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Ficha País De Tanzania OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Tanzania República Unida de Tanzania La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de co- municación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. AGOSTO 2021 Otras ciudades: Dar es Salaam (capital comercial 5,7m); Mwanza (3,2 m); Tanzania Morogoro (2,4m); Tanga (2,2m); Arusha (1,9m); Mbeya (1,9m); Zanzíbar Town (1,5m). Idiomas oficiales: swahili e inglés, aunque el nivel medio de inglés es inferior al de otros países anglófonos del África Oriental. UGANDA Religión: Los dos grupos religiosos más numerosos son cristianos y musul- Lago Victoria manes. El Islam es la religión de aproximadamente un 40% de la población Kagera Mara y domina sobre todo en las ciudades costeras y en Zanzíbar. Otro 40% de RUANDA KENIA la población es cristiana, siendo el catolicismo la confesión más extendida, Mwanza aunque también hay anglicanos y luteranos. BURUNDI Arusha Moneda: Chelín tanzano = 100 céntimos. Shinyanga Forma de Estado: República. División administrativa: Tanzania se divide desde el año 2016 en 31 regio- Kigoma Tabora nes, al frente de cada una de las cuales se encuentra un Comisario Regional nombrado por el Presidente. Singida Océano Índico Dodoma Zanzibar Zanzíbar y Tanganika mantienen sistemas legales distintos desde su Fede- Lago ración. Mientras que las leyes vigentes en Tanganika son herederas de las Tanganica Dar es Salaam Rukwa leyes británicas, en Zanzíbar reciben una fuerte influencia de la Sharia o R.D.C. Iringa Ley Islámica. Las 31 regiones son Arusha, Lindi, Pwani, Tabora, Dodoma, Manyara, Pemba Mbeya North, Pemba South, Tanga, Dar es Salaam, Mara, Unguja North, Unguja South, Iringa, Mbeya, Ruvuma, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Rukwa, Mjini Magha- Mtwara ribi, Kigoma, Mtwara, Shinyanga, Kagera, Mwanza, Singida, Geita, Katavi, Njombe, Songwe y Simiyu. ZAMBIA Ruvuma MALAWI Lago 1.2. Geografía Malawi MOZAMBIQUE © Ocina de Información Diplomática. La geografía de Tanzania se compone básicamente de llanuras y mesetas. De Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. norte a suroeste se desarrolla un sistema montañoso conformado por la meseta de Ufipa, la cadena Mbeya, las montañas Rungue y las montañas Usambara y Pare. La altitud máxima (del país y de África) es la cumbre nevada del Ki- 1. DATOS BÁSICOS limanjaro, de 5.898 m sobre el nivel del mar. Unos 190 km al oeste de Dar es Salaam se encuentran las montañas Uluguru; las montañas de Kipengere y de Livingstone se alzan en el sur, sobre el lago Nyasa. El sistema de fractura 1.1. Características generales continental de Tanzania, el más grande del mundo, comprende el segundo lago más hondo del planeta, el Tanganika, de 1.470 m de profundidad. El sistema Nombre oficial: República Unida de Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tan- de fisura, que contiene depresiones importantes como el valle de Pangani, que zania en swahili). se despliega desde el Kilimanjaro hasta el océano Índico en dirección suroeste Superficie:883,749 km2 a los que se sumarían 59.100 Km2 de área de lagos. y el pantano de Malgarasi, se bifurca en una grieta occidental y otra oriental, Población: 60,7 millones hab. (World Population Review, 2020) al norte del lago Nyasa. El único volcán activo es el Ol Doinyo Lengai, al oeste Límites: País de África oriental, limita al norte con Kenia y Uganda, al oes- del Kilimanjaro. Además del Tanganika y del Nyasa, destaca el lago Victoria, de te con Ruanda, Burundi y República Democrática del Congo y al sur con 43.173 km², el tercero más extenso del mundo, considerado tradicionalmente Zambia, Malawi y Mozambique. Al este, Tanzania se asoma al océano Índico como la fuente del Nilo. Con todo, Tanzania tiene, pocos ríos permanentes, donde, a corta distancia del continente, se encuentran varias islas bajo su destacando el Gran Ruaha y el Rufiji (que cuenta en su delta con el mayor bos- soberanía, entre ellas Zanzíbar (Unguja), Pemba y Mafia. que de manglar del mundo). Tanto las zonas húmedas como las montañosas Capital: Dodoma (capital administrativa, 2,3 m) poseen suelos ferruginosos y de lava volcánica marrón. 2 FICHA PAÍS TANZANIA 1.3. Indicadores Sociales 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos Densidad de población: 60,7 millones (World Population Review,2020) EXPORTACIÓN % DEL TOTAL Densidad de población: 62 personas/km2. (World Population Review 2020) Piedras y metales preciosos 39 Tasa de crecimiento anual de la población: 2,98 (World Population Review, Frutas 13,3 2020) Tabaco 5,2 Renta per cápita: 1.080 USD para el 2019 (World Bank, 2020) Café, té, especias 4,9 Coeficiente GINI: 40,5% (último dato disponible correspondiente 2017, Pescado 4,6 Banco Mundial) Resto 33 Analfabetismo: 14% (UNESCO 2018) Tasa de natalidad: 37,6 nacimientos / 1000 hab (World Bank 2018) IMPORTACIÓN % DEL TOTAL Esperanza media de vida: 65,02 años (último dato de 2019, PNUD). Petróleo y sus derivados 19,6 Tasa de fecundidad: 4,9 (World Bank 2018) Máquinas, aparatos y material mec. 12,3 Índice de Desarrollo Humano (ranking/valor): 163/0,529 (último dato de Vehículos y sus partes 7,7 2019, PNUD). Máquinas, aparatos y material elect. 7,2 Plásticos y sus manufacturas 5,1 1.4. Estructura del PIB Resto 48,1 Fuente: UN Comtrade-junio 2019 Sector primario. Agricultura 19,7 % Sector secundario. Industria 37,5 % Sector terciario.sSctor servicios 37,5 % 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA Central Bank of Tanzania, datos 2019 2.1 Política interior 1.5. Coyuntura económica La República Unida de Tanzania se formó en 1964 de la unión de dos Estados INDICADORES ECONÓMICOS 2018 2019 2020 (*) 2021 (*) independientes, Tanganica y Zanzíbar. Desde su creación, la política de Tan- PIB (m. mill $) 57.004 61.137 65.809 71.752 zania se estructura en torno a la existencia de un partido único que fue suce- PIB % crecimientoreal 7 7 4,5 4,6 sivamente cambiando de nombre. En la actualidad su nombre es Chama Cha Tasa de inflación 3,3 3,8 3,2 5,4 Mapinduzi (CCM), partido de la revolución en Swahili. Todos los presidentes Balanza c/c (m.mill. $) -1.899 -1.299 -1.214 -2089 del país que se han alternado en el poder tras la retirada del líder de la inde- Deuda pública (%PIB) 34,5 33,9 33,4 34,3 pendencia Julius Nyerere en 1985 y la posterior reintroducción del pluriparti- Tipo de cambio por $ 2.283 2.291 2.300 2.305 dismo (Ali Hassan Mwinyi, Benjamin Mkapa, Jakaya Kikwete, John Magufuli (*) datos estimados y la actual presidenta Samia Suluhu Hassan) han pertenecido a este partido. Economist Intelligence Unit 2021 El 28 de octubre de 2020 Tanzania celebró sus sextas elecciones generales 1.6. Comercio exterior desde la introducción del multipartidismo, en las que John Pombe Magufuli (CCM) resultó electo para un segundo mandato tras obtener el 84,4% de ESTRUCTURA BALANZA COMERCIAL (MILL. $) 2018 2019 2020 (*) 2021(**) los votos emitidos –el porcentaje más alto hasta la fecha en unas elecciones Saldo -3.854 -3.222 -1.517 -2.261 presidenciales tanzanas–. Su muerte, el 14 de marzo de 2021, supuso el Exportación FOB 4.446 5.378 6.372 6.523 nombramiento de la hasta entonces vicepresidenta Samia Suluhu Hassan Importación FOB -8.298 -8.599 -7.889 -8.784 como nueva presidenta, tal y como establece la Constitución de Tanzania. (*) datos estimados; (**) datos previsibles Economist Intelligence Unit 2021 Zanzíbar cuenta con un presidente, un gobierno y una cámara de represen- tantes propios. Tras la independencia, en diciembre del año 1963, Zanzíbar 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países se convirtió en una monarquía constitucional encabezada por el Sultán Jam- shid bin Abdullah. Sin embargo, los partidos “africanistas” (por oposición PRINCIPALES CLIENTES % DEL TOTAL a aquellos de mayor influencia árabe) dieron un golpe de estado en enero India 23,5 de 1964 constituyendo un Consejo Revolucionario con el ánimo de aplicar Sudáfrica 16,7 políticas cercanas a las del bloque soviético. El temor a una intervención Vietnam 7,5 internacional para restablecer el sultanato, en el contexto de la guerra fría, Kenia 7 galvanizó la unión con Tanganica. Suiza 6,3 Otros 39 El equilibrio de las relaciones entre el archipiélago y la Tanzania continental ha sido frágil desde entonces y la oposición en las islas ha centrado su dis- PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES % DEL TOTAL curso en reclamar una mayor autonomía para Zanzíbar dentro de la Unión. China 19,3 India 15 En Zanzíbar, donde también se celebraron elecciones el pasado día 28 de EAU 7,6 octubre de 2020, Ali Hussein Mwinyi (CCM), ha sido nombrado presidente Arabia Saudi 6 tras obtener un 76,27% de los votos emitidos. Mientras que el líder del prin- Sudáfrica 5,3 cipal partido de la oposición zanzibarí, Seif Shariff Hamad (ACT-Wazalendo), Otros 46,8 ha conseguido un 19,87% de los votos. ACT-Wazalendo aceptó integrar el Fuente: UN Comtrade-junio 2019 Gobierno de Unidad Nacional (GUN), con Seif Shariff Hamad como primer vicepresidente. Su fallecimiento el pasado mes de febrero condujo al nom- bramiento de Othman Masoud Sharif, también miembro de ACT-Wazalendo como nuevo vicepresidente. 3 FICHA PAÍS TANZANIA El presidente Magufuli durante su primer mandato de 5 años centró su pro- En 2015 fue nombrada vicepresidenta del gobierno, cargo en el que fue grama en la lucha contra la corrupción y en la reforma de la administración.
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