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Liberation in the Midst of Futility and Destruction: Romans 8:19-22 and the Christian Vocation of Nourishing Life by Presian

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Liberation in the Midst of Futility and Destruction: Romans 8:19-22 and the Christian Vocation of Nourishing Life by Presian Liberation in the Midst of Futility and Destruction: Romans 8:19-22 and the Christian Vocation of Nourishing Life by Presian Renee Burroughs Date: May 20, 2014 Approved: Susan Eastman, Supervisor ________________________ Susan Eastman ________________________ Douglas Campbell ________________________ Ellen Davis ________________________ Norman Wirzba Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2014 ABSTRACT Liberation in the Midst of Futility and Destruction: Romans 8:19-22 and the Christian Vocation of Nourishing Life by Presian Renee Burroughs Date: May 20, 2014 Approved: Susan Eastman, Supervisor ________________________ Susan Eastman ________________________ Douglas Campbell ________________________ Ellen Davis ________________________ Norman Wirzba An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2014 Copyright by Presian Burroughs 2014 ABSTRACT In an era of ecological upheaval that has led some scientists to declare that human activity has inaugurated a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, the apocalyptic theology of the Apostle Paul speaks a timely word of ethical and practical import. In his letter to the Roman Christians, Paul calls for a conversion of behavior that resonates with and lends theological substantiation to the urgent calls of ecologists, climatologists, and others concerned for the wellbeing of the entire ecosphere. With a fundamental belief in the God who creates, sustains, and resurrects life, Paul’s message in Romans 8:19-22 urges Christians to align their lives with the liberation that God intends for creation and that Jesus Christ has inaugurated through his life, death, and resurrection. This dissertation examines Rom 8:19-22 in its literary, theological, imperial, and ecological contexts in order to illuminate the implications of Paul’s thought for contemporary Christian living. Laying a biblical and theological foundation, the first chapter delineates the ways in which Old Testament texts assume a “relational pyramid” in which Israel, the nations, and nonhuman creation relate with one another and with God in ways that affect the wellbeing of all. In this vision, the conditions and destinies of human and nonhuman members of creation interdepend. Presupposing such a view of the world, Paul indicates throughout Romans, and especially in Rom 8:19-22, that creation’s slavery to destruction results from human sin and that its liberation depends upon God’s liberation and glorification of humanity, an argument developed in my second chapter. While this interpretation parallels common understandings of Rom 8:19-22, the frequently muted voice of creation is magnified when we recognize that the nonhuman creation too acts as subject, aligning itself with God’s purposes, expectantly awaiting the iv resurrection of humanity, and collectively groaning and laboring towards that resurrection, the apocalypse of the “sons of God.” Chapter three turns to relevant features of ancient Rome’s religious, political, and agricultural traditions. Like Paul, the Roman imperial mythos maintained that human activity affected the health of creation. Yet, in contrast to Paul, it declared that Augustus, the divinely favored son of god, had established an age of peace and had brought fertility and abundance to the natural world. This “Golden Age” depended upon military power and the exploitation of conquered people and land, as an investigation of the Roman grain trade reveals. By placing Roman rhetoric and practice in conversation with Paul, chapter four demonstrates how Paul’s vision of liberation subverts the Roman imperial mythos. The Epistle to the Romans insists that the empire’s practices are among those that enslave creation to destruction and that the fulfillment of God’s liberation will be established by Jesus Christ, the true Son of God, who will share his inheritance with his siblings, the children of God from all nations. In accord with their allegiance to Christ, his followers should live in ways that honor their relationships with human neighbors and also alleviate the destruction of creation, promote the flourishing of life and biodiversity, contribute to the wellbeing of creation’s vulnerable members, and render thanksgiving to God. Exhibiting Paul’s practical theology of creation and its powerful political bite, the fifth chapter examines and criticizes American industrial agriculture, particularly the growing of wheat in the Great Plains. In ways that parallel the Roman imperial myth, modern agriculture presents itself as liberating the world from famine through industrial power even as it masks the ways in which it binds creation to destruction. Inspired by the message of Romans, however, Christians find themselves called to unveil the powers of oppression and v nurture sustainable communities of liberty, peace, and flourishing in harmony with creation. They may begin to do this by supporting local, organic, and perennial forms of agriculture with the hope that farmers may rely less on fossil fuels, toxic chemicals, and expensive seeds. In so doing, humans presage the liberty and flourishing of the New Creation as they mitigate the epoch-shifting and life-destroying events of climate change and species extinction. vi To my father, Steven Smyers, and his namesake, Justus Steven Burroughs vii CONTENTS FIGURES ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x INTRODUCTION PERCEIVING THE WORLD 1 CHAPTER 1 GOD’S CREATION, GOD’S PEOPLE, & INHERITANCE OF THE COSMOS 44 CHAPTER 2 CHRIST JESUS, GOD’S CHILDREN, AND THE LIBERATION OF CREATION 81 CHAPTER 3 THE EMPEROR, THE GOLDEN AGE, AND NATURAL ABUNDANCE 148 CHAPTER 4 PAUL VERSUS EMPIRE ON THE STATE OF CREATION 188 CHAPTER 5 THE BODY, THE BREAD, AND THE BROKEN CREATION 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY 276 BIOGRAPHY 286 viii FIGURES 1.1. A Relational Pyramid 48 1.2. A Relational Pyramid with a Messiah-King as Mediator 63 5.1. “Competent Threshing Here Will Hasten the Thrashing Over There,” 1918 235 5.2. Paul Stahr, “Be Patriotic – sign your country’s pledge to save the food,” 1914-1918 237 5.3. Alexandre Hogue, Erosion No. 2 – Mother Earth Laid Bare, 1936 241 ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I now stand at the end of an era – a personal era of longing and travail that, at moments, appeared to have no end. I find myself indescribably grateful to many. Chief among those in Durham who have assisted me in my scholarly journey is Dr. Susan Eastman, my dissertation advisor. She has pressed me to hone my exegetical skills and has encouraged me to persevere in this labor, remarkably doing all this with amazing cheerfulness and timeliness. With wisdom and insight, Susan has helped me make sense of the jumbled mess of my thoughts at critical moments. She is truly a life giving “doctor-mother.” Douglas Campbell has similarly shaped my thinking and sharpened my academic skills throughout my degree programs. Although this dissertation does not thoroughly engage his work, it assumes much of Douglas’s trenchant theological and hermeneutical perspectives. When I have disagreed with him (especially in my interpretation and use of Romans 1), I have done so with gratitude to him for taking pains in attempting to rectify me, as he might say. Ellen Davis is an exemplary pedagogue, giving consistent attention to the details of the biblical text in her lectures and providing thorough feedback on written assignments. Although she was on sabbatical during the final year of this project, she read my chapters thoroughly and provided me with the encouragement I needed to complete it with confidence. Her work in the ecological interpretation of the bible has paved the way for my own multidisciplinary approach to the New Testament. I hope I might someday imitate her eloquence. x Norman Wirzba repeatedly bore with patience the times when I and the other Pauline scholars responded to his theological queries with an abrupt protest: “But that wasn’t Paul’s concern.” He kindly and persistently pressed me to consider the practical and theological implications of how industrial agriculture functions today. I only wish I could have done justice to his concerns and followed his suggestions for this iteration of my work. I anticipate shoring up the weaknesses of this project as best as I can in future revisions. In addition to my excellent committee members, the faculty of Duke University, including Richard Hays, Joel Marcus, Stephen Chapman, Anathea Portier-Young, Fred Edie, Warren Smith, Stanley Hauerwas, Kavin Rowe, Melvin Peters, Ed Sanders, and Joshua Sosin, has kindly assisted me in my academic endeavors and contributed to my scholarly development. I thank them for their stimulating discussions and shining pedagogical examples. Additionally, I had the privilege of learning from Michael Gorman during his semester as a visiting scholar at Duke. He has become a mentor and a true friend. His gracious spirit, kindness, and honesty – in addition to his insights into the Christian scriptures and faith – are gifts to me and countless others. And before I attended Duke I learned the meaning of academic labor from another mentor and friend, Daniel Wallace, who allowed me to assist him in his text critical work in Münster, Germany. My academic pursuits would not have been possible without the financial and professional support of the John Wesley Fellowship, a program of A Foundation for Theological Education (AFTE). I thank AFTE’s donors and board members for believing in my potential and investing in my work. By God’s grace, I shall endeavor to repay their generosity by faithfully teaching and embodying the truth of the gospel. xi Although Duke Divinity School and Durham blessed me with too many friends to name, two among them stand out as particularly important to the successful “birth” of this dissertation: Celia Wolff and Laura Levens. They commiserated with my groaning and attended many hours of what seemed at the time to be hopeless laboring through coursework, language learning, and preliminary exams.
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