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The Element of Water in the Architecture of Archaic Societes

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The Element of Water in the Architecture of Archaic Societes DOI: 10.4467/25438700SM.18.046.9211 RADA MIKHAILOVA* The element of water in the architecture of archaic societies Abstract The article studies the historical, cultural and artistic interpretation of the element of water, embodied and visualized in the architectural-artistic images of archaic societies. The analysis of evolutionary and transformational processes have been based on a combination of historical and archaeological reconstructions, cultural, and art-study methods. Key words: art culture, architecture, art image, archaic society, the element of water Introduction military democracy, oligarchy, monarchy [7, Water, the natural and biological factor of life, H2O– from 387-389]. The tradition of deification of water, ancient times belonged to the objects of deification and re- which carried the awareness of the phenome- ligious worship of human. Together with the atmosphere and non of water as an important natural resource, the lithosphere, water forms a hydrosphere – an independent arose and formed precisely within them. living environment. The unique ability of water is its inex- So the origins of this phenomenon come from haustibility and self-renewal, the existence in various forms the early history of mankind, in the time range – vaporous, solid, liquid; water is characterized by high heat from the primitive period to modern times. In capacity and thermal conductivity, solubility. Water is biologi- a cultural sense, this period of human devel- cally active: life on earth was born in water, and the propor- opment is usually divided into several stages: tion of water in the human body is 60%. It is inseparable from 150 thousand years B. C. – 4 thousand years B. the technological processes. C. (first stage); 4 thousand years B. C. to fifth Water is also an important social factor. The role of water is century A.D. (second stage); V-XVII centuries exceptionally significant in the civilizational processes. It was (the third stage; India and China – since the 3rd a determining factor in primitive human settlements, and, in century, Europe till XIV-XV centuries); XV-XVI fact, the main hearth of origin of all civilizations. The creation centuries (the fourth stage); XVII-XVIII centu- of artificial reservoirs is one of the most important inventions ries (the fifth stage) [8]. During the specified of the civilization of mankind. time in various state formations in different In the vast majority of researches the study of water is taken historical circumstances there was a signifi- in the area of industrial, bio-chemical, technical and engineer- cant number of specimens-artifacts related ing tasks. However, the element of water has long been the to the theme of water and water elements. In subject of architectural art, historic and cultural figurative in- the modern problem of water resources, this carnations [3]. Consequently, its figurative and content load is human experience is becoming increasingly important for identifying the place, role and meaning in artis- valuable. Cultural-artistic analysis of the monu- tic culture, which “documents” the time in artistic generaliza- ments of Ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient India, tions [6, 14-26]. China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, Eu- The analysis of the materials indicates several stages of de- rope, where a prominent place belonged to the velopment of this phenomenon. A significant part of the ex- element of water, will allow to trace the original perience of mankind in this area consists of stages that be- content, evolutionary changes and transforma- long to ancient history, namely, formations, which according tions in the content-shaped and composition- to the way of life belong to the archaic ones. These are soci- al-stylistic decisions of architectural structures, eties that combine such features as mythical poetic or cult- tangent to the specified topic. religious outlook, hierarchical relations between social strata, The objective of this article is to investigate pre-scientific empiricism, pre-industrial production, state- peculiarities of formation of artistic ideas as- political styles in the form of despotism, early democracy, sociated with the element of water in early * Dr. of Art, Professor of Department of Design of Interior, Faculty of Design Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Kiev, Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected] 161 archaic societies and to trace their imagery and meaningful river, which Pharaoh greeted while entering Zeus in the form of Golden rain enters the locked tower to In the middle Ages (third stage), with the ad- expression in architecture and art. the temple. The ceremony continued with meet the beautiful Danae, the ancient Iranian God of rain vent of monotheistic religions — Christianity, laudatory hymn, sang by all present, stand- Tishtrie in the image of a white horse fights against the black Islam, and Buddhism, new cultural centers The main part ing face to the river. The priests threw a scroll horse – the drought, Chinese consider rain as the voice of were formed in Byzantium, Western Europe, At the early stage of human development (the first stage), into the water, which counted the flow into harmony “Yin-Yang” on a cosmic scale. In China, the water el- Kievan Rus. The Byzantine Empire and China in the conditions of the emergence of magical culture, water the river, because the lake was connected to ement, comprehended by the teachings of Tao, has become were in the leading cultural position. Religion, was given honor in the form of ceremonies of magic, spells, the Nile with channel. The participants of the one of the main elements of the philosophy of the Chinese which received in this period spiritual and in- orders. The main idea was to obtain abundance, security, fer- festival, captured by the sacrament, raised garden. In Taoism, water represents wisdom, its ability to find tellectual domination in all spheres of being, tility from the natural elements. There are deers crossing the their branches and lighted torches over their a way around obstacles is also a symbol of the triumph of during the millennium significantly influenced river are depicted on the bone plate from the Grotto Lorte heads. Similarly, the symbols of the water apparent weakness over force. Chinese landscape garden/ cultural and artistic processes. However, at (France) of the Upper Paleolithic era. Given that the art of this element, associated with mythological rep- park that was formed over millennia, was created for reflec- the end of the period, the scientific and ratio- time was exclusively ritual-utilitarian, it can be argued that resentations of the daylight of the Amun-Sun tion and solitude. Its idea is to harmoniously combine human nal beginning gradually prevailed. water (river, stream) in this image carries exactly this content. in the boat in the sky and his disappearance and nature. Surrounded by walls, this garden includes one The idea of water as a purifying element is As further the river/stream is the symbol of time and life, and in space waters on the evening, played in or more ponds, the composition of stones, wood, flowers, present in all monotheistic teachings – Hindu, for civilizations whose livelihood depended on the irrigation the appropriate action. On one of the reliefs halls and pavilions, combined with winding paths and zig-zag Jewish, and Christian. Springs on the territory of the land with natural water – a symbol of wealth, cleans- depicts the boat of Amun, which goes from galleries. Walking along them allows you to see the new “pic- of Christian monasteries are an illustration of ing, movement, recovery. In magical rituals aimed at bring- Karnak to Luxor. tures” of nature. the holy water jets of the paradise, the Eden ing rain, pouring/purification was performed to bring rain. In The lake in many legends and myths is a mag- In Europe water-lifting devices yet in the Roman Empire garden, where according to the Old Testa- the dance, stamping with feet imitated the sound of falling ical place. They were built in other palaces ensured the development of architectural and engineering ment descriptions, was the oldest garden on of drops to the ground, which also was considered a potent and on the territory of the largest Egyptian structures with the use of water. Based on the engineering earth. The spring of the water that came out spell of rain. Ancient symbols of rain were an axe, a hammer, temples, but Karnak lake is one of the larg- ideas of the Greeks, contained in the writings of Aristotle, of the roots of the World Tree were devel- zigzag (lightning), a serpent (often horned), reptiles, a dragon est that filled with groundwater. Surrounded Archimedes, Pythagoras, Euclid in mathematics and technol- oped on four rivers in different directions of (in China) [4, 81-82]. The Indian “Rigweed” boasts praise for by a stone wall with steps leading up to the ogy, a new structure appeared, through which the water has the world – a metaphor for divine energy and water as a carrier of all that exists. It was believed that pure water, the lake also has a hidden system of acquired the art of the incarnation: a Roman engineer and spiritual food which nourishes the Universe water, in particular, rain, has healing properties and is a form tunnels, which drove sacred geese – the birds architect Vitruvius and also an engineer and inventor Heron [4, 304-305]. In the gospel of John (4:14), of divine mercy, a gift of mother-Earth and heavenly gods. of Aton to the water, during ritual mysteries. of Alexandria came up with the idea of fountains, providing it Christ says to Samaritans : “But whosoever The emergence of early States (the second stage), when the In the Greek myth of the god Dionysus, he with mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and geophysical de- drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall culture began to develop on a rational basis and made a huge is made through the bottom of the lake to vices.
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