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A Grammar of Space in Baure — a Study on the Linguistic Encoding of Spatial Reference

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A Grammar of Space in Baure — a Study on the Linguistic Encoding of Spatial Reference A GRAMMAR OF SPACE IN BAURE — A STUDY ON THE LINGUISTIC ENCODING OF SPATIAL REFERENCE Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Two canoes on the river bank of the Río Negro, photo by Femmy Admiraal. ISBN: 978-94-6093-207-6 NUR 616 Copyright © 2016: Femmy Admiraal. All rights reserved. A GRAMMAR OF SPACE IN BAURE — A STUDY ON THE LINGUISTIC ENCODING OF SPATIAL REFERENCE ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op vrijdag 3 juni 2016, te 14:00 uur door FEMMIGJE ADMIRAAL geboren te Leeuwarderadeel. Promotiecommissie: Promotor: prof. dr. P.C. Hengeveld, Universiteit van Amsterdam Co-promotor: dr. S. Danielsen, Universität Leipzig Overige leden: prof. dr. E.O. Aboh, Universiteit van Amsterdam dr. E.I. Crevels, Universiteit Leiden prof. dr. W.J.J. Honselaar, Universiteit van Amsterdam dr. F.C. Seifart, Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. G. Senft, Universiteit Köln/MPI Nijmegen Faculteit: Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen This research was funded by the Volkswagen Stiftung. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... i List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ................................................................................................. vii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Aims of the thesis .................................................................................. 1 1.2 Theoretical approach ............................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Key concepts ................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Spatial relations .............................................................................. 4 1.2.3 Frames of reference ........................................................................ 5 1.2.4 Motion ............................................................................................ 8 1.2.5 Deixis .............................................................................................. 9 1.3 Methodology ....................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Type and amount of data .............................................................. 11 1.3.1.1 Elicitation ............................................................................... 14 1.3.1.1.1 Stimuli: space games and questionnaires ........................ 15 1.3.1.1.2 Stimuli: guided stories ..................................................... 19 1.3.1.1.3 Other stimuli ................................................................... 20 1.3.1.2 Natural speech ....................................................................... 22 1.3.1.2.1 Stories, local legends, and personal histories ................... 22 1.3.1.2.2 Descriptions and conversational data .............................. 25 1.3.2 Data recording and processing ...................................................... 26 1.3.3 Ethics and benefits for the community .......................................... 28 1.4 Structure of the book .......................................................................... 29 2. Geographical, historical, and linguistic background .................................. 31 2.1 Geographical background .................................................................... 33 2.2 Historical background ......................................................................... 35 2.2.1 Native population of the Llanos de Mojos ..................................... 35 2.2.2 The foundation of Baures, El Carmen, and San Joaquín ............... 38 2.2.3 From colony to nation state .......................................................... 42 2.2.4 The Baure today ........................................................................... 43 2.2.5 Concepción de Baures ................................................................... 45 2.3 Linguistic background ......................................................................... 48 2.3.1 Previous research on Baure ........................................................... 48 2.3.2 Arawakan languages and the Baure language group .................... 49 2.3.3 Typological sketch ........................................................................ 53 2.3.4 Orthography ................................................................................. 55 2.3.5 Speakers of Baure ......................................................................... 56 2.3.6 Language attitude and language revival ....................................... 59 3. Baure grammatical resources for spatial description ................................. 65 3.1 Locative noun phrases ......................................................................... 65 3.1.1 Basic structures ............................................................................. 65 3.1.1.1 Locative marker ..................................................................... 66 3.1.1.2 Locative possessive noun phrase ............................................ 72 3.1.1.3 Locative compounds ............................................................... 74 3.1.2 Locative noun stems ..................................................................... 78 3.1.2.1 Locative noun stems and their derivation .............................. 81 3.1.2.2 Composed forms .................................................................... 84 3.1.2.3 Classifier-like forms ................................................................ 87 3.1.3 Distribution of locative noun stems .............................................. 88 3.2 Locative predicates .............................................................................. 90 3.2.1 Verbs expressing motion and location .......................................... 90 3.2.1.1 Frequent motion verbs ............................................................... 91 3.2.1.2 Derived motion particles ........................................................ 92 3.2.1.3 Predicates expressing location ................................................ 93 3.2.2 Verbal locative suffixes ................................................................. 95 3.2.2.1 COME and GO ........................................................................... 95 3.2.2.2 Verbal locative suffix –yi ........................................................ 96 3.2.3 Noun incorporation and incorporation of locative noun stems ..... 97 3.3 Articles and demonstratives .............................................................. 102 3.3.1 Definite articles and nominal demonstratives ............................. 102 3.3.2 Adverbial demonstratives ........................................................... 106 3.4 Summary ........................................................................................... 108 4. Locative noun phrases and their underlying dimensions ......................... 109 4.1 A closer look at the semantics of the locative noun stems ................. 109 4.1.1 Locative noun stems derived from body part terminology .......... 110 4.1.1.1 Locative noun stem –imir ‘in front’ ....................................... 110 4.1.1.2 Locative noun stem –chipi ‘on top’ ....................................... 112 4.1.1.3 Locative noun stem –shiri ‘behind’ ....................................... 116 4.1.2 Locative noun stems derived from natural surroundings ............ 120 4.1.2.1 Locative noun stem ani ‘above’ ............................................. 120 4.1.2.2 Locative noun stem –poe ‘down’ ........................................... 124 4.1.2.3 Locative noun stem –she ‘on top’ .......................................... 126 4.1.3 Locative noun stems without traceable origin ............................. 129 4.1.3.1 Locative noun stem –api ‘under’ ........................................... 129 4.1.3.2 Locative noun stem ikiyiki ‘middle’ ...................................... 131 4.2 Grammaticalization of locative noun stems ....................................... 133 4.2.1 Lexical and grammatical properties of locative noun stems ........ 134 4.2.1.1 Lexical properties of locative noun stems ............................. 134 4.2.1.2 Grammatical properties of locative noun stems ................... 137 4.2.1.3 Decreasing lexicality ............................................................ 140 4.2.2 Grammaticalization of locative noun stems ................................ 144 4.2.2.1 Locative noun stems in historical sources ............................. 144 4.2.2.2 Beyond the locative noun stems ........................................... 150 4.2.2.3 The hypothetical path .......................................................... 153 4.3 Frames of reference ........................................................................... 154 4.3.1 Non-angular specification vs. angular specification .................... 155 4.3.1.1 Topological relations in Baure .............................................
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