ you're ever going to be 'able to get off. Ide of an organized society. I speak When scientists became soldiers, thej with feeling here. 'I was an official for gave up something, so imperceptibly twenty years. I went into official life 48 Marxist Review at the beginning of the war, for the dozen or more states, it will only take reasons my scientific friends began to perhaps six years, perhaps less. Even make weapons. I stayed in that life un­ the best-informed oJ us always exag­ til a year ago, for the same reason gerate these periods. that made my scientific friends turn This we know, with the certainty of into civilian soldiers. The official life - what shall I call it? - engineering in England is not quite so disciplined truth. We also most of us are familiar as a soldier's, but it is very nearly so. with statistics and the nature of odds. I think I know the virtues, which are We know, with the certainty of statis­ very great, of the men who live that tical truth, that if enough of these disciplined life. I also know what for weapons are made,-by enough differ­ me was the moral trap. I, too, had got ent states-some oJ them are going to on to an escalator. I can put the re­ blow up. Through accident, or folly, or sult in a sentence: I was coming to madness-but the motives don't mat­ hide behind the institution, I was los­ ter. What does matter is the nature ing the power to say no. of the statistical fact. Only a very bold man, when he is a All this we know. We know it in a member of an organized society, can more direct sense than any politician keep the power to say no. I tell you because it comes from our direct ex­ that, not being a very bold man, or perience.

50 Marxist Review Leadership

By NORMAN BETHUNE

Twenty-three years ago, on Septem­ used to think of it as "your" hospital; ber 15, 1938, Dr. Norman Bethune de­ now I think of it as "our" hospital. livered this address at the opening of For between us we have created it. the International Peace Hospital in the We have changed each other, have we Shansi-Charhar-Hopei Border Region. not? We have reacted each to the other, in a dialectical way, I might say; modi­ COMRADES: I thank you for the beau­ fieP each other; and the product of tiful banners you have given to me and our changed relationship is this fine for the kind things you have said about new hospital, the opening of which we me. I feel, as I know you must feel, are celebrating today. From you I that today is an important day in our have learned many valuable lessons. lives and marks a milestone (I should You have shown me a spirit of self­ rather say, ,a Ii stone), on the path that lessness, of working co-operatively, of our hearts and wills are set upon. overcoming great difficulties, ,and I thank you for those lessons. In return The eyes of millions of freedom-lov­ I may have been able to instruct you ing Canadians, Americans and English­ a little in the mastery of technique. men are turned to the East and are fixed with admiration on China in her ** glorious struggle against J apanes.e im­ THE ROAD TO VICTORY is the mas­ perialism. This hospital has been tery of technique and the development equipped by your foreign comrades. I of leaders. It was the adoption of have the honor to have been sent as Western technique that was responsi­ their representative. Do not consider it ble, in part, for the transformation of strange that people like yourself, thirty Japan from a tenth-rate backward thousand Ii away, hali-way around the nation into a great world power in less globe, are helping you. You -and we are than fifty years. Technique, in the internationalists; we recognize no race, hands of the dictators of finance-capi­ no color, 'no language, no national tal, has made Japan the enemy of the boundaries to separate and divide us. world. Technique in the hands of the Japan and the warmongers threaten workers of China will make her a the peace of the world. They must be great power for world peace. defeated. They are obstructing the Must China then copy Japan? Yes, great historical, progressive movement in many ways. We must learn from for a socially organized human society. our enemies; we must imitate them Because the workers and sympathetic in their mastery of technique and liberals of Canada, England and Ameri­ surpass them in that mastery. We must ~a know this they are helping China use that technique for the happiness 10 the defense of this beautiful and and prosperity of the millions and not beloved country. for the enrichment of the few. . It is not many months since I arrived Now the mastery of technique in the 10 the Chin-Cha-Chi Military District Sanitary Service is the learning and to work with you in this hospital. I the using of the technique of healing September-October, 1961 51 our wounded conuades who have one as your own brother or father, fought for us and for whom we, in for he is, in truth, more than either, return, must fight. And the enemies he is your comrade. He must come we fight are death, disease, and de­ first, in all things. If you do not con­ formity. Technique will conquer not sider him above yourself, there is no all, but most of these enemies. place for you in the Sanitary Service. Technique is the term used, in gen­ In fact, there is no place for you in eral, to describe the mastery of materi­ the 8th Route Army at all. als and processes. It is the most There is an old saying in the English improved, the most efficient way of hospitals: "A doctor must have the doing things. It means that instead of heart of a lion and the hand of a lady." being controlled by nature, we control That means he must be bold and cour­ her. So we may talk of the technique ageous, strong, quick and decisive, yet of sweeping a floor and the technique gentle, kind and considerate. That ap­ of the organization of a hospital; the plies to everyone who is engaged in technique of doing a dressing and of treating the sick ,and wounded-doctors, an operation, the technique of washing nurses, orderlies. So be constantly a patient, of lifting him 'and of making thinking of your paients, constantly him comfortable. For each of these asking yourself, "Can I do more to and a thousand other procedures, there help them?" Look for ways of improv­ is a right way and ,a wrong way. The ing your work and mastering your correct way is called "good technique" technique. and the wrong way "bad technique." At first you will need instruction and We must learn the good technique. you will need supervision. So you will need leaders. But you must not get Why must we learn the good tech­ into the habit of being supervised con­ nique? Because good technique in me­ stantly. This is only temporary while dicine and surgery means more quick­ you are learning. You must finally be ly-cured patients, less pain, less dis­ able to supervise your own work. So comfort, less death, less disease and you orderlies-go to your leaders, the less deformity. And all these things chief orderly, the doctors, and the are our job. nurses, and say to them, "What will * * * I do next? Tell me what to do. Am I WE HAVE ONLY one reason to offer, doing this correctly?" When you have one excuse, when our fighting com­ finished the work you have been given rades at the front ask us: "What are to do, go to him again and say, "Give you doing in the anti-Japanese war?" me more work." And after a while, Our answer is, "We are curing the he will get very tired of your insistence, wounds and healing the sick." They and to get rid of you, he'll make you may say, "Are you doing it well?" a nurse. And, when you're ,a nurse, go And we say, "As well as we know how." to the doctor of your team, to your But that last question we must ponder leader, and say, "Show me how to do in our minds ... Are we doing it as this. Am I doing this dressing correct­ well as we might? ly? Is there a better way to do it? What is the duty of ,a doctor, of a What is the reason for this way? Give nurse, of an orderly? There is only me more work to do." Then, he in his one duty. What is that duty? It is the turn will get very tired of you and duty to make our patients happy, to your insistence; indeed, to get rid of help them in their fight back to health you, he'll make you a doctor like him­ and strength. You must consider each self. And, when you're a doctor, go 52 Marxist Review on in the same way making a great The army is hungry for leaders. nuisance of yourself, creating a big Every department is looking for lead­ disturbance with your activities, go ers. It needs leaders more than it around eagerly looking for work. Do needs rifles and food. the work of two or three other doctors, One of the tasks of this hospital is be constantly studying how to improve to develop leaders. And when II say your technique, be cO'Ilstantly thinking leaders, you must not consider I am of the comfort and well-being of your thinking only of generals, colonels, and patients. chairmen o.f districts. No, I am think­ If other doctors go and see their ing of the whole army and the whole patients once a day, or once every district from the big leaders at the other day, you go two or three times so-called top, to the little leaders at the a day to see them. Then, after a while, so-called bottom. But there is, in truth, General Nieh will hear about you and no top and no bottom. he'll make you the chief doctor of one That is a false conception. Our organ­ of the military sub-districts. And there ization is not like a house-settled, you behave as before, constantly dis­ static and still. It is like a globe­ contented with yourself and your work, round, fluid, moving and dynamic. It constantly thinking and planning to is held together like a drop of water, improve the conditions of your patients by the cohesion and cooperation of its and constantly imparting instruction to individual parts. others. Then Comrade Mao Tse-tung So, when I think of leadership, 1 will hear about you and will want to think, principally, of the "little" leader make you the chief of the Sanitary of small units, and not so much o.f the System of the whole 8th Route Army. big leaders of great units. This devel­ Then there will be a friendly fight opment of the "little" leaders is the between Comrade Nieh and Comrade absolute necessity for the revolutionary Mao Tse-tung as to who will have you reorganization of human society into for Comrade Nieh won't want to let autonomously acting, socially conscious you leave his division. individuals. When that has been accom­ * " :;: plished, leaders (like the state itself) NOW, COMRADES, we need technique will gradually disappear. So even and we need leaders to apply that though you need leaders now, and will technique. The ideal is the trained, for a long time to come, you must conscientious technical leader. What are begin to learn not to depend upO'Il (I the qualities such a leader must pos­ mean not to get into the habit of sess? He must possess (1) the ability leaning heavily on) our leaders. Be a to organize, (2) the ,ability to instruct, leader yoursel.f, though you only lead (3) the ability to supervise. yourself, for every leader starts by Organization means planning - plan­ first leading himself· ning as a whole and planning in detail. ** Instruction means the communication 11HOSE OF US who are your leaders now because of our experience, are of that plan to others, the teaching of trying hard to be displaced. We are Correct technique. Supervision means eager for you to take over our jobs and the constant inspection of the progress our responsibilities. Then you will be of the plan, the correction of faults, the able to sit back and admire you (yes, modification of theory by practice. And with friendly envy) for the way you above all-work, work, work. have excelled us. September-October, 1961 53 We need leaders, and especially small You have that energy and that enthusi­ leaders, to act as germinating centres asm-apply them to that great task. to penetrate the whole masses of the No work is small, no work is unim­ people and arouse them to realities and portant. show them the way out of poverty, If one fails in his duty, all suffer in ignorance and misery. It is the lack consequence. If one excels in his work, of small leaders which make dictators all gain as a result. possible, and substitutes instead so-call­ Yet, one last word of warning, Let ed "great men," "great heroes," whom us be on our guard, in spite of our we are asked to admire and worship success, against wishful thinking; and to be led by them like sheep. against self-deception; against the con­ But to return to our particular work. fusion between our desires and our Doctors-instruct and supervise your actual accomplishments. Let us be ruth­ junior doctors, nurses and orderlies: less in our criticism, be cruel to per­ Lead them; show them an example of sonal vanities, be indifferent to age, energy, of self-disregard, of consider­ rank or experience, if these stand in ation. our way. Let all theories be subjected Nurses-instruct your orderlies; lead to the bright clear light of practice. and supervise them; be diligent and Only in this way will our concepts quick; don't talk so much and do more mirror reality. work; do not be so apt to give each * $: * other advice when you know no better LET ME CONCLUDE. I want to thank yourselves. Learn to act independently all who have made this splendid hos­ without the help of a half-dozen others. pital, of which we are so proud. I Don't ask others to do things you can thank the carpenters who have worked do yourself. so hard making the buildings, the In regard to· conferences, they are alterations, the ward furniture; the necessary and good, but only good if iron smith for the Thomas splints. I followed by action. Talk is no substi­ want to praise the doctors, nurses and tute for action. Words were invented orderlies for their splendid work. Es­ by man to describe action. Use them pecially is it just to praise the volunteer for their original purpose. civilian nurses, many of them old in * * * years, whose loving care for the wound­ TODAY WE HAVE accomplished hat ed has been, and is., a daily lesson to we set out to do-the fulfilment of our all of us, in faithfulness and devotion Five-Weeks' Plan of making this hos­ to duty. pital the best in the 8th Route Army. The civilians of the village, both I think it is the best in the 8th Army men and women, have been cooperative and I have seen most of the others. and cheerful in accommodating such But we must not stop here. We must large numbers of wounded and staff in plan and work to make this hospital their houses, often to the great incon­ the best in the entire Chinese National venience of themselves. I want to thank Army of which we are a part. That is the Management Department and Super­ the goal we must set ouselves. It will intendent's Branch. If I would mention take more than five weeks, I assure names, I might mention a dozen worthy you. Can it be done? Yes, I am sure of praise, but I will mention only two. it can. How? By the hard work of One is Comrade Liu, our political direc­ every comrade. It must be don~ co­ tor, for his tireless activity; and operatively, by energy, by enthuslasm. Comrade Tung, my other self, assistant 54 Marxist Review and interpreter, without whose patience, morrow. It is not inevitable; it is not good humor and intelligence, I would self-generating. It must be created by be lost. the blood and the work of all of us * * * who believe in the future; who believe I CANNOT CLOSE without expressing in Man and his glorious Man-made my admiration for the courage and destiny. Only in this way is it inevitable. uncomplaining spirit of our wounded, 'Let us raise our voices so that those both of the 8th Route -Army and the who are lying in the wards and cannot Partisan Detachments. For these there move yet, hear us. is nothing we can do less than to give Comrades, we salute you. We shall them the utmost consideration, care repay your suffering with our loving and skill, in return for what they have care. Before the graves of thos.e who endured and suffered for us. have fallen, whom we have been unable to save, let us say: We shall remember For they have fought, not only for the sacrifices of the dead. the China of today, but that emerging, Our goal is the free China for which great, free, classless, democr·atic Chi· they died. In their memory, in devotion nese Republic of tomorrow which they, to our great cause, let the living and and we, may never live to see. Whether the dying seal our comr·adeship. In they and we will ever live to see that struggle and sacrifice we shall have peaceful and prosperous Republic of one purpose, one thought. Then we will workers doesn't matter. The important be invincible. Then we well know that thing is that both they and we, by our even if we do not live to see it, some actions now, are making that new Re­ day those who come after us will gather public possible, are assisting in its here, as we do today, to celebrate not birth. merely the building 0.£ a model hos.pital, But whether it will be born or not but a great and democratic republic depends on our actions today and to- for the liberated people of China.

of the Manifest Destiny of the United Reviews States to dominate all North America­ an idea on which they had been acting for some decades before it was ex­ Military Relations Between the United pressed-the main problem confronting States and Canada, 1939-45. By Colonel the Canadian people has been their Stanley W. Dziuban. U.S. Army in relations with the U.S. government and World War II. Office of the Chief of with U.S. capital 'and its attempt to Military History, Department of the dominate the hemisphere. Army, Washington, D.C., 1959, 432 pp. This. has been true in good times and $5. in bad; the problem certainly did not disappear during the period of the -anti­ By F. W. P. fascist ·alliance against Hitler, in spite EVER SINCE U.S. expansionists in the of the compelling need for cooperation mid·XIX century formulated the idea for victory. Septembe. -Ot;wber, 1961 55 The facts (or some of them) about capital was in a position to demand and the wartime difficulties are set out from achieve recognition of its actual weight the U.S. point of view in the above vis-a-vis Britain. Hence Mackenzie book by Col. Stanley W. Dziuban, that King, an unhappy warrior, had to forms part of an official U.S. series: struggle both against Churchill's at­ The United States Army in World tempts to turn the clock back and War II. treat "the Empire" as a unit to be Col. Dziuban is often critical of U.S. controlled from London as a make­ actions towards Canada and he appreci­ weight agains.t the U.S. (it has been ates the question of Canadian sovereign­ said that Churchill was temparamen­ ty (the appreciation is sometimes limit­ tally capable of thinking of the domin­ ed) but this criticism of U.S. actions ions as separate countries) and against is essentially from a public relations U.S. pressure to take over Canada and standpoint. He regrets the "unnecessary treat it as a subsidiary. maladroitness" of his government in its Starting even before the U.S. was dealings with Canada; at the same time, directly engaged in the war a s.uc­ with no doubt unconscious arrogance, cession of events took place, all repre­ he notes that it would have been too senting moves by the U.S. to show time-consuming and difficult for him to Canada how the war should be con­ have consulted Canadian source materi­ ducted; all in fact showing how the al for his book, and hence "no attempt independence of Canada could be lost. has been made to use the records of Thus Roosevelt himself (July, 1940) the Canadian government." inquired what problems would be invol­ Some of the problems that Dziuban ved in putting 300,000 U.S. soldiers into discusses had a basis in international the Maritime provinces and discussed law or in U.S. neutrality legislation, (August, 1940) a U.S. air base in the arising from the fact that Canada was Maritimes and a U.S. naval base at at war for some two years and three Yarmouth, N.S. The U.S. proposed to months while the U.S. was in theory take over the patrolling of Hudson Bay neutral. Thus, in 1940, after the fall of (April, 1941), fought hard to secure France, the Canadian Chiefs of Staff had strategic command in Newfoundland to steal incognito into Washington to (May, 1941) and proposed that British meet their U.S. opposite numbers, on Columbia should be placed under U.S. the pretext of lunching with the muni­ strategic direction (January, 1942). tions purchasing mission. Other types These cool proposals reflected not of problem arose from the desire of just military considerations but a Churchill and Roosevelt to keep not only calculated post-war point of view. None the discussion of top policy but the of them were carried out. In all cases whole management of the war in their the U.S. approach was discouraged and own hands and to treat Canada as an repulsed, the more easily since the adjunct of Britain, a concept that Chur­ high degree of emergency on which chill certainly was not opposed to. the U.S. based their proposals did not ** * in fact exist. BUT THE PROBLEMS and difficulties There was at the same time a long had a more substantial base than the and stubborn resistance in Washington vagaries of U.S. neutrality legislation to Canadian participation in the conduct or the administrative methods of two of the war. highly individualistic great men. They Thus Canada was excluded from the arose from the fact that U.S. monopoly Combined Chiefs of Staff; it was not 56 Marxist Review until mid-1942 that a Canadian Joint seems also to have been pessimistic Staff military mission was accepted he was trying to influence the U.S. to in Washington. Canada was kept off give more help in line with urgent the Munitions Assignment Board in pleas he was receiving from Churchill. spite of F.D.R.'s agreement that she Churchill was announcing the determi­ should be a member; her membership nation of Britain to fight to the end on the Combined Food Board was held while warning the U.S. that he could up for more than a year. And Dziuban not be responsible for what a future, gives many other examples. defeated, pro-German British govern­ There is no int-ention here to mini­ ment might do. mize the actual cooperation that was By mid-May Churchill was pleading achieved. After all there was an alli­ with the U.S. to find a way to give ance. The battle was over the nature Britain the fifty over-age World War of this alliance: was it one between I U.S. destroy-ers, tied up, not in use, sovereign states, or was it of the at U.S. ports. This urgent request, felt type that exists between head office by Churchill to be essential to Britain's and subsidiary? The difficulties and the survival, was met by sharp bargain­ resistance to th-e -acceptance of Canada ing on the U.S. side. Agreement was as a partner, even junior, were due not reached until September 3, 1940; to causes much more basic than simple the first eight of the fifty destroyers "maladroitness". What was at stake and ten coast-guard cutters were hand­ was the position of U.S. monopoly ed over at Halifax on September 10 capital in the future. and the transfer was completed in April, 1941. A MAJOR TOPIC that emerges from The stumbling block was the U.S. reading Col. Dziuban's book is the insistence on something in return, story of the panic summer of 1940, something big, in order to protect including the bases-for-destroyers deal, F.D.R from possible impeachment for the Canada-U.S. Permanent Joint Board exceeding his authority. (This is the on Defense and the attitude of a group U.S. side of the story). Finally, in of Canadian intellectuals towards co­ exchange for the destroyers, the British operation with the United States. yielded bases (99-year leases) in the Hitler launched his attack on Den­ Caribbean, Newfoundland and Bermu­ mark and Norway on April 9 of that da, the Newfoundland and Bermuda year; he invaded the Low Countries bases being given "freely and without and France on May 10; the French consideration" in Churchill's words. signed an armistice on June 17. In However necessary it mayor may these circumstances of defeat and dis­ not have been to protect President may, with an invasion of Britain appar­ Roosevelt so completely, in retrospect ently imminent, near-panic arose in the deal must rank, in spite of F.D.R.'s some circles. contribution to victory, as one of the The predominant Washington point of least generous in history on the U.S. view, as can be inferred from Dziuban side. And no-one apparently took into and -as set out in The Mackenzie King account the future of Newfoundland, Record, Vol. I (the edit-ed version of Bermuda and the West Indies. Not the King diaries), was that British much attention was paid to the future collapse was certain. Doubts therefore position of Canada. The U.S., in spite arose about sending help to Britain of local opposition, still clings to some that would only be wasted. While King of these wartime bases. September-October, 1961 57 Even Mackenzie King was shocked Secretary of State for External Affairs, at the U.S. point of view in May, 1940. O. D. Skelton), R. A. Mackay (a mem­ During the negotiations for the destroy­ ber of the Rowell-Sirois Commission), ers a number of highly confidential A. R. M. Lower, George Ferguson. discussions took place between King The theses of the group, as summar­ and Roosevelt. In May and June, Hugh ized by Dziuban, reflect the prevailing Keenleyside, then a ranking Canadian mood of depression and fear resulting diplomat, was sent on several missions from the Hitler victories of April and to Washington to deliver messages to May, 'as well as a fatalistic 'attitude and from F.D.R. (Dziuban re.fers to towards the United States. one "secret mission", the King diaries According to Dziuban, the group to three). argued that Canada, after ten months The U.S. position, as relayed through at war, was still unarmed and weak; Keenleyside to King on May 26, was that the U.S. would be driven by the that Mackenzie King should advise the world emergency to take vigorous British to fight to the last, even if it steps to defend its.elf; that if Canada meant the destruction of Britain; that put too much emphasis on "its inde­ the British fleet should be based away pendence of action," "it might provoke from Britain; and that King George the United States into a strong attitude should be sent to Bermuda. Mackenzie that could threaten the loss of Canadian King, 'according to his diary (Dziuban national identity." Their conclusion is silent on this), "instinctively revolt­ was that the only sensible course of ed" against this proposal, which, he action for Canada was to freely offer felt, was a U.S. attempt "to save itself the U.S. more or less everything it at the expense of Britain." might otherwise demand. According to ** them, to resist U.S. demands would TIUS ATMOSPHERE of near-panic, of lead to disaster, hence the only answer distrust and hard bargaining which is surrender on the best terms possible. prevailed in the summer of 1940 makes The best that can be said for this it easier to understand the attitude of line of thought is that it represented a group of influential Canadian intel­ a realistic appreciation of the forces lectuals towards Canadian-U.S. rela­ behind U.S. policy, of their ruthless­ tions. ness and drive for world power. Dziuban brings out the fact that a The error of the group lay not in group of twenty Canadians - govern­ their appreciation of the United States ment officials, professors, editors, etc. but in their understanding of world -met on July 17-18 and dra.fted a forces. They considered themselves "Program of Immediate Canadian Ac­ realists, looking forward in cold blood tion" something that Dziuban refers to a dark future. Their pessimism to as'"a rather remarkable document." stemmed from limitations in their world He gives only a summary of i~s outlook. The role of the U.S.S.R. was contents and the names of only SIX absent from their thinking as reflected of the twenty signatories: Brooke in Dziuban's summary of their pro­ Claxton (a newly elected M.P. already gram; they failed to consider Soviet marked for advance), Hugh Keenley­ strength and its influence on the course side (of External Affairs, and very of events. Churchill, of course, was much in the know), Alexander Skelton not so blind to reality; his thinking and (secretary of the Rowell-Sirois Com­ plans were based on the idea of a mission and son of the then Under- British-Soviet anti-Hitler alliance. Nor 58 Marxist Review did the Canadian group take into ac­ ance of control by U.S. capital as the count the possible reaction of the Can­ only path of development for Canada. adian and U.S. people to a U.S. take­ over of Canada. * ** DURING JULY and August of 1940 Thus, in the name of realism, the the U.S. took important steps to con­ twenty (note that Dziuban does not solidate its Hemisphere position. The refer to any French Canadians as being first was the July conference in Havana among them) were putting their sup­ of the U.S. and Latin American foreign port behind a line of policy that would ministers. (Canada was discouraged sacrifice independence to save "na­ by F.D.R. from sending a representa­ tional identity"! tive; an unofficial Canadian observer Did this document reach King and was' in attendance). The second was did it have any effect on his attitude the Mackenzie-Roosevelt meeting at towards U.S. proposals? Dziuban does Ogdensberg that resulted in the Ogdens­ not pursue the point and the King berg Agreement or Declaration of Au­ diaries as published are silent on the gust 16 or 17 (the exact date and title whole affair. are in dispute between U.S. and Cana­ dian protocol experts). The document was of course, pre­ cisely the kind of document that cannot By the statement issued by F.D.R. be made on the basis of a public appeal and King, a Canada-U.S. Permanent for support. It was an "inside" paper, Joint Board on Defense was set up designed to influence policy-makers. It to "consider in the broad sense the would be exactly not the document to deefnse of the north half of the Western give to U.S. sources since it would hemisphere." indicate that a body of influential Cana­ Two points should be noted at once: dians were in favor of non-resistance the use of the word "permanent" to U.S. demands (or at least saw great and the phrase "north half of the danger in resisting). For this reason Western hemisphere," that is to say, it is curious that the only source given extending to the equator. for the document by Dziuban is as a What purpose F.n.R. or his advisers document 'among the files of the War and Mackenzie King had in assuming Plans division of the U.S. War Depart­ permanent responsibility for joint ac­ ment. Is it there as a result of the tion to defend Mexico, Central America, activities of U,S. military intelligence Cuba, the Caribbean, Venezue!.a, Co­ in Canada, or because someone wanted lombia, Ecuador and part of Brazil, to show U.S. military how "reasonable" was never spelled out. What U.S. mili­ the Canadians would be? tary advisers thought about the joint There is no need to magnify the side of it is revealed by Dziuban. incident. The twenty were inspired by It appears that the Canadian mem­ the need for all-out struggle against bers of the Joint Board took the terms Hitler; it is very doubtful that today of reference seriously; thus, according a similar group would think along simi­ to Dziuban, in September, 1940, they lar lines. But what is illustrated is prepared a paper entitled "Defence of the characteristic official timidity that the Northern Half of the Western Hem­ has been at the heart of Canada's isphere". The scope of the paper was failure to develop as she could have reduced in discussions and the U.S. re­ developed, that goes hand in hand with draft was adopted as a Joint Canadian­ economic integration and the accept- U.S. Basic Defence Plan. While it was September-October, 1961 59 officially described as a "joint mission", is not from the disparity in resources an adviser to the U.S. Army Chief of that the problem arises, but from the Staff pointed out in a private memoran­ U.S. drive to dominate the resources). dum that those words were used only "Such a position" (that o.f 'U.S. pre­ "out of deference to the feelings of the dominance), adds Dziuhan, "would of Canadian members of the board" since course be unacceptable to the smaller actually "there can be no serious accep­ of any pair of sovereign states profess­ tance o.f the idea that the defence of ing adherence to the tenets of interna­ other portions of the U.S. than the areas tional law." And he goes on to say, immediately contiguous to Canada can ignoring the ev-idence he has consider­ be considered a joint mission". ed, "Canada was free to take an unyield­ Thus Canada was committed in words ing and divergent stand because it was to a "joint mission" but although the secure in the knowledge that the U.S. commitment existed, to the U.S. mili­ would never, except under near-catas­ tary planners there could be no serious trophic circumstances, employ forces acceptance of actual Canadian partici­ (sic) to impose its will". pation on a basis of equality. Even at It does not occur to Dziuban that the that time U.S. authorities were able to exception makes the statement meaning­ distinguish between "acceptance" (what less. 'It is precisely the U.S. government one promised to do) and "serious ac­ that reserves the right to decide for it­ ceptance" (what one actually intended self when "near-catastrophic circum­ to do). NATO and NORAD personnel, stances" have arisen, or indeed whether please note. the U.S. should not act before such Col Dziuban records that by 1943 a circumstances arise. Dziuban's state­ substantial number of those present at ment is apparently intended to contra­ the Montebello conference (December, dict the opinion of the Canadian pes­ 1943) of the Canadian Institute of Inter­ simists of 1940 who were afraid of what national Affa'irs (an expression of semi­ would happen to Canada if she protested official opinion) .felt that Canada should too strongly against U.S. proposals, but abandon the Permanent Joint Board on Dziuban is really saying the same thing Defence as an "irritant" in relations as the twenty did. with the U.S.S.R. The author says noth­ Translated, his statement means that ing more on this point; it would be im­ the U.S. government will always feel portant although not relevant to this ar­ free to decide under what circum­ ticle to trace the very conscious U.S.­ stances it will s-eek to impose its will directed efforts to counteract that opin­ on an ally by force, or to intervene in ion, ,as in the furious anti-Soviet propa­ the internal affairs of another country, ganda that did so much harm to Canada in this case, Canada. And this is not during the period of the spy hysteria of just the word of Dziuban, it is the Ken­ 1946-7. nedy doctrine itself. '" * Fortunately for the future of Canada, IN HIS conclusions, Col. Dziuban re­ even the most pessimistic of Canadians marks on t-he wide disparity in re­ can now see that what the United States sources between Canada and the United might like to do is one thing; what the States, noting that from this fact flowed United States is able to do, given the U.S. notions that the U.S. view should world balance of .forces, is something predominate when differences arose. (It else again. The proof is in Cuba.

Marxist Review AMERICAN LABOR - WHICH WAY? the American working class moves," he By George Morris. New Century. Paper said in a letter to a friend, "it will $1.75, Cloth $2.50. move with seven-league boots." That statement was borne out by the stormy -W. Kashtan. events leading to the rise and forma­ STUDENTS of the American labor tion of industrial unions and the break­ scene will be interested in this book by ing down of the fortresses of company George Morris, labor editor of The unionism and the open shop in the Worker. Mr. Morris has performed a U.S.A., and with it, the emergence of useful service in analyzing the disas­ new, progressive currents which per­ trous results of the cold war policies meated the American working class for of the right wing in the American trade a whole period. The cold war and its union movement. effects temporarily dulled the class However, he does not stop there but thinking of the workers and it seemed outlines some of the new problems and that they had entered a period of "the challenges confronting labor as a con­ long sleep". sequence of monopoly's offensive, auto­ But events, internationally and -intern­ mation and technologic~l developments. ally, are rudely awakening the Ameri­ Problems of political -action, peace, can working class. Monopoly's "Ameri­ unity and new goals on the economic can dream" of world conquest and an field are dealt with and an examination ever-expanding economy has come up is made of the role of progressives in agaist a new force-world socialism and the American trade union movement in the national liberation movement. this period. Latin America, long considered the pre­ While the book naturally deals with serve of American imperialism, has be­ the American trade union movement, gun to flex its muscles and in the case some of the descriptions given are use­ of Cuba, has broken its chains. U.S. ful to progressive Canadian trade imperialism has entered the period of unionists. In this connection it might its decline. have been worthwhile for Mr. Morris These basic factors are having and to have dealt with U.S.-Canadian trade will continue to have a profound effect union relations and the stultifying, upon the American working class and negative effects U.S. domination has its outlook. It is not accidental that had on the development of a fully auto­ various currents are beginning to find nomous ,and independent Canadian expression in the American trade union trade union movement. movement. The unity around the cold The book is a useful antidote for those war is breaking down as voices are who only see the reactionary drive of raised demanding a re-appraisal of U.S. U.S. monopoly and the evil role of men foreign policy. Complacency, conserva­ like Mr. Meany, Jay Lovestone and tism, business unionism, stagnation and other right wing trade union leaders retreat ,are beginning to give way to and bureaucrats, but who do not always proposals for policies which will enable see the American working class and its the trade union movement to achieve a potential in full perspective, or if they new advance. do, take a short-sighted view of its It is characteristic of the American present stage of development. scene that the expression of the desire 'It might be well to recall what Fred­ for advance and an end to retreat finds erick Engels said about the American its outlet in men like Mr. Hoffa, presi­ working class many years ago. "When dent of the Teamsters' Union, himself September-October, 1961 61 a conservative-minded trade unionist, war and that it well may be entering but objectively impelled to undertake, another period when it will move for­ as John L. Lewis did before him under ward with seven-league boots. It would different conditions, an all-out drive to be well, therefore, for progressive Can­ organize the unorganized. adian trade unionists to bear in mind These new currents express the re­ that Meany is not the American trade alignments shaping up in the U.S.A. as union movement, nor is the American a consequence of the deepening of the trade union movement in Meany's poc­ general crisis of capitalism. No capital­ ket, although it sometimes seems so. ist country is immune from its effects, The long-term trends which impelled the American working class to move at not least the American working class. one stage are now operating to impel Signs multiply to show that the Am­ another movement forward. In that erican working class is beginning to context Mr. Morris' book helps to make awaken from the big sleep of the cold a contribution to that advance.

as such have much more in common Letters than they have apart. This is illustrated by the very close alliance between Premier Lesage and TO THE EDITOR: the church hierarchy. Yet Camille I suggest that Camille Dionne's al­ Dionne states that this same hierarchy, leged "basic democratic question in hobnobbing with the Liberals as it Quebec," (who rules in the province, did with Premier Duplessis, is dis­ the government or the church?) is a credited. most unfortunate diversion (Marxist The main difference in the Liberals Revie~, July-August, 1961.) To follow from the Union Nationale is that the this up by stating that this "is the people gave the Lesage group a man­ fundamental problem from which every date to improve the schools. The people other problem connected with it flows" spoke and the ruling classes, both the is downright confusing. government and the church, are being The basic democratic question in forced into making some long overdue the province is, "Who rules in the educational reforms. province, the monopolists or the pe()­ Both the government and the church pIe?" The fundamental problem is feel "the winds of change" and both clearly that the means of production are publicly supporting educational are in the hands of the American reforms. Apart from the rantings of imperialists and their comprador Can­ the opposition and the most reaction­ adian stooges. ary priests, there is absolutely no The 'answer to Camille Dionne's "basic concrete evidence at all to show that question" is that both the government the educational reforms are the result and the church hierarchy, taking or­ of the state wresting power from the ders from monopoly capital, rule church against the latter's will. Quebec. They are merely segments In fact, Cardinal Leger has been, of the bourgeois superstructure and if anything, more forthright in his 62 Marxist Review public statements about the need for St. Martin, the anarchist communist a change in education than have either of L'Universite Ouvrier, was violently Premier Lesage or Youth (Education) anti-clerical and his movement became Minister Paul Gerin-Lajoie. moribund. Tim Buck (Our Fight for This is followed in Camille Dionne's Canada, p. 64-70) pointed out very cor­ article by a one-sided condemnation rectly that "many sincere Catholics of the church as a monolithic creature believe that the main activity of the of reaction. The church is not mono­ Communist Party is to fight the church. lithic. In the very same Asbestos strike This misunderstanding is dangerous to referred to in the article, the strikers the whole working-class movement." were supported by some segments of But anti-clericalism appears to be the church including Archbishop Char­ the main line propagated by the low­ bonneau, subsequently removed from circulation Combat. It must give the his post by the arch-fascist Duplessis establishment a certain amount of through his agents in the Vatican. pleasure to see the party vigorously Before the 1960 election, Abbes Dion supporting the bourgeois state against and O'Neill attacked the lack of de­ its class ally, the church, to the detri­ mocracy under the Union Nationale. ment of the party's working-class role. Previously, Dominican Pere Levesque The great Lenin had this to say and his Montmorency House school, about anti-clericalism: "To proclaim training socially-conscious priests, were war on religion as the political task bitterly attacked by Duplessis. of the workers' party is nothing but Some segments of the church are anarchist phrasemongering." heeding the social "winds of change." Perhaps the hopelessness of such a This article in Marxist Review is task lead Camille Dionne to state pub­ in keeping with the anti-clericalism of licly that "We are not in a revolution· the forthrightly Communist publication, ary period." This (I suggest incorrect· Combat. ly) intimates that social upheavals IIts tone is closer to that of the occur in historically predetermined French party press which is operating periods regardless of the struggles of in the objectively different climate of the masses. a country in which centuries of strug­ The objective conditions admittedly gle by the people have broken the have to be favorable for deep-seated mass influence of the church. social changes, but Marxism-Leninism m Italy and Poland, where the places great stress on the activities church influences broad segments of of the masses led by the vanguard of the population, the party emphasizes the working class, the Communist what Catholics and progressives have Party. Has this attitude of Camille in common- the desire for a better Dionne's led to the classical "left" life. position in which the Quebec party m Quebec, even the maverick ex­ is waiting for the historical world comrade Raoul Roy and his weird band situation to build the movement? Has of Socialist Action state publicly that it led to the party waiting for people anti-clericalism is fruitless in Quebec. to come to it, and its centrally located Another left-winger, Jean-Paul Guay, bookshop, rather than going to the Writing in the liberal magazine. Cite people? Does this explain why Combat Libre. sees anti-clericalism as a Quix­ is mixed up in petty bourgeois intrigues otish diversion in the'battle against surrounding the separatist movement? foreign economic domination. Does it explain why the party is mori- September-October, 1961 63 bund in Quebec, in contradiction to its ing the separatist movements, there growth elsewhere? is no working-class basis to any of I suggest that incorrect tactics, rath­ them. er than the objective situation in Camille Dionne then calls the trade Quebec (which suffers more from union movement the most stable, the unemployment than anywhere else in oldest and most decisive "national" Canada and is more controlled by movement, which, taken in his context, American imperialism than other pro­ apparently means "separatist" as this vinces) are the real causes of progres­ followed his reference to the separat­ sive stagnation in Quebec. ists as "democratic national move­ The article concludes by making ments." much of three small secessionist groups But the trade union movement is with no mass support and saying that not separatist at all right now and the separatism is connected with the na­ one section of the union leadership tional self~etermination movement, as involved in the controversy sees Cana­ in Cuba. da as a two-nation state, recognizing The Castro movement won popular the eventual right to self~etermina­ support by promising land reform and tion if it becomes impossible to make jobs. There has been no urgent demand Confederation work. Another, even for land reform in Quebec and none larger, section of union leadership of the three separatist groups has a denounced the separatists, saying se­ clear-cut economic program to provide cession would dangerously undermine jobs. labor by isolating Quebec from the These three little fanatic groups are larger Canadian working class. then inflated into "democratic national It is odd, but this latter group views movements" and the party is advised separatism at this time on what ap­ to find common ground with the se· pears to be a more correct class paratists. basis than does Dionne. In what con­ Are the separatists to be taken seri­ text does he use the word "democratic" ously? Certainly the right of Quebec in his article? He calls separatists part to self-determination is recognized by of the "democratic national movement" all progressive people, but does this and says the chief "democratic" ques­ preclude front work with every bour­ tion in Quebec is whether the church, geois and petty-bourgeois faddist mani­ or state, rules the province. festation that pops up periodically in In both cases, the interpretation is in Quebec? The whole present separ­ "bourgeois democratic," a most unfor­ atist uproar claims mass support on tunate use of the word. Democracy the basis of two dubious newspaper means government by the people, de polls. Ten percent of the readers re­ facto in the German Democratic Re­ plied in each case and they were public and a fraud when applied to a overwhelmingly in support of secession. state run by a few financiers. I tried to buy a Le Devoir the morning "Bourgeois democratic" is similar to the ballots were in the newspaper and "black-white"-there can be no true found that the separatists had bought self-governing of the people by the peo­ all the papers on 51. Catherine street ple as long as 'a country's destiny is in by the bundle. the hands of the imperialists. For pro­ IJsn't separatism at this stage of the gressives to stretch themselves inside U.S. imperialist threat to our nation out searching for a "bourgeois demo­ another unfortunate diversion? Analyz- cratic" windmill at which to tilt, such 64 Marxist Review as the present-day separatist move­ 4) The Communist Party pledges to ments and the church-state antagonism, work for the election of New Party appears to be an appalling waste of candidates in the coming federal elec­ time. tion in the vast majority of constituen­ If there were any lack Qf significant cies. In a selected group of constituen­ work to be done, this would be less cies the Communist Party will run its decisive in the Quebec movement. As Own candidates to bring out the com­ it is, such diversions appear to be munist program. merely ensuring that the party is so ** * confused in its "bourgeois democratic" Implementation of this policy is maneouverings that it has lost sight hindered however, by the failure of the of its vanguard role as leader of the National Committee and leading mem­ working class. bers to point out that this is a radically --Afack A1ackay, new departure. This is not just a Montreal, Quebec. change in emphasis, but a new ap­ proach to unity. In articles and statements on the matter by leading party members, it TO THE EDITOR: is stated in effect that the February de­ At the last National Committee meet­ cision is just a "further development ing in February, 1961, the Communist of our consistent policy." Party of Canada adopted a construc­ Two results flow from the failure to tive, practical and principled approach mark the February decision as a turn­ to the struggle for working class unity ing point: as expressed in its policy to the New In many sections, party members are Party movement. confused or retain the complacent and As I see it a summary of this policy indifferent attitude of the past three or might be as follows: four years toward the New Party. 1) The Communist Party welcomes There is a failur~ to grasp that this the formation of the New Party, even is not "just another tactic" such as the on its present basis, as the way to in­ slogan to "elect the CCF Gov't" or dependent labor political action and vote for "a Liberal-Labor coalition", farmer-labor unity to provide a peo­ but rather a fundamental orientation ples' alternative to the old-line parties toward working class unity which of monopoly. doesn't depend on the calendar, which 2) The Communist Party urges trade will not end with the next federal elec­ unions, co-ops, farm organizations etc., tion, but will, if the New Party move­ to join the New Party and calls for­ ment develops as expected, continue ward-looking people to join the con­ until full communist participation is stituency clubs to help make the New won in a united working class. Party the broadly based party it should To establish that February, 1961 was become. a turning point in party policy it would 3) The Communist Party's support be necessary to review briefly the for the New Party is unconditional. party's position since 1958 in order to Wrong policy and action will be see the difference. Vigorously criticized by every possible 1) Continuously, from the beginning, means, but support for the growth of the Communist Party hailed the letter the New Party will not be witheld and spirit of the C.L.C. Winnipeg Re­ pending acceptance of criticism. solution of 1958. September-October 1961 65 2) When it became apparent that the money at its disposal." And further right-wing CCF leaders were determin­ " ... unfortunately the signs point to a ed to exclude the left-wing, the Com­ narrow political machine ... (which) munist Party placed a condition upon would deliver the unions into the hands its support for the New Party. "The of the CCF leaders .. ." (Tribune, only condition that the L.P.P. attaches Jan. 18/60). to its support is. that action be directed As a result of this thinking, those to the development of an all-inclusive trade unionists at the 1960 CLC Mont­ electoral alternative to the Liberal and real convention who look to the Com­ Conservative Parties .. ." (Pg. 28, munist Party for leadership, and who Canada in the World Crisis, by Tim were frustrated in their efforts at all­ Buck. October, 1958). inclusiveness, voted against the resolu­ Without all inclusiveness the Commu­ tion calling for the founding of a New nist Party could not support the growth Party. of the New Party. Today in 1961, the Now, a year later, with the right­ proposed New Party is still a long way wing CCF still unfortunately pretty from being all-inclusive, but the Com­ much in control, the Communist Party munist Party has decided to go out is nevertheless not only welcoming the and support and urge people to help founding of the New IParty but is urging build it. Fundamental change number all forward-minded organizations and one. people to join and build it. This is 3) One year later, under a heading change number two. in the Tribune, "Resolution of CLe 5) In October, 1960, still making all­ Scuttled at Seminar on New Party" inclusiveness the key issue, the Na­ (Sept. 18, 1959) the national organiza­ tional Committee of the Party had this tional secretary of the C.P. reported to say: "Supporters of the New Party that "what is being worked for now is must be on the alert to make sure that the establishment of a social-demo­ right-wing labor, farm and CCF lead­ cratic party to which the trade unions ers do not ruin its effectivenes by foist­ are urged to affiliate and which they ing this line of retreat on those who are expected to finance. Thus the idea want an alternative to the old-line capi­ of a broadly based political move­ talist parties, and by making the New ment open to all has been thrown over­ Party an election machine for CCF board .. ." leaders." (Pg. 27, Marxist Review, The main leaders of the New Party Dec.l60.) movement - Knowles, Douglas, Lewis, These brief excerpts from national Argue, etc., are still social democrats. policy documents reflect the thinking 4) In January, 1960, with an eye to of the Communist Party during this the April Convention of the CLC in period. The language and attitude have Montreal, a statement entitled, "The resulted in fact in a rigid, stand-offish New Party must be a Genuine Labor­ and scornful approach to the New Party Farmer Party" was issued by the Na­ movement in the past three years or tional Executive Committee of the so. Communist Party. This statement These attitudes are inconsistent with warned that unless the trade unions the action called for in the February, made known their wishes for a genuine, 1961 National Committee resolution. all-inclusive party, "all that would Before we saw the New Party as of come out ... would be the CCF with such a nature that "unfortunately the another name, and with trade union signs point to a narrow political ma- 66 Marxist Review chine." Now we see this movement as sion and frustration were so evident part of the development of the working concerning the tactical and strategic class towards independent political ac­ questions-nationalization of U.S.-owned tion, as a part of the democratic na­ corporations and the vague, undefined tional people's coalition which Cana­ sector of "national capitalists"-that it dian historical development is produc­ was decided to write Marxist Review ing and will produce. and ask that a political analysis be What changed between October, 1960 forthcoming immediately. and February, 1961? We feel that without a deeper under­ Apart from the results of a single standing current developments are diffi­ by-election at Peterborough, Ont., cult to ass-ess. A deep, detailed dynamic where a high school history teacher characterization of Canada-as a state was elected to parliament as a New monopoly capitalist state-is urgently Party member, there appears to be required, as also is a critical analysis little else presented so far to justify of the elements in Canadian society the change in attitude. and their class relationships. ~n order. that the new policy may Without this characterization of the enJoy the Sincere support which it de­ basic contradictions which determine serves and requires from hundreds of the ph-enomena which are thrown up­ Communists throughout Canada the to name a few, the divergences in the National Committee should make a capitalist sector (the monopolies vs. frank and convincing statement of the laissez faire capitalists), the economism ~act.ors which led it to make a change of labor, etc.-cannot be correctly evaluat-ed. In ItS policy toward the New Party. No to do so not only hampers the work -C.H. but leaves us open to the charge of Toronto, Ont. double talk and double thinking. -Robert Arl ED. NOTE: In September the Na­ Toronto, Ont. tional Committee of the Communist Party will issue basic documents for the party's national convention in Jan­ uary. These wilJ inaugurate a party­ wide pre-convention discussion. Un­ TO THE EDITOR: doubtedly the matters raised by C.H. The political bombshells of rec-ent will be dealt with. In the meantime weeks-theU .S.-Canada plane deal and Marxist Review will continue to seek Coyne's defiance, underline the need for articles (such as the recent ones deal­ a clear political analysis of the stage of ing with Coyne and nationalization) th-e struggle of class forces in Canada. which wilJ deepen the analysis of cur­ At the last club discussion, confu- rent developments.

September-October 1961 67 To fully understand the historic significance

of the

PROGRAM of the COMMUNIST PARTY of the SOVIET UNION

(Draft for the 22nd Congress to be held in October. 1961)

120 pages - 25¢

You should read it with the

HISTORY of the COMMUNIST PARTY of the SOVIET UNION

765 pages - $2.50

BOTH NOW AVAILABLE

PROGRESS BOOKS 42-48 STAFFORD ST. TORONTO 3, ONT.