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Ajami Literacy, ‘Class’, and Portuguese Pre-Colonial Administration in Northern Mozambique

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Ajami Literacy, ‘Class’, and Portuguese Pre-Colonial Administration in Northern Mozambique Ajami Literacy, ‘class’, and Portuguese pre-colonial administration in northern Mozambique Chapane Mutiua / MTXCHA003 Town A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirementsCape for the award of the degree of Masters of Arts ofin Historical Studies University Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2014 i The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town COMPULSORY DECLARATION This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Date: Univeristy of Cape Town i Univeristy of Cape Town ii Univeristy of Cape Town iii Table of contents List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iv Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................. viii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. x Map 1: Map of Mozambique. ............................................................................................................ xii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Aims .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 8 Theoretical Orientation ..................................................................................................................... 12 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter I: Northern Mozambique from eighteenth to nineteenth century: historical context ... 17 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 17 The inhabitants of northern Mozambique ......................................................................................... 17 Northern Mozambique and the Western Indian Ocean Trade .......................................................... 20 Politics, economy and society in northern Mozambique .................................................................. 24 Political relations between the Portuguese and northern Mozambique rulers .................................. 27 Final remarks .................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter II: Islamic education and the creation of a local intellectual and political elite ............. 33 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Islamic Expansion in northern Mozambique .................................................................................... 35 Islamic Education andUniveristy the creation of Muslim ofintellectuals Cape in northern Town Mozambique ..................... 39 Ajami literacy and the creation of a local intellectual elite ............................................................... 41 Final remarks .................................................................................................................................... 43 Chapter III: Northern Mozambique Ajami Manuscripts: Mozambique Historical Archives collection, Utenzis and Nasabas ......................................................................................................... 45 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Size of the collection and date range ................................................................................................ 46 The 1880s and the Growth of ajami based correspondence .............................................................. 51 The Authors ...................................................................................................................................... 53 The content........................................................................................................................................ 56 Meaning of the Letters ...................................................................................................................... 58 i More Ajami Manuscripts in private hands: utenzis and nasabas ...................................................... 59 Utenzi, utendi or Epic Poems ............................................................................................................ 60 Utenzi wa Mauth ............................................................................................................................... 61 Utenzi wa Tambuka .......................................................................................................................... 62 Nasab of Quissanga ........................................................................................................................... 65 Final Remarks ................................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter IV: Bwana Shaki ibn Abdulatifo al-Mafazi and the Making of northern Mozambique History: a view from the ajami written sources and oral history ................................................... 69 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 69 Map 02: Map of coastal Cabo Delgado region. ................................................................................ 71 Sources for the history of Quissanga and the Bwana Shaki dynasty ................................................ 73 The Founding of Quissanga .............................................................................................................. 74 The Bwana Shaki dynasty ................................................................................................................. 80 Bwana Shaki: a Muslim intellectual and political leader .................................................................. 91 Final Remarks ................................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter V: Sancul: Rebellion with covers of Friendship ................................................................ 99 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 99 Map 03: Mozambique Island and Sancul. ........................................................................................ 99 The foundation of Sancul and the establishment of a “collaboration system” ................................ 100 Saleh bin Ali Ibrahim al-Moroni (the Marave) and Maulid or Molid Volay: their tortuous relations ........................................................................................................................................................ 105 Marave, Molid Volay, Namarrais and the Portuguese: collaboration and betrayal ........................ 109 Final Remarks ................................................................................................................................. 117 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 119 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................Univeristy of Cape Town 123 Contents of the Appendix: .............................................................................................................. 123 Part I: Main letters authors from Quissanga ............................................................................... 123 Part II: Main authors from Sancul ............................................................................................... 124 Sources and Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 215 List of Maps Map 01: Mozambique……………………………………………………………………..…xii Map 02: Coastal Cabo Delgado region…………………………………………………...….71 Map 03: Mozambique
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