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Publications of the Navy Records Society Vol. 154 Chatham Dockyard PUBLICATIONS OF THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY Vol. 154 CHATHAM DOCKYARd, 1815–1865 The Navy Records Society was established in 1893 for the purpose of printing unpublished manuscripts and rare works of naval interest. The Society is open to all who are interested in naval history, and any person wishing to become a member should apply to the Hon. Secretary, Pangbourne College, Pangbourne, Berks., R98 8LA. The annual subscription is £30, which entitles the member to receive one free copy of each work issued by the Society in that year, and to buy earlier issues at much reduced prices. Subscriptions and orders for back volumes should be sent to the Membership Secretary, 8 Hawthorn Way, Lindford, Hants GU35 0RB. The Council of the Navy Records Society wish it to be clearly understood that they are not answerable for any opinions and observations which may appear in the Society’s publications. For these the editors of the several works are entirely responsible. CHATHAM DOCKYARD, 1815–1865 The Industrial Transformation Edited by PHILIP MACDOUGALL PUBLISHED BY ASHGATE FOR THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY 2009 © The Navy Records Society, 2009 Crown copyright material is reproduced by permission of The Stationery Office. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington, VT 05401–4405 Surrey GU9 7PT USA England Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Chatham Dockyard, 1815–1865 : the industrial transformation. – (Navy Records Society publications) 1. Chatham Dockyard (Great Britain) – History – 19th century 2. Shipyards – England – Chatham (Kent) – History – 19th century 3. Shipbuilding industry – Great Britain – History – 19th century 4. Naval architecture – Great Britain – History – 19th century I. MacDougall, Philip II. Navy Records Society (Great Britain) 623.8'3'0942232 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008936584 ISBN 978–0–7546–6597–7 Printed on acid-free paper Typeset in Times by Manton Typesetters, Louth, Lincolnshire, UK. THE COUNCIL OF THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY 2008–9 PATRON H.R.H. THE PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH, K.G., O.M., F.R.S. PRESIDENT Admiral of the Fleet Sir Benjamin Bathurst, G.C.B., D.L. VICE-PRESIDENTS Professor D. Loades M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S. C.S. White M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S. Captain C.L.W. Page, M.A., R.N. J.D. Davies, M.A., D.Phil. COUNCILLORS Professor R.J.B. Knight, M.A., Ph.D., C. Ware, M.A. F.R.Hist.S. A.J. Webb, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.B.Cart.S. S.P. Rose, M.A., Ph.D. M. Duffy, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.Hist.S. Lt. Cdr. T.T.A. Lovering, M.B.E., B.Sc., N.D. Black, M.A., Ph.D. M.St., R.N. Professor A.D. Lambert, M.A., Ph.D., M.S. Seligmann, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.Hist.S. F.R.Hist.S. Professor D. Law, M.A., F.C.L.I.P., S.B.A. Willis, M.A., Ph.D. F.I.Inf.Sc., F.K.C., F.L.A., F.R.S.E. Dr E.J. Grove, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. P. Nash, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. Dr H.L. Rubinstein, B.A., M.S., M.J. Simpson, M.A., M.Litt., F.R.Hist.S. F.R.Hist.S. HON. SECRETARY R.H.A. Brodhurst, B.A. HON. TREASURER P. Northcott, B.A., M.A. GENERAL EDITOR Dr R.A. Morriss, B.A., Ph.D. MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Mrs A. Gould CONTENTS Page Abbreviations....................................... ix Preface . xi Introduction . xv 1 Towards Achilles: Shipbuilding and Repair............. 1 2 Improving the Facilities ............................ 53 3 Manufacturing and the Move to Steam Power........... 113 4 Storage, Security and Materials ...................... 153 5 Economics, Custom and the Workforce................ 209 6 Local Management................................ 261 7 Central Management . 319 Appendix 1: Ships and Other Vessels Built at Chatham Royal Dockyard, 1815–1865 ........................ 365 Appendix 2: Post Holders, 1816–1865 . 371 Documents and Sources............................ 377 Index . 397 vii ABBREVIATIONS Add Mss Additional manuscripts ADM Admiralty BL British Library CHA Chatham Dockyard Cumbria R.O. Cumbria Record Office MEPO Metropolitan Police NMM National Maritime Museum PC Privy Council POR Portsmouth Dockyard RNM Royal Naval Museum SRO Scottish Record Office TNA The National Archives of the United Kingdom ix PREFACE A great deal has been written about the actions of seagoing fleets, the individuals who commanded them and the vessels that made up those fleets. In contrast, the organisational infrastructure necessary for the purpose of building and preparing warships for the fleet has often been ignored. It was this failure to recognise an important aspect of naval history that first spurred me into several decades of researching and writing the history of naval dockyards. In Britain, which had the first industrial revolution, the royal dockyards could boast a civilian workforce that was considerably larger than that of any other industrial enterprise long before the industrial take-off. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the seven home yards of the Royal Navy employed a workforce of nearly 16,000 men and even some women. Even among industrial and social historians this scale of employment has often been ignored. Yet, on account of their size, the dockyards add much to our understanding of developing social processes. For it was within those yards that a system of recruitment, training and supervision of a large-scale workforce was pioneered. At the same time the artisans and labourers of the yards developed their own particular response to the means by which they were managed, attempting to ensure their own interests were protected and acknowledged. My entry into the field of dockyard research was eased by the seminal work of Michael Oppenheim on Tudor and early Stuart naval adminis- tration, of John Ehrman on the navy of the late seventeenth century, and of Daniel Baugh on naval administration during the early eighteenth century.1 By fully integrating the function and working of the dockyards into their overall research, these three naval historians established the importance of the yards while indicating necessary directions for future research. Publications by the Navy Records Society added depth to my knowledge by issuing two volumes of collected documents edited by Baugh and Merriman. While the former revisited and underpinned his 1 Daniel Baugh, British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton, 1965); John Ehrman, The Navy in the War of William III (Cambridge University Press, 1963); Michael Oppenheim, A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in Relation to the Navy (1896; reprinted Temple Smith, 1988). xi xii CHATHAM DOCKYARD, 1815–1865 earlier publication, expanding his time frame, Merriman examined naval administration, including the dockyards, during the age of Queen Anne (1702–14).1 Later but also of importance were the works of Roger Morriss and Jonathan Coad. Both focussed specifically on the royal dockyards, Morriss undertaking an in-depth study of the wartime period 1793–1815 while Coad, in two illustrated books, concentrated on the architecture of the yards.2 More recently, attention has been given to a long-neglected area of dockyard research, that of the nineteenth century. In his work on the final years of the sailing navy, Andrew Lambert examined the naval dockyards in the period after the Napoleonic Wars; J.M. Haas included the nineteenth century in his study of management at different periods in the history of the yards; and in 2004 David Evans looked at the technology represented by the facilities of the yards created in the period 1830–1906.3 All three examined the dockyards in the early to mid nineteenth century and their work has much to commend it. However, they still left gaps. The period was one of dramatic change, and these writers were unable to give their full attention to a series of administrative reforms which with new technology had a dramatic impact upon the workforce. The purpose of this volume is to provide a more full understanding of the difficulties faced by the dockyards during this period of far-reaching change. In part, it is built upon my doctoral thesis that looked at the abolition of the Navy Board in 1832.4 However the present work goes much further. By concentrating on one naval dockyard and providing the documents relating to a whole series of reforms this study is able to examine how the day-to-day running of a major centre of industrial production changed in the period 1815–1865. The choice of Chatham was no coincidence. It was the yard that introduced the royal dockyards to the technology of the twentieth century. The private yards had long had experience of building ironclads and steam-powered vessels, the naval dockyards had not. There was every possibility that the work of building and maintaining ironclad warships would be diverted from the state- owned royal dockyards and turned over to the private sector. The Admiralty decision to make Chatham the location for building Achilles, 1 D.A. Baugh, ed., Naval Administration (NRS, Vol. 120, 1977), R.D. Merriman, ed., Queen Anne’s Navy (NRS, Vol. 103, 1961). 2 R. Morriss, The Royal Dockyards during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (Leicester, 1983); J. Coad, Historic Architecture of the Royal Navy (London, 1983); J.
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