Food and Housing Insecurity Among Philadelphia College Students a #Realcollegephl Report
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Food and Housing Insecurity Among Philadelphia College Students A #RealCollegePHL Report Sara Goldrick-Rab, David Koppisch, Paula Umaña, Vanessa Coca, and Marissa Meyers April 2020 FOR COLLEGE, 1 COMMUNITY, AND JUSTICE Executive Summary Securing the basic needs of Philadelphia undergraduates is crucial to the city’s efforts to boost college attainment, promote economic well-being, and improve community health. Adequate food and housing are fundamental to learning and influence graduation rates, as well as the ability to repay debt. This report examines the results of the 2019 #RealCollege survey for five Philadelphia colleges and universities. Its release is part of the Hope Center’s #RealCollegePHL initiative, a new Lenfest Foundation-funded effort to build higher education’s capacity via community collaborations to ensure that every student pursuing a college degree has enough to eat and a safe place to sleep. More than 5,600 students from the Community College of Philadelphia, Drexel University, La Salle University, Orleans Technical College, and Temple University responded to the survey. More than half of respondents at the two-year institutions and around one-third of respondents at universities evidenced food and/or housing insecurity. The rates of basic needs insecurity at Philadelphia two- year colleges mirror or exceed national estimates. Moreover, undergraduates who are non-white, female, identify as LGBTQ, and/or have experienced foster care, served in the military service or been incarcerated generally have higher rates of housing and food insecurity than their peers, with some exceptions. These challenges existed before the COVID-19 pandemic forced the closure of college campuses in Philadelphia in March 2020, resulting in the loss of both on- and off-campus employment for many students, the shuttering of many residence halls, and the closure of cafeterias and food pantries.1 Pennsylvania reported 645,000 unemployment claims in a 10-day period in March, the largest in its history and more than any other state during that same time.2 It is therefore likely that rates of food and housing insecurity among Philadelphia college students have increased since they were assessed for this report. Changes to policy and practice are required to ensure these students continue to pursue their educational dreams. We urge immediate investments in emergency aid, new partnerships between colleges and community organizations, and changes designed to better connect students with public benefits programs. As the unprecedented repercussions of the pandemic continue to evolve, the importance of accurately identifying and meeting students’ basic needs is essential. We urge all Philadelphia colleges and universities to field the #RealCollege survey in fall 2020 and will support those efforts free of charge. Click here to learn more. FOR COLLEGE, 2 COMMUNITY, AND JUSTICE Introduction GOING TO COLLEGE IN PHILADELPHIA Despite recent signs of dynamism, including slow but steady population growth for more than a decade and the largest number of jobs since 1990, stubbornly high rates of poverty continue to plague Philadelphia.3 More than one in four city residents still live in poverty. In fact, Philadelphia remains the poorest of the nation’s 10 largest cities.4 Almost half of its residents who live in poverty live in deep poverty, on incomes that are at or below half of the federal poverty line.5 In addition, more than 53,000 Philadelphians in the labor force are considered “working poor,” meaning they work 27 weeks or more in a year but earn less than the poverty income level.6 The rate of working poverty in Philadelphia is 46% higher than the national average and 60% of the city’s working poor are women.7 The situation facing children is even worse: more than one in three children in Philadelphia live in poverty.8 As a result, hundreds of thousands of Philadelphians cannot fully achieve their potential, participate in the broader economy, or contribute to flourishing communities. This report focuses on a critical aspect of poverty in Philadelphia, but one that is largely overlooked, namely basic needs insecurity among college students and its relation to degree attainment rates. Roughly half of adult residents in Boston and Washington, D.C. hold a bachelor’s degree compared to just one-quarter in Philadelphia.9 This puts Philadelphia at a disadvantage. A college degree is nearly essential to secure a family-sustaining job. People with postsecondary degrees or certificates create more earnings not only for themselves, but for their families as well.10 They pay more taxes, depend less on government-funded programs, and are more likely to volunteer and support philanthropic and nonprofit organizations.11 Engaged citizens are crucial to healthy cities. Therefore, efforts to fight poverty must include targeted interventions to grow our college-educated workforce. This requires acknowledging that the ambitious and hard-working youth and adults entering college every year in Philadelphia—with their dreams of economic self-sufficiency—need support to escape the conditions of poverty long enough to attain post- secondary credentials. Students cannot check their economic struggles at the door when they start college. In fact, those struggles typically continue with, and for some are even exacerbated by, the additional demands of school. Even middle-class students can suffer graduation-threatening economic hardship while in college. Fortunately, Philadelphia has a robust community of higher education institutions which play an essential role in helping lift local residents out of poverty. Yet the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the depth and breadth of vulnerability at Philadelphia colleges and universities, as many students who were forced to leave campuses had nowhere to go and no resources to create safe, alternative plans.12 This report deepens the body of evidence showing that thousands of local college students struggle with food and housing insecurity (including homelessness), cannot afford childcare or transportation costs, and have difficulty meeting their mental health needs. These challenges undermine college graduation rates which, in turn, reduce the chances of escaping poverty.13 FOR COLLEGE, 3 COMMUNITY, AND JUSTICE Across Philadelphia, there are more than 170,000 individuals who started, but did not finish, college.14 The reasons likely include financial shortfalls and basic needs insecurity. And those who borrow for, but do not complete, their college degrees are particularly vulnerable to financial hardship as they are three times more likely to default on those loans than those who do attain a degree.15 In order to help academic and governmental leaders throughout the region to understand and address these challenges—with the long-term aim of reducing the city’s poverty and growing the economy—the Hope Center for College, Community, and Justice at Temple University is launching a new initiative: #RealCollegePHL. After years working with communities across the nation, we are taking key lessons on how to reduce basic needs insecurity and bringing them home. The effort begins with data. In 2018 we released a report offering an initial look at the city’s challenges, using 2016 data from Temple and the Community College of Philadelphia.16 This new report represents the latest information, from a 2019 survey at five of the city’s colleges and universities. It reveals the scale and scope of the necessary work and should inform efforts to identify the most appropriate program and policy solutions to reduce basic needs insecurity and increase post-secondary degree or certificate completion rates. FOR COLLEGE, 4 COMMUNITY, AND JUSTICE THE NEW ECONOMICS OF COLLEGE IN PHILADELPHIA High costs for education, insufficient financial aid, inadequate employment opportunities, a diminished social safety net, and reduced resources all contribute to the “new economics of college.”17 Here in Philadelphia, both the mayor’s office and the City Council recognize these and related barriers that prevent tens of thousands of residents from completing a post-secondary degree and reaching their potential.18 The infrastructure to support individuals in poverty through transitions critical to college success is inadequate, including: high school to college, foster care to independence, two-year to four -year institutions, and adult education to workforce training. Even though the School District of Philadelphia takes many steps to address students’ needs for food and housing while they are in elementary and high school, most of those efforts end abruptly with high school graduation. Yet the need for support continues, as financial aid often does not cover the cost of living and key efforts like the National School Lunch Program do not extend into higher education. Further complicating the financial lives of area college students are issues such as: • Lack of Affordable Housing. The average rent for an apartment in Philadelphia has increased 20% since 2015 and a majority of Philadelphia renters report being cost- burdened.19 Housing on or near a Philadelphia college campus is expensive and rarely accommodates part-time students or those who require housing in the summer months and/or during academic breaks.20 • Expensive Public Transportation. Philadelphians spend a greater percentage of their income on public transportation than their peers in comparable cities.21 And the neighborhoods where costlier trips hit the hardest are those where incomes are low, where