DOCSLIB.ORG

Mars As the Abode of Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mars As the Abode of Life MARS AS THE ABODE OF LIFE BY PERCIVAL LOWELL, A.B., LL.D. AUTHOR OF "MARS AND ITS CANaLS," ETC. director of the observatory at flagstaff, arizona; non-resident professor of astronomy at the massachusetts institute of technology; fellow of the american academy of arts and sciences: membre de la soc1ete astronomique de france: member of the astronomical and astro- physical society of america: mitglied der astronomische ge- sellschaft; membre db la societe belge d'astronomie; honorary member of the sociedad astronomica de mex ico; janssen medalist of the societe astronomique de france, mm, for researches on mars; etc., etc. ILLUSTRATED 3?efa gorit THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1908 All rights reserved Copyright, 1908, Bv THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1908. 371220 ,.,.;«. NortoooB jirraa J. 8. Gushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.8.a. JkflCROFILM AVAILABLE MY BROTHER PROFESSOR ABBOTT LAWRENCE LOWELL, LL.D. WHO AS TRUSTEE OF THE LOWELL INSTITUTE PROPOSED THESE LECTURES THIS PRESENTATION OF THEM IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED PREFACE In 1906 Professor Lowell was asked by the trustee of the Lowell Institute to deliver a course of lectures there upon the planet Mars. Eleven years had elapsed since, at the invitation of the former trustee, he had done the like. When the time came for their delivery unusual interest was manifested, the course proving the most thronged of any ever given before the Insti tute. So great was the demand for seats that the hall could not contain the crowd, and the lectures had to be repeated in the afternoons, to audiences almost as large. The eight lectures were then published, with slight changes, in six papers in the Century Magazine, and were subsequently wanted by Macmillan and Com pany for issuance in book form. Though dealing specifically with Mars, the theme of the lectures was that of planetary evolution in gen eral, and this book is thus a presentation of something which Professor Lowell has long had in mind and of which his studies of Mars form but a part, the re search into the genesis and development of what we call a world ; not the mere aggregating of matter, but vii viii PREFACE what that aggregation inevitably brings forth. The subject which links the Nebular Hypothesis to the Darwinian theory, bridging the evolutionary gap be tween the two, he has called planetology, thus desig nating the history of the planet's individual career. It is in this light that Mars is here regarded : how it came to be what it is and how it came to differ from the Earth in the process. The object of the founding of the Observatory at Flagstaff was the study of the planets of our solar system ; a subject it has now for fourteen years made its specialty, the site, chosen for the purpose, en abling it to prosecute this study to more advantage than is possible at any other observatory at present. From the data thus collected, light has been thrown upon the evolution of the planets as worlds, resulting in a thesis of which the present book is a preliminary presentation. As in all theses, the cogency of the conclusion hangs upon the validity of each step in the argument. It is vital that each of these should be based on all that we know of natural laws and the general principles underlying them. Their truth can only be adequately appreciated by those able to follow the physical and mathematical processes involved, and for this the gen eral reader has not the necessary technical education. Yet there are many, professional and unprofessional PREFACE ix alike, capable of comprehending provided the steps are made sufficiently explicit. It has seemed, there fore, worth the trying to attempt to write for both classes of the community in a single volume. To do this, the general text has been printed complete in itself, while the demonstrations of the several steps have been collected in a part by themselves with refer ence to the places in the text where they severally should occur. All illustrations of the planet Mars are by Professor Lowell. May, 1908. s CONTENTS rAOE Foreword I PART I CHAfTEK I. The Genesis of a World .... 3 Catastrophic origin ...... 3 Meteorites ....... 4 Meteorite worship ...... 4 Meteoric constitution of solar system . 5 AnalogyAmountTheSubstances meteorites ofof vary heatcataclysm gravitate withdepends heat to newtogether,on and the stars pressure mass generating (Novae) of the body heat 67 8 Mass the fundamental factor .... 9 Cooling ....... 9 Life-history depends on size .... ii Planetologic eras ..... 1 1 GeologicPresent aspects part of of planetology the planets .... our guide . 12 •3 Landscape the result of cooling •4 Mountains in proportion to mass 'S 1 Volcanic phenomena ..... 16 Relative roughness of Earth, Moon, and Mars . 16 Mountains absent on Mars .... 16 Slant illumination ..... 17 Importance to astronomers .... «7 Applied to Mars ..... 18 Not indicative of mountains .... 21 Two or three thousand feet limit of elevation on Mars 22 XI xu CONTENTS PAGE InternalDarwinianConfirmedContinentalProbable heat comparative theoryby and of lunar the oceanic of three surface lunar internal areas bodies origin . heatformed of earth and 23 26 26 Transition Mars 27 28 TheirTrue Martian distribution message determined . 28 3° TheirTheirEarth's relativeflooring oceanic size attests basins on it different permanent planets . 3° 32 33 II. The Evolution of Life 35 The origin of organic life . 35 Life an inevitable phase of planetary evolution 37 Water essential to life ... 39 Seas the earliest home of mundane life 42 Uniformity of paleozoic fossils . 45 Carboniferous plant life 46 Light less and heat more then than now . 48 Effect on the earth .... 49 Earth itself responsible for paleozoic heat . 5° Earth, not sun, the motive force in evolution in the paleozoic era . 52 -~ A once cloudy Mars ... 52 Life outgrows the sea . 53 Effect of environment upon evolution 54 Deep-sea life thought impossible fifty years ago 57 Extinction of light 57 Deep-sea life . 58 Blindness .... 60 Phosphorescent organs . 61 Lesson of the fishing fishes 61 Cosmic character of life 64 III. The Sun Dominant 70 70 CONTENTS xm The sun asserts itself . 7i Mars betrays the same evolution 73 The thin atmosphere of Mars 78 - - The polar caps of Mars 80 The question of temperature on Mars 83 _^-The clear skies of Mars 85 Summer and winter temperatures . 87 Aspect of Mars corroborative 89 - Summer the life season . 90 ~~Zones of vegetation of the San Francisco Mountains 93 Summer temperature determinative of life 95 Plateaux hotter than peaks at a like elevatic 98 Water-vapor in the air of Mars 103 Vegetation of Mars 106 Mode of manifestation of life 107 IV. Mars and the Future of the Eabjh 1 1 1 - Mars has lost its oceans 112 -The oceans of earth are disappearing 118 Gain of land in North America and Europe 119 Lowering of the sea-level 121 Inland seas .... Terrestriality succeeds terraqueousness 123 Deserts ..... 124 The petrified forest of Arizona 126 Egypt and Carthage 128 Palestine ..... 1 29 Subtropical regions chiefly affected . 129 - Planetary change far advanced on Mars ■3' The opaline tints of Mars . '34 How the earth will follow Mars »35 Water present in the Martian atmosphere 136 The surface of Mars a waterless world 142 A high type of life probable on Mars 142 The probability of life on Mars at the present time 144 XIV CONTENTS The Canals and Oases of Mars . .146 SchiaparelliLinesCanalsCanalsOases are superposedin straightdark . and regions the . over canals ... main ....features .... ..... .... .146.148.152.155.156 TheSearchNewWidthArea canals ofmethod fordiffers zones clew are offor subject to research. different decipherment to. change doubles .. ..... .... ..... .168.163.167.160 1 74 TheQuickeningQuickeningMelting earth first as ofstarts necessary witnessed canals at polar according on from cap Mars space to latitude ... ... .... ..176.178 1175 79 Speed of spread of vegetation . .181 VI. Proofs of Life on Mars . .184 DiscoveryReview of of the celestial natural truths chain similarof evidence to detective . .work ..186 184 Aspect of Mars corroborates principles of planetary evolution . .186 Canals Animal confront life disclosed the observer only by . mind . .. .188 Not rivers . .191 Not cracks . .191 Other natural explanations prove impossible . 192 Oases equally inexplicable . .194 Artificiality suggests itself . .195 Great-circle character of the canals . .196 Circularity of oases . .197 ItsMars'Note locomotion of surface water a explainedruns level through surface the .. action .. ... ... .200.199.197 Gravity incapable of water transference . .201 Organisms evolve as a planet ages .... 205 CONTENTS XV CHAPTER PAGE One species supplants all others 206 To die of thirst . 207 End foreseen 208 Further phenomena 21 I Speculation excluded 2I4 Our life not unique 2I5 Martian life nearing its end 216 PART Notes II 1 . On Moment of Momentum .... 219 2. The Connection of Meteorites with the Solar System 2ZO 3. The Heat developed by Planetary Contraction 225 4. The Heights of Mountains on the Moon 229 5. Heat acquired by the Moon . 23O 6. Surface Heat of Mars 7. The Boiling-point of Water on Mars . 231 8. The Paleozoic Sun .... 232 9. Effect on the Earth of the Supposed Paleozoic Sun 233 10. On the Influence upon the Climate of Carbon Dioxide in the Air .... 236 1 1 . Atmosphere of Mars 238 12. The Mean Temperature of Mars 240 13. A Dust Storm on Mars 256 14. Mars on the Cause of an Ice-age 265 15. Tidal Effects .... 270 1 6. On the Visibility of Fine Lines . 271 17. Canals of Mars 279 18. Position of the Axis of Mars 280 Index ...... 283 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES I. On the Road to the Observatory Frontispiece orrosiTK pace II.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting
    Program Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston TX 77058-1113 Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting June 12–14, 2018 • Knoxville, Tennessee Institutional Support Lunar and Planetary Institute Universities Space Research Association Convener Devon Burr Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Science Organizing Committee David Williams, Chair Arizona State University Devon Burr Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Robert Jacobsen Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Bradley Thomson Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Abstracts for this meeting are available via the meeting website at https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/pgm2018/ Abstracts can be cited as Author A. B. and Author C. D. (2018) Title of abstract. In Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting, Abstract #XXXX. LPI Contribution No. 2066, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. Guide to Sessions Tuesday, June 12, 2018 9:00 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Introduction and Mercury and Venus Maps 1:00 p.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Mars Maps 5:30 p.m. Strong Hall Poster Area Poster Session: 2018 Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting Wednesday, June 13, 2018 8:30 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room GIS and Planetary Mapping Techniques and Lunar Maps 1:15 p.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Asteroid, Dwarf Planet, and Outer Planet Satellite Maps Thursday, June 14, 2018 8:30 a.m. Strong Hall Optional Field Trip to Appalachian Mountains Program Tuesday, June 12, 2018 INTRODUCTION AND MERCURY AND VENUS MAPS 9:00 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Chairs: David Williams Devon Burr 9:00 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Astronaut Visits Stennis
    Volume 7 Issue 8 www.nasa.gov/centers/stennis August 2012 Touchdown! Take it both ways – the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, touched Sharp at a height of about 3.4 miles, taller than Mount Whitney in California. down on the surface of Mars early on the morning of Aug. 6 CDT, and the The Curiosity team hopes to drive the rover to the mountain to investigate NASA team scored a very big touchdown for space exploration. This image its lower layers, which scientists think hold clues to past environmental taken by Curiosity shows what lies ahead for the rover – its main science change. This image was captured by a rover camera shortly after it landed. target, Mount Sharp. The rover’s shadow can be seen in the foreground, It has been linearized to remove the distorted appearance that results from and the dark bands beyond are dunes. Rising up in the distance is Mount its fisheye lens. For additional coverage and photos, see pages 4-7. Page 2 LAGNIAPPE August 2012 “NASA is in a unique position to excite and inspire students about STEM education, and to help grow our technical workforce.” From the desk of Katie Wallace Director, Office of Education, Stennis Space Center he Mars Science Laboratory’s successful land- and over 8,000 students and parents. Our workshops ing on Mars early Aug. 6 was a huge engi- have a satisfaction rating of 99 percent. Tneering accomplishment! Years of research, planning, collaboration and dedication came down to In addition, we focus on student activities that enrich seven minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaginative Geographies of Mars: the Science and Significance of the Red Planet, 1877 - 1910
    Copyright by Kristina Maria Doyle Lane 2006 The Dissertation Committee for Kristina Maria Doyle Lane Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES OF MARS: THE SCIENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RED PLANET, 1877 - 1910 Committee: Ian R. Manners, Supervisor Kelley A. Crews-Meyer Diana K. Davis Roger Hart Steven D. Hoelscher Imaginative Geographies of Mars: The Science and Significance of the Red Planet, 1877 - 1910 by Kristina Maria Doyle Lane, B.A.; M.S.C.R.P. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2006 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to Magdalena Maria Kost, who probably never would have understood why it had to be written and certainly would not have wanted to read it, but who would have been very proud nonetheless. Acknowledgments This dissertation would have been impossible without the assistance of many extremely capable and accommodating professionals. For patiently guiding me in the early research phases and then responding to countless followup email messages, I would like to thank Antoinette Beiser and Marty Hecht of the Lowell Observatory Library and Archives at Flagstaff. For introducing me to the many treasures held deep underground in our nation’s capital, I would like to thank Pam VanEe and Ed Redmond of the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. For welcoming me during two brief but productive visits to the most beautiful library I have seen, I thank Brenda Corbin and Gregory Shelton of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Abulfeda crater chain (Moon), 97 Aphrodite Terra (Venus), 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Acheron Fossae (Mars), 165 Apohele asteroids, 353–354 Achilles asteroids, 351 Apollinaris Patera (Mars), 168 achondrite meteorites, 360 Apollo asteroids, 346, 353, 354, 361, 371 Acidalia Planitia (Mars), 164 Apollo program, 86, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108–109, 110, 361 Adams, John Couch, 298 Apollo 8, 96 Adonis, 371 Apollo 11, 94, 110 Adrastea, 238, 241 Apollo 12, 96, 110 Aegaeon, 263 Apollo 14, 93, 110 Africa, 63, 73, 143 Apollo 15, 100, 103, 104, 110 Akatsuki spacecraft (see Venus Climate Orbiter) Apollo 16, 59, 96, 102, 103, 110 Akna Montes (Venus), 142 Apollo 17, 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 110 Alabama, 62 Apollodorus crater (Mercury), 127 Alba Patera (Mars), 167 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), 110 Aldrin, Edwin (Buzz), 94 Apophis, 354, 355 Alexandria, 69 Appalachian mountains (Earth), 74, 270 Alfvén, Hannes, 35 Aqua, 56 Alfvén waves, 35–36, 43, 49 Arabia Terra (Mars), 177, 191, 200 Algeria, 358 arachnoids (see Venus) ALH 84001, 201, 204–205 Archimedes crater (Moon), 93, 106 Allan Hills, 109, 201 Arctic, 62, 67, 84, 186, 229 Allende meteorite, 359, 360 Arden Corona (Miranda), 291 Allen Telescope Array, 409 Arecibo Observatory, 114, 144, 341, 379, 380, 408, 409 Alpha Regio (Venus), 144, 148, 149 Ares Vallis (Mars), 179, 180, 199 Alphonsus crater (Moon), 99, 102 Argentina, 408 Alps (Moon), 93 Argyre Basin (Mars), 161, 162, 163, 166, 186 Amalthea, 236–237, 238, 239, 241 Ariadaeus Rille (Moon), 100, 102 Amazonis Planitia (Mars), 161 COPYRIGHTED
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Glossary
    Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts.
    [Show full text]
  • Martian Crater Morphology
    ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • CARES ACT GRANT AMOUNTS to AIRPORTS (Pursuant to Paragraphs 2-4) Detailed Listing by State, City and Airport
    CARES ACT GRANT AMOUNTS TO AIRPORTS (pursuant to Paragraphs 2-4) Detailed Listing By State, City And Airport State City Airport Name LOC_ID Grand Totals AK Alaskan Consolidated Airports Multiple [individual airports listed separately] AKAP $16,855,355 AK Adak (Naval) Station/Mitchell Field Adak ADK $30,000 AK Akhiok Akhiok AKK $20,000 AK Akiachak Akiachak Z13 $30,000 AK Akiak Akiak AKI $30,000 AK Akutan Akutan 7AK $20,000 AK Akutan Akutan KQA $20,000 AK Alakanuk Alakanuk AUK $30,000 AK Allakaket Allakaket 6A8 $20,000 AK Ambler Ambler AFM $30,000 AK Anaktuvuk Pass Anaktuvuk Pass AKP $30,000 AK Anchorage Lake Hood LHD $1,053,070 AK Anchorage Merrill Field MRI $17,898,468 AK Anchorage Ted Stevens Anchorage International ANC $26,376,060 AK Anchorage (Borough) Goose Bay Z40 $1,000 AK Angoon Angoon AGN $20,000 AK Aniak Aniak ANI $1,052,884 AK Aniak (Census Subarea) Togiak TOG $20,000 AK Aniak (Census Subarea) Twin Hills A63 $20,000 AK Anvik Anvik ANV $20,000 AK Arctic Village Arctic Village ARC $20,000 AK Atka Atka AKA $20,000 AK Atmautluak Atmautluak 4A2 $30,000 AK Atqasuk Atqasuk Edward Burnell Sr Memorial ATK $20,000 AK Barrow Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial BRW $1,191,121 AK Barrow (County) Wainwright AWI $30,000 AK Beaver Beaver WBQ $20,000 AK Bethel Bethel BET $2,271,355 AK Bettles Bettles BTT $20,000 AK Big Lake Big Lake BGQ $30,000 AK Birch Creek Birch Creek Z91 $20,000 AK Birchwood Birchwood BCV $30,000 AK Boundary Boundary BYA $20,000 AK Brevig Mission Brevig Mission KTS $30,000 AK Bristol Bay (Borough) Aleknagik /New 5A8 $20,000 AK
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 – Issue 2 (Summer)
    2015Summer Winter 2015Issue IAAA Artist Gallery—Pluto Pluto and Charon—acrylic on round canvas, Simon Kregar Overlooking Nitrogen Ice Glaciers on Pluto—digital, Ron Miller 2 From the Editor Welcome to another edition of the Pulsar. There are so many new discoveries, new leaps in technology in space exploration, and so many of you are doing incredible things with your art! I am sure there many of you who are creating beautiful things out there who have not shared with the IAAA and I want to invite you to please send in your happenings. This issue highlights artists who have been with the IAAA from the start, are working in textiles (not a traditional medium for space art, but incredible work) and creating calendars in an unusual format. I have received a few articles and announcements a little too late for publication in this issue, but be assured, they will be in the next one. Enjoy, and until next time, Ad Astra! Erika McGinnis, Pulsar Editor, [email protected] Table of Contents Gallery showcase . P. 2, 16—19 Kudos . .p. 4 Welcome New Members . P.5 Featured Artist: Roger Ferragallo . P. 7-8 From Space Art to Space Art Quilting By Robin Hart . .p. 9—12 An Evening With Alexei Leonov By Nick Stevens . .p. 13 The Heritage of Astronomical Art in Arizona By Michelle Rouch . .p. 14-15 Gallery Showcase . .p. 16—19 Board of Trustees . .p. 19 Letter From the President . P.20 Cover art: The Brain: A Cosmic Imperative, No 1 -2014- Roger Ferragallo Art Science Collaborations, Inc ASCI, October 11, 2014 - March 29, 2015, at the New York Hall of Science 23"h x 34"w, Lightjet 430 print, I remain awe-struck by the brain-mind which is a monumental work-in-process driven by a sublime cosmic imperative and complexity that knows no bounds.
    [Show full text]
  • RSL), Described in the 5 August 2011 Science Report “Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes”
    Animated GIFs to illustrate activity of Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL), described in the 5 August 2011 Science report “Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes”. All of these animated GIF files consist of a series of orthorectified HiRISE images over locations with RSL activity. Orthorectification corrects oblique images to show how the scene would appear from directly overhead. We perform this using HiRISE Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) at a scale of 1 m/posting. The orthorectified images are all at 0.25 m/pixel scale (or 0.5 m/pixel in cases noted below), so features smaller than 1-2 m diameter cannot be correctly rectified; the result is that small-scale features like boulders appear to wag back and forth. Each GIF is timed to dwell 2 seconds on the first and last frames and 1 second on intermediate frames, but network or computer performance may cause this to vary. The legend on each image gives the exact HiRISE image identifier; see http://uahirise.org/{image identified} for more information about each image. The legend also marks the year and seasonal identifier (Ls) for each image. The Mars years begin with the first years of Mars exploration by robot spacecraft. Ls stands for areocentric longitude of the sun, dividing the year into 360 degrees to mark the seasons. Ls = 180 is the beginning of southern spring, Ls = 270 is the beginning of southern summer, and Ls = 360 (or 0) is the beginning of southern autumn. Well-preserved crater on floor of Newton Crater Each of the gifs below are enhanced color sequences from different section of this crater slope, starting with faded RSL in MY29 (except one in which the color data was largely missing), then showing a sequence of RSL forming and fading in MY30.
    [Show full text]
  • V for Vendetta’: Book and Film
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDOS ANGLÍSTICOS “9 into 7” Considerations on ‘V for Vendetta’: Book and Film. Luís Silveiro MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS INGLESES E AMERICANOS (Estudos Norte-Americanos: Cinema e Literatura) 2010 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDOS ANGLÍSTICOS “9 into 7” Considerations on ‘V for Vendetta’: Book and Film. Luís Silveiro Dissertação orientada por Doutora Teresa Cid MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS INGLESES E AMERICANOS (Estudos Norte-Americanos: Cinema e Literatura) 2010 Abstract The current work seeks to contrast the book version of Alan Moore and David Lloyd‟s V for Vendetta (1981-1988) with its cinematic counterpart produced by the Wachowski brothers and directed by James McTeigue (2005). This dissertation looks at these two forms of the same enunciation and attempts to analise them both as cultural artifacts that belong to a specific time and place and as pseudo-political manifestos which extemporize to form a plethora of alternative actions and reactions. Whilst the former was written/drawn during the Thatcher years, the film adaptation has claimed the work as a herald for an alternative viewpoint thus pitting the original intent of the book with the sociological events of post 9/11 United States. Taking the original text as a basis for contrast, I have relied also on Professor James Keller‟s work V for Vendetta as Cultural Pastiche with which to enunciate what I consider to be lacunae in the film interpretation and to understand the reasons for the alterations undertaken from the book to the screen version. An attempt has also been made to correlate Alan Moore‟s original influences into the medium of a film made with a completely different political and cultural agenda.
    [Show full text]
  • August 2017 Posidonius P & Luther
    A PUBLICATION OF THE LUNAR SECTION OF THE A.L.P.O. EDITED BY: Wayne Bailey [email protected] 17 Autumn Lane, Sewell, NJ 08080 RECENT BACK ISSUES: http://moon.scopesandscapes.com/tlo_back.html FEATURE OF THE MONTH – AUGUST 2017 POSIDONIUS P & LUTHER Sketch and text by Robert H. Hays, Jr. - Worth, Illinois, USA March 5, 2017 01:28-01:48; UT, 15 cm refl, 170x, seeing 7-8/10. I drew these craters on the evening of March 4/5, 2017 while the moon was hiding some Hyades stars. This area is in northeast Mare Serenitatis west of Posidonius itself. Posidonius P is the largest crater on this sketch. The smaller crater south of P is Posidonius F and Posidonius G is the tiny pit to the north. There is a halo around Posidonius G, but this crater is noticeably north of the halo's center. A very low round swelling is northeast of Posidonius G. Luther is the crater well to the west of Posidonius P. All four of these craters are crisp, symmetric features, differing only in size. There are an assortment of elevations near Luther. The peak Luther alpha is well to the west of Luther, and showed dark shadowing at this time. All of the other features near Luther are more subtle than Luther alpha. One mound is between Luther and Luther alpha. Two more mounds are north of Luther, and a low ridge is just east of this crater. A pair of very low mounds are south of Luther. These are the vaguest features depicted here, and may be too conspicuous on the sketch.
    [Show full text]
  • Ouglass Aadc News
    ANNUAL REPORT ISSUE Volume 47, No. 1 January 2016 OUGLASS AADC NEWS Alumnae- created Alumnae -led Alumnae- driven Message from the Associate Alumnae of Douglass College Executive Director Valerie L. Anderson ’81, MBA Douglass alumnae and friends continue to amaze and mediation so that the AADC can continue the impor - inspire us every day. The leadership of the Associate tant work we have successfully carried out for nearly a Alumnae of Douglass College and all of the dedicated century. alumnae who share their time, talents and treasures, We will continue to share information on our web - have demonstrated the power of site, through digital messages, and our alumnae sisterhood. Your to reach out to all alumnae and engagement and resourcefulness The AADC remains a friends as information becomes keep our alumnae organization available and when mediation has grounded during challenging times vital organization concluded. Please see www.douglass and propel us into the future. Your alumnae.org for important updates support is critical to the AADC connecting alumnae from the AADC. remaining a vital organization. The AADC remains a vital organ - In this timely newsletter, we across many ization connecting alumnae across provide the AADC’s annual report many generations and from every for the fiscal year 2014-2015. generations and from walk of life. We encourage all alum - As we go to press, our leader - nae to come celebrate or get ship hopes to conclude mediation every walk of life. involved with upcoming AADC soon with Rutgers University and Rutgers University events and programs this spring. We are also working Foundation.
    [Show full text]