Appendix Summary of Western Plants in the YSZY and the HHYF

The following Western plants are mentioned in the 14th century YSZY, 28 of them in all. Some, like the grain-of paradise, cardamoms from Africa, were exotic imports:

Almond Barley Basil Chickpeas Citron Coriander Cucumber Fennel Fenugreek Garlic Grains-of-paradise Grape Lettuce Onions, western ball Pistachio Pomegranate Poppy seeds Rape-turnip Safflower Saffron Sesame Shallots Spinach Sugar beet Swiss chard Vetch Watermelon Wheat, bread and durum (unmistakably described and differentiated)

© Paul D. Buell et al., 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004432109_009 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. 294 Appendix

By contrast with this list, the Huihui Yaofang includes 67 Western plants used medici- nally. These were traded into China by land along the Silk Roads but most probably came by sea by the time that the Huihui Yaofang was compiled.

Agaricus campestris, common field mushroom (possibly native to China too) Allium cepa, ball onion Allium sativum, garlic Althaea rosea and/or officinalis, mallow, hollyhock Anethum graveolens, dill Apium graveolens, celery Asparagus officinalis, but the Chinese asparagus that was probably used as a sub- stitute is not a normal food, though edible. Beta vulgaris, beet (chard or something similar is implied) Borago officinalis, borage Brassica alba (possibly also B. nigra), mustard B. campestris, Chinese mustard greens, Chinese cabbage B. oleracea, western cabbage, broccoli Capparis spinosa (but probably not the substitutes they would probably use), caper Carum copticum, black caraway Ceratonia siliqua, carob Cheiranthus cheiri (marginally a food), wallflower Cichorium endivia, chicory Cordia myxa (marginally a food; fruit edible but nobody in cent or E Asia eats it except for medicine), sebesten Coriandrum sativum, coriander Cornus mas, dogwood, cornelian cherry Crocus sativus, saffron Cucumis melo, melon (possibly native to China also) Cydonia oblonga, quince Cyperus rotundus, grassnut Daucus carota, carrot (Afghanistan/Iran) Eruca sativa, rocket, arugula Ferula asafoetida, asafoetida Ficus carica, fig Foeniculum vulgare, fennel Fraxinus excelsior, manna ash Hordeum vulgare, barley Hyssopus officinalis, hyssop Laurus nobilis, laurel