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Language Dispersal Beyond Farming
Language Dispersal Beyond Farming edited by Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev John Benjamins Publishing Company Language Dispersal Beyond Farming Language Dispersal Beyond Farming Edited by Martine Robbeets Alexander Savelyev Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. ./z. Cataloging-in-Publication Data available from Library of Congress () (-) © –John Benjamins B.V. The electronic edition of this book is Open Access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 This license permits reuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided that the original author(s) and source are credited. Derivative works may not be distributed without prior permission. This work may contain content reproduced under license from third parties. Permission to reproduce this third-party content must be obtained from these third parties directly. Permission for any reuse beyond the scope of this license must be obtained from John Ben- jamins Publishing Company, [email protected] John Benjamins Publishing Company · https://benjamins.com Table of contents List of tables vii List of figures ix List of contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii Chapter 1 Farming/Language Dispersal: Food for thought 1 Martine -
En Volkenkunde 139 (1983), No: 2/3, Leiden, 199-246
S. Kooijman The Netherlands and Oceania: a summary of research In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 139 (1983), no: 2/3, Leiden, 199-246 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/05/2021 09:53:29PM via free access SIMON KOOI JMAN THE NETHERLANDS AND OCEANIA: A SUMMARY OF RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS T0 THE ANTHROPOLOGY, LINGUISTICS AND DEMOGRAPHY OF OCEANIA BY DUTCH SOCIAL SCIEN- TISTS AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR GENERAL INTRODUCTION The present publication is the result of an initiative of the Werk- gemeenschap Oceanië (Netherlands Society for Oceanic Studies), whose members are mainly social scientists with acadsmic degrees either from a Dutch university or from a comparable institution abroad and with Oceania as their special field of interest and object of study and research. The areas and population groups covered by the Werk- gemeenschap are the Melanesian islands, including New Guinea, Polynesia, including the Maori of New Zealand, Micronesia, and the Australian Aborigines. The disciplines represented in the Society are anthropology, linguistics and demography.1 At a general meeting held in April 1982 a suggestion by one of the members to review the work done by Dutch Oceanists since the Second World War met with genera1 approval. It was then decided that this review should als0 include publications by foreign researchers residing in The Netherlands some time in the course of their scientific activities. In the history of Dutch research on Oceania after World War I1 two phases can be distinguished. The first spans the period between 1949, when Indonesia gained independence, and 1963, when West New Guinea (which had remained under Dutch sovereignty in 1949) was eventually handed over to the Republic of Indonesia. -
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands
Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands First compiled by Nancy Sack and Gwen Sinclair Updated by Nancy Sack Current to January 2020 Library of Congress Subject Headings for the Pacific Islands Background An inquiry from a librarian in Micronesia about how to identify subject headings for the Pacific islands highlighted the need for a list of authorized Library of Congress subject headings that are uniquely relevant to the Pacific islands or that are important to the social, economic, or cultural life of the islands. We reasoned that compiling all of the existing subject headings would reveal the extent to which additional subjects may need to be established or updated and we wish to encourage librarians in the Pacific area to contribute new and changed subject headings through the Hawai‘i/Pacific subject headings funnel, coordinated at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.. We captured headings developed for the Pacific, including those for ethnic groups, World War II battles, languages, literatures, place names, traditional religions, etc. Headings for subjects important to the politics, economy, social life, and culture of the Pacific region, such as agricultural products and cultural sites, were also included. Scope Topics related to Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai‘i would predominate in our compilation had they been included. Accordingly, we focused on the Pacific islands in Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (excluding Hawai‘i and New Zealand). Island groups in other parts of the Pacific were also excluded. References to broader or related terms having no connection with the Pacific were not included. Overview This compilation is modeled on similar publications such as Music Subject Headings: Compiled from Library of Congress Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies. -
Towards a Grammar of the Yale Language: Taking Another Look at Archived Field Data
Towards a grammar of the Yale language: taking another look at archived field data Aidan Aannestad Carl and Jody Campbell† SIL-PNG SIL-PNG September 25, 2020 2 Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 The nature of this paper . 5 1.2 The Yale people . 7 1.3 The Yale language . 7 1.4 Acknowledgements . 11 2 Phonology 13 2.1 Consonants . 13 2.2 Vowels . 16 2.3 Syllable structure . 18 2.4 Suprasegmentals and prosody . 20 2.5 Phonological processes . 26 2.6 Reduplication . 30 3 Nouns and pronouns 35 3.1 Gender . 35 3.2 Plurality . 36 3.3 Kin terms and possession . 37 3.4 Pronouns . 40 3.5 Deriving nouns . 41 4 Verbs 43 4.1 The nature of verbs in Yale . 43 4.2 Unary verbs . 45 4.3 Auxiliaries . 46 4.4 Affixes and ordering . 47 4.5 Verb adjuncts . 48 4.6 Person affixes . 51 4.7 Tenses . 54 4.8 Direction and location affixes . 54 4.9 Applicatives . 57 4.10 Other verbal affixes . 59 4.11 Preverbal particles . 63 3 4 CONTENTS 5 Adjectives and Numerals 67 5.1 Numerals . 67 5.2 Adjectives and reduplication . 69 5.3 Deriving adjectives . 69 6 Syntax 71 6.1 Basic word order . 71 6.2 Case marking . 73 6.3 Verbless sentences . 80 6.4 Clauses without auxiliaries . 81 6.5 Clause connection and conjunctions . 82 7 Discourse 89 7.1 Topic and focus marking . 89 7.2 Illocutionary force markers . 91 A Appendix 95 A.1 Phonemic oppositions . 95 A.2 Sample texts . -
Nomenclature Abbreviations
Abbreviations * As a prefix, indicates a proto language word /?/ glottal stop 2′ compound for 3 = 2 + 1 or rarely 1 + 1 + 1 but numeral for 4 2″ distinct numeral for 3 but 4 is a compound, usually 2 + 2, rarely 5 - 1 or 2 + 1 + 1 AN Austronesian languages BC or BCE Before Christ, that is before the Current Era taken as before the period of Christ BP Before the present CE or AD In the current era, that is after the year of the Lord (Domino/Dominum) Christ CSQ, MQ Counting System Questionnaire; Measurement Questionnaire d. dialect IMP Indigenous Mathematics Project Manus type Lean used this to refer to counting systems that used subtraction from 10 such as 7=10-3, 8=10-2, 9=10-1, often with the meaning e.g. for 7 as 3 needed to com- plete the group MC Micronesian Motu type Lean used this to refer to counting systems that used pairs such as 6=2x3, 7=2x3+1, 8=2x4, 9=2x4+1 NAN Non-Austronesian (also called Papuan) languages NCQ, CQN Noun, classifier, quantifier; classifier, quantifier, noun NQC, QCN Noun, quantifier, classifier; quantifier, classifier, noun NTM New Tribes Mission, PNG PAN Proto Austronesian PN Polynesian PNG Papua New Guinea POC Proto Oceanic QC, CQ Order of quantifier-classifier; classifier-quantifier respectively SHWNG South Halmahera West New Guinea (AN Non-Oceanic language of the Central- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, a subgroup of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian) after Tryon (2006) SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics SOV Order of words in a sentence: Subject Object Verb SVO Order of words in a sentence: Subject Verb Object TNG Trans New Guinea Phylum Nomenclature The Australian system of numbering is used. -
Person Marking Systems in Dani Languages1
PERSON MARKING SYSTEMS IN DANI LANGUAGES1 Yusuf W. Sawaki Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari Abstrak Bahasa-bahasa Dani Raya merupakan kelompok bahasa Papua dari filum Trans-New Guinea yang terletak di Pegunungan Tengah New Guinea, di sekitar Lembah Balim. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sistem penanda orang pada bahasa-bahasa Dani. Pada umumnya, bahasa-bahasa Dani memiliki distribusi penanda pronomina dalam infleksi morfologis dalam kata kerja, kata benda, kata sifat dan posposisi. Distribusi ini menunjukkan dengan jelas sistem penanda orang aktif-nonaktif. Dua tipe penanda pronomina adalah: Tipe pertama, penanda orang aktif yang berinfleksi sebagai akhiran pada kata kerja transitif dan kata kerja intransitif non-statis. Tipe kedua, penanda orang nonaktif yang berimbuhan sebagai awalan pada kata kerja transitif yang berfungsi sebagai penanda obyek, sebagai penanda subyek pada kata kerja statis dan kata sifat, dan penanda orang pada posposisi dan penanda milik pada kata benda. Tipe ini merupakan karakteristik umum yang terjadi pada semua bahasa-bahasa Dani. Kata Kunci: Bahasa-bahasa Dani, sistem penanda pronomina, infleksi morfologis, aktif, non-aktif INTRODUCTION Dani languages belong to the Papuan language family and are spoken in the central highlands of New Guinea. They have pronominal systems that are considered as one of the basic traits of the grammars of these languages. Pronominal markers can occur on verbs, nouns, postposition, and in very restricted cases, on adjectives. Subject, object, and possessive markers convey a great meaningful unit to construct verbs, nouns, postposition and adjectives. Thus, Wurm (1975:191) state that the distribution of the forms of pronominal systems in Papuan languages constitutes a very important function in Papuan Grammar. -
ANUARIO DEL SEMINARIO DE FILOLOGÍA VASCA «JULIO DE URQUIJO» International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology
ANUARIO DEL SEMINARIO DE FILOLOGÍA VASCA «JULIO DE URQUIJO» International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology LII: 1-2 (2018) Studia Philologica et Diachronica in honorem Joakin Gorrotxategi Vasconica et Aquitanica Joseba A. Lakarra - Blanca Urgell (arg. / eds.) AASJUSJU 22018018 Gorrotxategi.indbGorrotxategi.indb i 331/10/181/10/18 111:06:151:06:15 How Many Language Families are there in the World? Lyle Campbell University of Hawai‘i Mānoa DOI: https://doi.org/10.1387/asju.20195 Abstract The question of how many language families there are in the world is addressed here. The reasons for why it has been so difficult to answer this question are explored. The ans- wer arrived at here is 406 independent language families (including language isolates); however, this number is relative, and factors that prevent us from arriving at a definitive number for the world’s language families are discussed. A full list of the generally accepted language families is presented, which eliminates from consideration unclassified (unclas- sifiable) languages, pidgin and creole languages, sign languages, languages of undeciphe- red writing systems, among other things. A number of theoretical and methodological is- sues fundamental to historical linguistics are discussed that have impacted interpretations both of how language families are established and of particular languages families, both of which have implications for the ultimate number of language families. Keywords: language family, family tree, unclassified language, uncontacted groups, lan- guage isolate, undeciphered script, language surrogate. 1. Introduction How many language families are there in the world? Surprisingly, most linguists do not know. Estimates range from one (according to supporters of Proto-World) to as many as about 500. -
ASJP World Language Tree of Lexical Similarity: Version 3 (July 2010)
ASJP World Language Tree of Lexical Similarity: Version 3 (July 2010) by André Müller, Søren Wichmann, Viveka Velupillai, Cecil H. Brown, Pamela Brown, Sebastian Sauppe, Eric W. Holman, Dik Bakker, Johann- Mattis List, Dmitri Egorov, Oleg Belyaev, Robert Mailhammer, Matthias Urban, Helen Geyer, and Anthony Grant The World Language Tree graphically illustrates relative degrees of lexical similarity holding among 4350 of the world's languages and dialects (henceforth, languages) currently found in the ASJP database (ASJP stands for Automated Similarity Judgment Program). Languages branched more closely together on the ASJP tree are lexically more similar than those branched less closely together. While most lexical resemblance charted in the tree almost certainly is related to genetic affiliation, closely branched languages cannot routinely be assumed to be closely genetically associated since lexical resemblance among languages can be due to factors other than genetic relatedness (see below). The tree is generated through use of the neighbour-joining computer algorithm originally designed to depict phylogenetic relationships in biology (Saitou & Nei 1987). This is implemented in MEGA 4 (Kumar et al. 2008),1 the software that we use. The algorithm is applied to a matrix of lexical similarity scores based on Levenshtein (or edit) distances holding between all possible pairs of the 4350 languages (for details about this, including how we modify the Levenshtein distances for our purposes, see Bakker et al. 2009: 169). All languages of the database are compared to one another with respect to lexical similarity relating to their words for 40 referents determined statistically in Holman et al. (2008) to be most stable among core vocabulary items commonly used in lexicostatistical analysis. -
Agustus 2008 ISSN 0215-4846 Tahun Ke 26, Nomor 2 108/DIKTI/Kep/2007
108/DIKTI/Kep/2007 Agustus 2008 ISSN 0215-4846 Tahun ke 26, Nomor 2 MASYARAKAT LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Didirikan pada tahun 1974, Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (MLI) merupakan organisasi profesi yang tujuannya adalah untuk mengembangkan studi ilmiah mengenai bahasa. PENGURUS MASYARAKAT LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Ketua : Katharina E. Sukamto, Ph.D., Unika Atma Jaya Wakil Ketua : Dr. Sugiyono, Pusat Bahasa Sekretaris : Yassir Nasanius, Ph.D., Unika Atma Jaya Bendahara : Ebah Suhaebah, M. Hum., Pusat Bahasa DEWAN EDITOR Editor Utama : Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Unika Atma Jaya Editor Pendamping : Yassir Nasanius, Unika Atma Jaya Anggota : A. Chaedar Alwasilah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; E. Aminudin Aziz, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; Benny H Hoed, Universitas Indonesia; Bernd Nothofer, Universitas Frankfurt, Jerman; Asmah Haji Omar, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia; Bambang K. Purwo, Unika Atma Jaya; James Sneddon, Universitas Griffith, Australia; D. Edi Subroto, Universitas Sebelas Maret; I Wayan Arka, Universitas Udayana; A. Effendi Kadarisman, Universitas Negeri Malang; Bahren Umar Siregar, Unika Atma Jaya; Hasan Basri, Universitas Tadulako; Umar Muslim, Universitas Indonesia; Dwi Noverini Djenar, La Trobe University, Australia; Mahyuni, Universitas Mataram; Patrisius Djiwandono, Universitas Ma Chung. JURNAL LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Linguistik Indonesia diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1982 dan sejak tahun 2000 diterbitkan tiap bulan Februari dan Agustus. Dengan SK Dirjen Dikti No. 52/DIKTI/Kep.2002, 12 November 2002, Linguistik Indonesia telah berakreditasi dengan nilai B. Jurnal ini dibagikan secara cuma-cuma kepada para anggota MLI yang keanggotaannya umumnya melalui Cabang MLI di pelbagai Perguruan Tinggi, tetapi dapat juga secara perseorangan atau institusional. Iuran per tahun adalah Rp. 100.000 (anggota dalam negeri) dan US$25 (anggota luar negeri). Keanggotaan institusional dalam negeri adalah Rp.120.000 dan luar negeri US$45 per tahun. -
2 the Trans New Guinea Family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström
2 The Trans New Guinea family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström 2.1 Introduction The island of New Guinea is a region of spectacular, deep linguistic diversity.1 It contains roughly 850 languages, which on present evidence fall into at least 18 language families that are not demonstrably related, along with several iso- lates.2 This immense diversity, far greater than that found in the much larger area of Europe, is no doubt mainly a consequence of the fact that New Guinea has been occupied for roughly 50,000 years by peoples organised into small kin-based social groups, lacking overarching political affiliations, and dispersed across a terrain largely dominated by rugged mountains and swampy lowlands, with quite frequent population movements. Among the non-Austronesian families of New Guinea one family stands out for its large membership and wide geographic spread: Trans New Guinea (TNG). With a probable membership of between 300 and 500 discrete languages, plus hundreds of highly divergent dialects, TNG is among the most numerous of the world’s language families.3 TNG languages are spoken from the Bomberai Pen- insula at the western end of mainland New Guinea (132 degrees E) almost to the eastern tip of the island (150 degrees E). Most of the cordillera that runs for more than 2000 kilometers along the centre of New Guinea is occupied exclusively by TNG languages. They are also prominent in much of the lowlands to the south of the cordillera and in patches to the north, especially from central Madang Province eastwards. There are possible outliers spoken on Timor, Alor and Pantar. -
Private Knowledge, Public Tensions
PRIVATE KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC TENSIONS: THEORY COMMITMENT IN POSTWAR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS by Janet Nielsen A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Janet Nielsen () Abstract PRIVATE KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC TENSIONS: THEORY COMMITMENT IN POSTWAR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS Doctor of Philosophy () Janet Nielsen Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto Propelled by a desire to understand natural language, American linguists of the post- war period brought the tools of the era to bear on the study of syntax: computer science, mathematical graph theory, and even Cold War strategy. Three syntactic theories were enunciated, each trying to untangle the mysteries of our ability to form and use sentences. These theories interacted on a nearly daily basis, influencing and challenging each other through the s. By the end of the decade, one had established clear dominance: Noam Chomsky’s theory, developed at . Combining contemporary history of science tools with linguistics-specific concepts, this study explores the dynamics of the syntactic theory- choice debates from to . I argue that these debates can only be fully understood through a confluence of four themes: explanation, pedagogy, knowledge transmission, and lay linguistics. Together, these themes explain how linguists selected and evaluated theories, how students were trained to think about and use syntax, -
2 the Trans New Guinea Family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström
2 The Trans New Guinea family Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström 2.1 Introduction The island of New Guinea is a region of spectacular, deep linguistic diversity.1 It contains roughly 850 languages, which on present evidence fall into at least 18 language families that are not demonstrably related, along with several iso- lates.2 This immense diversity, far greater than that found in the much larger area of Europe, is no doubt mainly a consequence of the fact that New Guinea has been occupied for roughly 50,000 years by peoples organised into small kin-based social groups, lacking overarching political affiliations, and dispersed across a terrain largely dominated by rugged mountains and swampy lowlands, with quite frequent population movements. Among the non-Austronesian families of New Guinea one family stands out for its large membership and wide geographic spread: Trans New Guinea (TNG). With a probable membership of between 300 and 500 discrete languages, plus hundreds of highly divergent dialects, TNG is among the most numerous of the world’s language families.3 TNG languages are spoken from the Bomberai Pen- insula at the western end of mainland New Guinea (132 degrees E) almost to the eastern tip of the island (150 degrees E). Most of the cordillera that runs for more than 2000 kilometers along the centre of New Guinea is occupied exclusively by TNG languages. They are also prominent in much of the lowlands to the south of the cordillera and in patches to the north, especially from central Madang Province eastwards. There are possible outliers spoken on Timor, Alor and Pantar.