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Index

Abai (oracle of Apollo), 206, 208, 209, agora, 203, 213, 219, 253, 290, 424 212, 213 agoranomoi, 106, 335 Abantes, 160 Agyllaioi, 54 Achaemenids, 404, 425, 442, 443, 444, 448, Aiakos, 204 450, 473 Aianteia (Lokris), 180 Achaia (region), 40, 41, 118–131, 492 Aianteion, 180 Achaia (Roman province), 156, 178 Aias, 180, 181, 190 Achaian League, 14, 74, 118–131, 158, 178, 286, 293, Aigialeia, 41 294, 391, 406, 473, 475, 478, 499, 507, 508, Aigina, 52, 126, 204, 439, 490 509, 516, 520 Aigion, 42, 119, 121, 124, 392, 399 administration, 125–128 Aigition, 88 assemblies, 125 Aigosthena, 156, 479 capital, 124 Aineia, 352 citizenship, 122 Aiolians (ethnos), 24, 40, 47, 119, 370, 371, 437 coinage, 124, 489 Aitolia (region), 17, 21, 86, 90, 100, 108 conflict resolution, 130, 479, 481, 482 Aitolian League, 86–117, 156, 195, 228, 315, 369 council, 127 alliances, 156 cults, 399 assembly, 110, 116 institutions, 123–125 boula, 111, 116 justice, 128–131 citizenship, 101, 102 sanctuaries, 42, 212 conflict resolution, 478, 482 taxation, 497 districts, 95 Achaian War, 176 early development, 86–117 Achaians (ethnos), 31, 33, 38, 40, 41, 118–131, expansion, 115 390, 399 festivals, 109 Achaios, 40 institutions, 108–114, 116, 117 Acheloos, 83 legal framework, 101–108 Acheloos River, 66, 76, 83, 90 meetings, 109 Achilles, 248, 249, 302, 435 officials, 106, 111 Acilius Glabrio, Manius, 499 policy, 90 Aegean, 358–376 proxenia, 104 Aegean Federalism, 358–376 sanctuaries, 108 Aemilius Paulus, Lucius, 316 synedrion, 111, 112, 114, 116 Aeropos, 323 taxes, 112 Aetna, 61 tribes, 94 African Union, 477 voting, 111 Agamemnon, 41, 119, 182, 434 Aitolians (ethnos), 17, 21, 27, 77, 86–117, Agathostratos, 363 227, 482 agema, 330 development, 89 Agesilaos, 74, 81, 260 genealogy, 92 agōnothetai, 192, 193 mythology, 86, 90

590

Index 591

regional control, 86 Antigonos I Monophthalmos, 360, 458–461 sanctuaries, 108 Antigonos III Doson, 77, 334, 453, 461–464 tribes, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 99, 100 Antikyra, 210, 226 Aitolos, 91, 92 Antiochos III, 172, 405 Akalissos, 404, 414 Antiochos IV, 481 Akanthia, 350 Antissa, 372 Akarnania (region), 18, 66–85, 95 Apama, 431 Akarnanian League, 66–85 apella, 331 army, 73 Aperlai, 414 capital, 82 aphedriateuontes, 153 coinage, 70, 83, 84 apoikiai, apoikoi, 70, 91, 518 constitution, 79 apoklētoi, 112, 113, 114, finances, 83 Apollo fragmentation, 76 in Kyrene, 424 institutions, 73, 79, 82 in Thessaly, 245 member privileges, 75 Apollo Elaphebolos, 43 officials, 80, 81 Apollo Ptoios, 133, 136 sanctuaries, 73, 82 Apollonia, 345, 350, 354, 422, 480 Akarnanians (ethnos), 27, 66–85 Aratos of Sikyon, 480, 510 Akarnan, 66, 70 Araxa, 404, 405, 406 Akraiphnion, 136 arbitration, 471–486 Akroria, Akrorians, 269, 270, 282 archēgetēs, 210 Akyphas-Pindos, 229 Archidamian War, 346, 348 Aleuadai, 207 archiereus, 413, 415 Aleuas the Red, 235, 236 archiphylax, 416 Alexander, 96, 151, 306, 384 archostatai, 409 Alexander I of Makedon, 53 Archytas of Taras, 396 Alexander I of Molossia, 304, 396 Arendt, Hannah, 523 Alexander II of Molossia, 76, 313 Aretino, Leonardo Bruni, 513 Alion, 282 Argaios, 324 Alipheira, 276 Argos, 38, 73, 322 Alkaios, 371 Argos Amphilochikon, 70 Alpheios River, 92, 269 Aristagoras of Miletus, 56 Alyzeia, 68, 71, 74 Aristeus, 345 Amathos, 326 Aristotle, 4, 21, 78, 185, 192, 217, 233, 235, 278, 302, Ambrakia, Ambrakiotes, 70, 72, 309 342, 356, 443, 503, 504, 512, 550, 554 American Revolution, 6, 521, 523 Politeia of the Akarnanians, 78 Amphidolia, 272 Politeia of the Thessalians, 235 Amphiktyon, 91, 180 Politeiai of ethnē, 5 amphiktyony, 439, See also Delphic Arkadia (region), 18, 37, 250–268 Amphiktyony Arkadian League, 15, 17, 250–268, 283, 291, 506 in Lesbos, 371 fragmentation, 267 in Molossia, 300 institutions, 259, 261, 262 Amphipolis, 333, 337, 338, 344, 352, 354, 492 membership, 260, 261 Amphissa, 182, 195 military, 253, 262, 264 Amphitryon, 205 officials, 255, 262, 263 Amyntas III, 349 sanctuaries, 40, 265 Anaitoi, 274, 279, 280, 437 subethnic federations, 256 Anaktorion, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76 synoikisms, 257 Anaphe, 381 tribes, 256 Angeira, 415 Arkadians (ethnos), 250–268, 273 anoikismos, 344, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351 dialect, 45 Anthedon, 132 tribes, 256 Antigoneia (Aegean), 361 Arkadikon. See Arkadian League Antigonids, 458–461, 482, 494 Arkesilaos II, 423

592 Index

Arkesilaos III, 425 Oinophyta, 140, 214 Arne, 40, 134 Plataia, 71 Artabazos, 343 Sagra, 389 Artemidoros, 408 Tamynai, 167 Artemis, 476 Tanagra, 214 Artemis Amarysia, 161, 172 Tegea, 252 Artemis Elaphebolos, 43, 208, 213 Thermopylai, 139 Artemis Limnatis, 290 Thermypolyai II, 173 Asine, 293 Battos I, 422, 424, 425 Asios of Samos, 39 Battos III, 423 Asklepios, 213, 290, 328, 335 Battos IV, 425 Epidauros, 52 Berenike II, 432 Kos, 170 Boak, Arthur, 471 Astakos, 68, 71, 72 boiotarchs (college), 17, 37, 138, 142, 147, 148, 153 asylia, 103, 115, 288, 308, 364, 380, 381, 382, 383, Boiotia (region), 9, 30, 34, 44, 132–157, 202, 206 474, 489 Boiotian League, 20, 132–157, 168, 268, 291, 504 Athena Ilias, 180, 185, 190 alliances, 155 Athena Itonia, 31, 44, 133, 135, 141, 155, 239, 245 citizenship, 150 Athena Kranaia, 208 coinage, 138, 489 Athena Kyparissia, 290 council, 143 Athena Pronaia, 439 cults, 152 Athenian Tribute Lists, 343, 366 districts, 141, 142, 154, 217 Athens festivals, 149, 152 external relations, 140, 161, 163, 166, 167, 214, fortiﬁcations, 149 232, 243, 304, 344, 347, 348, 352, 368, institutions, 141–145, 148 442–445 military, 149, 156 synoikism, 11, 60 oﬃcials, 154 Attalids, 171 origins, 137 Attica, 11, 31, 44, 132, 160, 203, 209, resources, 499 525, 588 sanctuaries, 44, 135, 136 Augustus, 78, 318 taxation, 498 Aulis, 132 voting, 15, 126, 154 Australia, 488 Boiotians (ethnos), 33, 37, 43, 58, 132–157, 215, 492 Autamalax, 428 dialect, 45 autonomia, 3, 21, 146, 258, 455, 462, 466, 468, tribes, 135 485, 528 Boiotos, 39, 40, 44, 135 axiomachoi, 183 boularchoi, 111, 116 Aziris, 422 boulē Azoros, 334, 479 in Achaia, 127 in Aitolia, 111, 112, 116 Bangladesh, 35 in Akarnania, 82 Barke, 422, 425, 426 in Arkadia, 263 Barth, Fredrick, 32 in Boiotia, 148 Basileia (Lebadeia), 149 in Euboia, 173 Battle in Keos, 370 Actium, 78, 407 in Kyrene, 429 Chaironeia, 75, 150, 159, 445, 458 in Lykia, 409 Crocus Field, 217 in Olynthos, 356 Dipaia, 252 on Lesbos, 373 Ipsos, 461 bouleutērion Keressos, 136 in Ambrakia, 309 Koroneia, 141 in Elis, 281 Leukon, 423 in Lykia, 412 Leuktra, 148, 155, 282 in Phokis, 212 Mantineia, 257 Bouneima, 298

Index 593

Brasidas, 347, 348 and ethnicity, 48 Brundisium, 298 collaborative, 12, 47, 229, 372, Bruttium, 387 426, 432 Bundesstaat, 7, 13 Euboia, 490 Bury, J.B., 6 in Achaia, 124 Busolt, Georg, 6 in Akarnania, 85 Byzantion, 446 in Arkadia, 251 in Boiotia, 138 Caecilius Metellus, Quintus, 501 in Chalkidike, 346 Caesar, 242, 407 in Elis, 281 Canada, 1, 488 in Epeiros, 311 Carthage, 513 in Euboia, 162, 167, 490 Casaubonus, Isaac, 514 in Italy, 390 Catalog of Ships. See Homer in Kyrene, 426, 431 Catalog of Women, 40, 49, 63, 323 in Lykia, 408, 490 Central Place Theory, 203 in Makedonia, 337 Chaironeia, 133, 140, 201 in Messenia, 294 Chaladrioi, 275, 279, 280 in Molossia, 312 Chaleion, 186–188, 193, 194 in Oitaia, 226 Chalkidian League, 341–357 in Phokis, 210 coinage, 490 in Thessaly, 239, 244 development, 349, 351 Italiote League, 395 dissolution, 357 on Keos, 367–369, 490 economy, 492 on Lesbos, 371 epigraphy, 354 coloniae, 518 military, 351 colonization, 387, 404, 439 oﬃcials, 355, 356 Achaians, 390 structure, 350, 356 and Hellenicity, 50 taxation, 495 in Akarnania, 71 territory, 349, 352, 354 in Chalkidike, 341 Chalkidians (ethnos), 341–357 in Italy, 386 Chalkidike (region), 12, 341–357, 491 in Kyrene, 421 Chalkis, 86, 160, 171, 177, 338, 341 in Lokris, 186, 187 Chaonians, 297, 302, 305 in Lykia, 404 Chios, 56, 446 Rhodes, 404 chōra, 66, 72, 136, 145, 151, 243, 246, 247, 333, 371, Common Peace. See koine eirēnē 421, 422, 423, 429 conﬂict resolution, 471–486 chōros, 367, 368 Achaian League, 481 Chorsiai, 132, 499 and federalism, 477 Chremonides (decree), 379 described, 472 Chrysoloras, Manuel, 513 in Aitolian League, 478 citizenship in Cretan League, 479 and colonization, 189 mediator, 472 and federalism, 12 peaceful, 472 double, 6, 7, 10, 18, 19, 101, 103, 420 territorial, 476 in Achaia, 122 Corinth, 70, 130, 478 in Euboia, 169 Corinthian League. See League of Corinth in Keos, 367 Corinthians, 69, 70, 72 in Kyrene, 428 Cretan League, 377–385. See also Oreioi in Lokris, 189 arbitration, 479 in Makedonia, 328 diagramma, 383 Roman, 416 diplomacy, 379, 380, 381, 382 Claudius, 178, 380, 415, 563 institutions, 383 Claudius Ptolemaios, 246 reduction, 381 coinage, 48, 489, sanctuaries, 384

594 Index

Cretan League (cont.) in Arkadia, 45 structure, 382 in Boiotia, 45 warfare, 382 in Eleia, 270 Cretan War, 385 in Makedonia, 326, 327 Cretans (ethnos), 377–385 in Thessaly, 247 Crete, 12, 377–385 dialysis, 427 Cyrus, 60, 252, 576 Diaphantes, 217 Dikaia, 352 Daidala, 152 dikastai, 125, 128, 129 Damason, 334 dikastēria, 16, 394, 408, 410 damiorgoi Diktynna at Lisos, 378, 385 in Achaia, 131 dioikismos, 254, 255, 258 in Arkadia, 263 Dion, 326, 339, 349 in Kyrene, 427 Dionyios I, 396, 400 in Lokris, 194 Dionysia (Euboia), 162, 168 in Messenia, 292 Dionysia (Teos), 170 in Molossia, 302 Dionysios I, 390, 393 Danaoi, 38 Diophanes, 481 Daphnus, 205 Dioskouroi, 213 Decree of Aristotle, 446 Dodona, 24, 52, 300, 303, 307, 309, 310, 312, deditio, 451 315, 318 Delian League, 147, 159, 344, 442–445, 451 Dorian League, 18, 28, 33, 40, 222–225, Delos, 358, 359, 362, 372, 375, 442 423, 476 Delphi, 37, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58, 65, 74, cults, 224 110, 114, 140, 149, 161, 163, 182, 192, 200, 201, early attestation, 223 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, oﬃcials, 224 216, 219, 220, 223, 234, 245, 257, 266, 287, sanctuary, 224 288, 291, 303, 315, 321, 323, 366, 370, 438, Doris (region), 222–225 439, 442, 448, 459, 473, 515, 535, 543, 564, Dürrbach, Felix, 360 566, 580 Dyrrhachion, 480 Delphic Amphiktyony, 161, 180, 218, 223, 438, 476, 519 Echinades Islands, 67 Demeter, 89, 161, 294, 424, 438, 588 Echinos, 75 Demetrias, 335 Ehrenberg, Victor, 7 Demetrieia (Aegean), 361 eisphora, 497 Demetrieia (Euboia), 162, 168 Ekdelos, 431 Demetrios Poliorketes, 76, 168, 220, 360, 453, ekklēsia, 14–15 458–461 in Athens, 446 democracy, 258, 266, 268, 332, 339, 425, 441, 446, in Epeiros, 299 477, 516, 559 in Euboia, 175 Demonax, 423, 424 in Lykia, 409 Demophanes, 431 in Makedonia, 331 dēmos, 175, 226, 259, 292, 294, 356, 370, Elateia, 217, 220, 499 436, 522 elections, 108, 111, 113 Demosthenes, 53, 72, 87, 88, 159, 353, 468, 496, Eleia (region), 269–284 497, 573 Eleian League, 269–284 Demosthenes (general), 87 citizenship, 272, 273, 274 Deukalion, 49, 275 early development, 271 diaboulia, 391 evidence, 284 diagramma structure, 277 Cretan League, 380, 383 tribes, 273 in Makedonia, 338 voting, 277 of Ptolemy I, 419 Eleians (ethnos), 269–284, 437 diagramma of Ptolemy I, 428, 429 dialect, 274, 276 dialect, 17 Eleian–Spartan War, 271

Index 595

Eleusis, 52 and geography, 47 eleutheria and language, 45 and Peloponnesian League, 440 and religion, 44 Hellenic Leagues, 466 as political community, 231 Eleutheria (Larissa), 177 contemporary definitions, 34 Elis, 12, 51, 92, 269–284, 291 in Archaic Period, 47 Emathia, 326 in scholarship, xiv, 9 Emmius, Ubbo, 514, 516 previous constructs of, 32 England, 520 ethnogenesis, 32, 46 enktēsis, 19, 103, 350, 356, 491, 492 in Akarnania, 69 in Achaia, 122 in Boiotia, 23, 134, 136 in Chalkidike, 356 in League of the Islanders, 365 in Lykia, 417 in Phokis, 207 in Makedonia, 328 Etruscans, 54 in Xenophon, 505 Euarchos, 72 Epameinondas, 147, 149, 285, 286, 291, Euboia (region), 158–178 529, 534 Euboian League, 158–178 eparchia, 160 assembly, 173 eparitoi, 264 capitals, 164 Epeians, 118 citizenship, 170 Epeiros (region), 297–318 coinage, 162, 164, 165, 167, 170, 172, Epeirote League. See also Epeiros (region) 173, 176 diplomacy, 316 council, 159, 166, 169 officials, 298 cults, 161 origins, 298 decline, 176 structure, 314 festivals, 162, 170, 172 tribes, 314 institutions, 167–177 Epeirotes (ethnos), 49, 297–318 officials, 175 tribes, 312 origins, 161, 163 ephebeia, 328 structure, 167–177 Epians, 270 Euboians (ethnos), 158–178, 343, 367 Epidauros, 79, 130, 478, 480 dialect, 160 epigamia, 19, 103 Euhesperides, 422, 426 in Chalkidike, 356 Eumenes II, 171, 381 in Epeiros, 299 Eupagion, 282 in Lykia, 417 Evia, 334 in Makedonia, 328 Ewa, 274 in Messenia, 288 exetastai, 335 in Xenophon, 505 Epiknēmidioi. See Lokrians Federalism, 4–13 epileïdas, 277 ancient theory, 5, 503–511 epimelētēs, 362 and arbitration, 471–486 epistatēs, 334, 335, 336, and citizenship, 19 339, 410 and community, 63 Eresos, 372, 373, 374 and Corinthian League, 454 Eretria, 160, 161, 163, 168, 367 and ethnicity, 30–48, 132, 197, 477 ethnē, 14, 18, 19, 22, 27, 30, 36, 40, 46, 48, and Hellenic Leagues, 452–470 66, 69, 97, 98, 100, 134, 180, 202, 203, and Hellenism, 65 311, 322, 326, 331, 333, 334, 388, 418, 437, and language, 202 439, 447, 452, 457, 460, 464, 469, 477, and polis, 4, 197, 474 504, 511 and regional identity, 19–26 ethnicity, xiii, 10, 14, 23 and religion, 25, 41, 56, 181, 448 and archaeology, 45 and territory, 15–17, 19–26 and federalism, 31, 477 and tribes, 23, 87, 94, 203, 256 and genealogy, 39 and urbanization, 101

596 Index

Federalism (cont.) Greeks. See Panhellenism, Delphi Archaic and Classical precedents, 434–451 common narrative, 61–63 coinage, 489, 491 sense of community, 50 contemporary, 2, 10, 30, 487 Greeks in Italy. See Italiote League duality of identity, 128 early law, 436–438 Hadrian, 157 economics of, 487–502 Hamilton, Alexander, 487, 518, 520 fiscal, 1, 495–498 Hayek, Friedrich, 487 forerunners, 434–451 Heerkönigtum, 322 Greek vocabulary of, 14–19 hēgemōn, 448, 449 in Aristotle, 4, 504 and Delian League, 443 in Homer, 37, 434–451 and League of Corinth, 454, 458 in Pausanias, 508 and Peloponnesian League, 439 in Plutarch, 509 Hellenic League (first Antigonid), 460 in Polybius, 508 Hellenic League (second Antigonid), 463 in scholarship, 1, 4–13 Hellenic Leagues, 464, 466 in smaller communities, 222 in Euboia, 175 in the Kyrenaïka, 419–433 League of Corinth, 450 in Xenophon, 505, 507 Hekataios of Miletos, 66 institutional development, 434–451 Hekatomnid dynasty, 404 interstate relations, 452 hekatōn oikiai. See Lokrians maritime context, 358, 375 Helike, 41, 42, 119 mechanisms, 474 hellanodikai, 51, 273 microfederalism, 222–230 in Elis, 281 models, 291 Hellen, 40, 49 on islands, 359, 365 Hellenes, 49–65 reception, 512–523 and games, 51 representation in, 15–17 and religion, 56 semantics, 13 as community, 49–65 signifiers, 420 common narrative, 63 state formation, 200 international connections, 54 taxation, 493, 495 origins, 49 theory, 474 sanctuaries, 50–56 Federalist Papers, 6, 487, 517, 520, 521 Hellenic League, 58 Florence, 513 of Antigonos Doson, 77 foedus iniquum, 451 Hellenic League (first Antigonid), 458–461 Freeman, Edward A., 6, 158 Hellenic League (second Antigonid), 461–464 Friedrich II of Prussia, 519 Hellenic leagues, 452–470 and kings, 464–470 Gale, 345 ethnicity, 464 Gauanes, 323 features, 464–470 Gauls, 473 poleis, 464 Gelon of Syracuse, 57 problems, 464–470 genos, 31, 342, 343 Hellenicity, 49, 50 German Reich, 487 Hellenika Oxyrhynchia, 9, 20, 30, 132, 503, 504 gerontes Hellenion, 442 in Elis, 278 Hellenism, 56–61 in Messenia, 288 and Hellenic leagues, 452–470 gerousia, 430 and interstate politics, 453 Gortyn, 380, 381, 385 narrative, 61–63 grammateis, 81, 106 structures, 60 in Molossia, 332 hellēnodikai, 53 in Thessaly, 242 hellēnotamiai, 62, 443 Greece (contemporary), 35 helots. See Messenians Greekness, 49–65 Hera Lakinia, 393, 400

Index 597

Heraians, 437 in Aitolia, 105 Herakleia, 226, 227, 374, 387, 393, 400 in Keos, 367, 369 Herakleia Trachinia, 226 in Lykia, 415 Herakles, 133, 205 in Messenia, 288 Hermes, 424 in Phokis, 219 Hermione, 480 Isthmia of Corinth, 51, 170 Herodotus Italiote League, 386–402 and ethnicity, 31 Achaian identity, 399 on Akarnania, 66 assembly, 392 on Boiotia, 137 capital, 393 on Chalkidians, 342, 343 coinage, 395, 399 on Greek competitions, 53 courts, 394 on Hellenicity, 49 cults, 391, 392, 400 on Keians, 366 dialect, 399 on Kyrene, 422, 423 dissolution, 396 on Phokians, 207 economy, 395 hierapolos, 81 foundation, 390 hieromnemones, 220, 224, 305, 476 members, 395 Hieron of Syracuse, 61 oﬃcials, 393 hipparchos, 236, 447 sanctuaries, 392, 393, 400 in Chalkidike, 356 structures, 391 in Lykia, 409 territory, 386 in Thessaly, 234 warfare, 393, 397 hippeis, 234, 235, 236 Italiotes (ethnos), 387, 388, 389, 390, 400, 401 Hipponion, 388 Italy, 12, 386–402 Histiaia, 160, 163, 171, 367 Italy (Federalism). See Italiote League Histiaios, 371 Ithōmaioi, 287 Homer Ithome, 291, 294 and ethnicity, 31 city, 289 Catalogue of Ships, 23, 36, 37, 44, 69, 86, 118, sanctuary, 290 134, 182 Itonos, 245 early federalism, 434–451 on Dodona, 300 Jason of Pherai, 506 on Eleians, 270 on Phokis, 205 Kadmeia, 135, 151 Shield of Herakles, 205 Kalapodi, 24, 208 treaties, 434–451 Kalindoia, 354 Hyampolis (Kalapodi), 43, 51 Kallias of Chalkis, 159, 166, 167 hypaspistai, 330 Kallibios, 506 hypohipparchos, 409 Kallies, Kallipolitai, 21, 88, 93, 100, 104 Hypoknēmidioi. See Lokrians Kallirhoë, 83 hypomnēmatismoi, 241 Kalydon, 86 hypophylax, 415 Karanos, 324 Hyrtakina, 378 Karthaia, 362, 366, 490, 499 Karystos, 163, 166, 167, 171 iaromaoi, 275 Kassander, 75, 220 Idebessos, 414 Kassandreia, 335, 338 identity, regional. See regionalism Kassopa, 479 Institutionalism, 472, 486 Katabathmos, 428 Ionian Revolt, 441 Kaukones, 118 Ionians (ethnos), 24, 40, 41, 59, 161, 437 Kaulonia, 387, 392, 395, 400 Ioulis, 490, 499 Kaunos, 496 Iroquois League, 2 Keians (ethnos), 366, 369, 498, 499 isopoliteia Keos, 12, 366–370, 490, 492, 498 economy, 488 poleis, 366

598 Index

Kephisos River, 199 Larisa, 243, 248 Kierion, 238 Larsen, J. A. O., xiii, 7, 13 Kineas, 235 federalism and peace, 10, 471 King’s Peace, 146, 444, 484, See koine eirēnē on Amphiktyony, 305 kinship, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 49, 50, 54, 55, 56, on Elis, 272 58, 63, 192, 204, 219, 234, 239, 304, 499 on ethnicity, 31, 41, 48 Kleigenes of Akanthos, 491, 505 on Euboia, 161, 163 Kleisthenes, 11 on Italiote League, 386 Kleitor, 254 on Kyrene, 429 Kleomenes, 54, 123, 475, 497 on League of Corinth, 485 Kleopatra, 329 on Lykia, 403 klēroi, 237, 240 on Messenia, 285 Knossos, 380 on Thessaly, 240 koinē eirēnē, 445, 454, 455, 468, 483–486 Larymna, 132 koinodikion, 383 Lasion, 282 komai, 18, 144, 331, 334, 335, 336 League of Corinth, 434, 445, 450, 453–458, Koressos, 366, 490, 499 459, 483 Korkyra, 70, 183, 480 assembly, 456 Kormoi, 414 autonomia, 455 Koroneia, 44, 133, 141 structure, 450, 456 Krētaieis. See Cretan League League of Nations, 471 kretarchas, 385 League of the Islanders, 358–376 Kroisos, 52 council, 361 Kroton, 41, 387, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395, 396, 401 cults, 359 ktistēs, 180, 204, 422, 424, 425 foundation, 360 Kyllene, 279 judges, 363 Kyme, 387 members, 361 Kynos, 338 oﬃcials, 362, 365 Kynourians, 257 sanctuaries, 364 Kyparissia, 289 structure, 361 Kyrenaians, 419–433 Lebadeia, 24, 133, 142, 143, 149 Kyrenaïka (region), 419–433 Leontiades, 147 Kyrene, 419–433 Lepreates, 277 as colony, 421 Lepreon, 271 citizenship, 428, 429 Lesbians (ethnos), 370–375 coinage, 426, 431 Lesbioi. See Lesbos, Lesbians constitution, 419, 423 Lesbos, 370–375 epigraphy, 427 Letoon, 413 federal tendencies, 420 Letrinoi, 272 monarchy, 425, 430 Leukas, 67, 70, 76, 77, 78 mythology, 422, 425 Leukophryēna (Magnesia), 107, 170 oﬃcials, 430 Libertas, 408 sanctuaries, 424 Libya, 429. See also Kyrene, Kyrenaïka (region) structure, 430, 433 libyarchēs, 432 tribes, 423 Limyra, 404 Kyrenaian Federalism. See Kyrene, Kyrenaïka Lipsius, Justus, 514 coinage, 426 Lisos, 378 Demonax, 424 Livy, 112, 113, 130, 159, 170, 171, 172, 220, 299, 327, in scholarship, 420 412, 494, 513 Syla stele, 426–427 Lokrian League, 179–198 alliances, 191 Lake Kopais, 132, 206 capital, 189, 193 Lake Trichonida, 108 citizenship, 189, 194 Lamian War, 220 early origins, 186, 191 Laös, 388 festivals, 181

Index 599

Hesperian League, 192 Makedon, 323, 326 integration, 190 Makedonia (region), 319–340, 494 legal structure, 179–198 capital, 326 local institutions, 195 sanctuaries, 326 One Hundred Houses, 180, 184 Makedonian Federalism. See Makedonia, origins, 183 Makedonians regions, 190 Makedonian War, First, 288, 293 sanctuaries, 181 Makedonian War, Second, 240 Lokrians (ethnos), 179–198 Makedonian War, Third, 77, 115, 176, 244, 297 Lokris (region), 37, 95, 179–198, 202 Makedonians (ethnos), 319–340 Lokroi, 387, 388, 389 assembly, 331 Lokroi Epizephyrioi, 181, 185, 195 dialect, 326, 327 Lokros, 179 festivals, 331 Lykia, 403–418 society, 331 borders, 404 Mantineia, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 259, 267, 484 coinage, 408 Marganeis, 272, 274 economy, 492 Matropolis, 478 geoegraphy, 404 Maurice of Nassau, 514, 515 harbours, 404 Medeon, 76 poleis, 404 medism, 58, 139, 164 taxation, 408 Medma, 388 Lykiakon systēma, 408 Megalopolis, 15, 129, 130, 262, 264, 294, 475 Lykian League, 27, 29, 403–418 Megara, 156 arbitration, 406 Mekyberna, 345 assembly, 409 Melanippe, 39 capital, 412 Melitaia, 479 coinage, 406, 411 Menalkos of Zakynthos, 292 constitution, 517 Menelaos, 434, 435 cults, 407 Menon of Pharsalos, 235 economy, 490 merē, 16, 26 foundation, 405 in Achaia, 41, 120 honours, 416 in Boiotia, 30, 141, 148 institutions, 406 in Thessaly, 234 military, 410 merides, 321, 337 oﬃcials, 409 Messene, 129, 290, 475, 479. See also Messenia poleis, 411–415 Messenia (region), 285–296 reception, 516, 519 Messenian League, 285–296. See also Messenia Rome, 405–408 coinage, 294 sanctuaries, 413 dissolution, 294 structure, 408–411 Ithome, 295 taxation, 493, 496 organization, 293 Lykians (ethnos), 403–418 Messenians lykiarch, 17, 409, 417 against Akarnania, 71 Lykomedes of Mantineia, 258, 263, 266 and Sparta, 437 Lysias, 55, 60, 64, 367 collaboration, 286 Lysimachos, 287 composition, 289 Lysistrata, 56, 63 identity, 287 Lyttos, 380 in Polybius, 288 Messenians (ethnos), 87, 285–296 Machiavelli, Nicolò, 514 Messon, 371, 372, 375 Madison, James, 518, 520 Metapioi, 274, 279, 280, 437 Magas of Kyrene, 378, 430 Metapontion, 41, 387, 388, 389, 390 Magnesia, 80, 293 Methymna, 372, 373, 447 Magnetes, 174 Metropolis, 239 Mainalians, 257 Miletos, 130, 343, 480

600 Index

Minyans, 37, 135 nomophylakes, 335, 430 mixed constitution, 513 nomos, 160, 169 Mnamōn, 62 nomothetai, 430 moira, 424 Molossia (region), 297–318, 332 Octavian. See Augustus Molossian League, 298 officials attestations, 307 Dorian League, 224 coinage, 312 federal vs. local, 105 decrees, 307 Hellenic League (first Antigonid), 460 Dodona, 310 in Euboia, 175 economy, 310 in federal structures, 16 origins, 298 in Kyrene, 430 Molossians (ethnos), 297–318, 332 in Lykia, 409 Molossos, 313 in Makedonia, 335, 339 monarchy, 521 in Messenia, 292 and Hellenic Leagues, 464 in Phokis, 219 in Kyrene, 425, 430 in Second Athenian League, 447 in Makedonia, 324, 329, 331, 339 in Thessaly, 235 in Molossia, 302 of Akarnanian League, 80 Mondaia, 480 of the League of the Islanders, 362 Montesquieu, 158, 403, 518, 519, 520, 557, 559 Oiantheia, 180, 193, 194 Mt. Helikon, 202 oikonomos, 334 Mt. Ithome, 286, 287 in Makedonia, 335 Mt. Lykaion, 42 of the League of the Islanders, 362 Mt. Panachaikon, 41 Oiniadai, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 478 Mt. Parnassos, 199 Oinoanda, 406, 412 Mt. Ptoion, 133 Oitaia, Oitaians, 225, 229 Mummius, Lucius, 176 Oitaian League, 225–229 municipia, 518 coinage, 226, 228 Mygdonia, 345 cults, 225 Mykale, 441 officials, 228 Mylasa, 382 sanctuary, 225 Myra, 404, 413, 496 structure, 227 Myros River, 404 Olenos, 86 Mytilene, 370, 371, 372, 373 oligarchy in Arkadia, 262, 267 Nabis, 474 in Boiotia, 141 Naia, 315, 317 in Chalkidike, 346 Narthakion, 479 in Elis, 278 Naryx, 181, 195 in Eretria, 165 nauarchos, 409 Olpai, 73 Naupaktos, 71, 88, 186, 188, 192 Olympia, 51, 53, 60, 270, 271, 275, 276, 281, 283, Neapolis, 387 437, 475 Neda River, 269 Olympias, 306 Neoptolemos I, 306 Olympic Games, 51–55, 60, 273, 281 Neoptolemos II of Molossia, 304 Olynthos, 341, 343, 345, 347, 348, 349, nēsiarchos, 362 351, 353 Nēsiōtai. See League of the Islanders Onchestos, 24, 40, 44, 133, 135, 151, 155, 174, 438, Nesos, 77 505, 579 Nikandros of Kolophon, 91 Onomarchos, 216 Nikēphoria, 107 Ophellas, 430 Nikoleïka, 42 Opontioi. See Lokrians (ethnos) Nikopolis, 78 Opramoas, 416 Nikouria, 361 Opus, 179, 188, 195, 282 nomographoi, 106, 294, 410 Orchomenos, 134, 140, 146, 151, 254, 492

Index 601

Oreioi (league) Peneleos, 37 alliances, 378 Perdikkas, 322, 323, 325 coinage, 378, 379 Perdikkas II, 344 institutions, 378 Perikles, 71 members, 378 perioikoi region, 378 in Elis, 291 sanctuaries, 378 in Kyrene, 423 territory, 378 in Lakedaimon, 285 Oreos, 171 in Lakedaimonia, 291 Oresthasion, 253 in Messenia, 285 Organization of American States, 477 in Thessaly, 233 Orloanda, 406 Perrhaibes, 160, 246 Oropos, 132, 151, 165 Persephone, 588 Orthagoras, 406 Persian Wars, 56, 448 Oxylos, 92 Achaians, 120 Boiotia, 139 Pagai, 479 Chalkidians, 343 Palairos, 76 legacy, 62 Pallantion, 40, 257 Panhellenism, 62 Pallas, 40 Sparta, 441 Pamboiotia, 44 pezarchoi, 236 Panaitōlika, 109, 116 Pharai, 289 Panhellenism, 435 Pharsalos, 238 activities, 56–61 Phaselis, 404 festivals, 49 Phayllos, 217 narrative, 61–63 Pheia, 272 Persian Wars, 56 Pheretime, 425 sanctuaries, 50–56 Phetthaloi, 239 structures, 60 philia, 2, 166, 437 Panionia, 59 Philip II of Makedonia, 54, 75, 217, 218, 238, 322, Panionion, 212, 441 329, 332, 333, 336, 353, 357, 445, 453–458, 496 Panopeus, 39, 201, 203 Philip V of Makedonia, 171, 338, 381, 465, 481 Parasopia, 133 Philippoi, 335 Paris, 435 Philokles, 362 Parrhasia, Parrhasians, 42, 251, 257 Philomelos, 216 Passaron, 300 Philopoimen, 124, 481 Patara, 404, 412, 413 Phoitiai, 74 Pausanias phokarchai, 17, 219 on Achaian League, 508 Phokian League, 18, 199–221 on Boiotia, 152 capital, 218 on Euboia, 176 coinage, 210 on federalism, 508 cults, 212 on Messenia, 295 oﬃcials, 219 on Phokis, 211, 212 structure, 219 Peace of Antalkidas. See King’s Peace structures, 211, 212 Peace of Nikias, 345, 348 Phokians (ethnos), 39, 74, 199–221 Peace of Philokrates, 167, 217 Phokikon, 17, 211 Peace of Phoinike, 77 Phokis, 12, 43, 179, 199–221 peliganes, 332, 335 Phokos, 204, 210, 213 Pelopidas, 147 phratriai, 192 Peloponnesian League, 11, 59, 272, 277, 351, phylai 439–441, 451 in Elis, 273 Peloponnesian War, 72, 146 in Kyrene, 423, 424 Pelops, 120 Physkos, Physkeis, 91, 180, 192 Peneios River, 269 Pielos, 306

602 Index

Pieros, 326 in Ehrenberg, 7 Pinara, 404 in Freeman, 6 Pindar, 44, 140, 251 in Plutarch, 510 and hellenicity, 63 on Achaian League, 30, 128, 391, 491, 497, on games, 52 503, 507 on Kyrene, 422 on Achaians, 121 Pisatis, 216, 270, 272, 273, 282, 283, 480, 481 on Aitolians, 108 Pithekoussai, 386 on Boiotian League, 155 Plataia, 58, 61, 133, 139, 145, 151 on federalism, 4 Plataia Elegy, 61 on Italiote League, 390, 391 Plato, 261, 512 on Messenia, 288 Pleuron, 86 political vocabulary, 14 Plutarch, 57, 58, 170, 173, 214, 304, 306, 311, 397, rediscovery, 513 509, 510, 548, 560, 571, 587 Polycharmos of Pharsalos, 236 Poieessa, 366, 367 Polydamas of Pharsalos, 505, 506 Poikilasion, 378 polypsēphia, 449 Poland, 520 Pompeius, 324, 407, 578 polemarchoi, 146, 234, 236, 255 Poppaeus Sabinus, Gaius, 243 polis, 447 Poseidon, 42, 448 and amphiktyony, 438 Poseidon and Amphitrite (Tenos), 364 and Delian League, 444 Poseidon Helikonios, 119 and federal citizenship, 103 Poseidon Onchestios, 135 and federalism, 3, 22, 474, 503 Poseidonia, 388 and koinon, 15 Poseidonion at Onchestos, 155 and League of Corinth, 457 Potideia, 352 and Makedonia, 320 presbeis, 2, 52, 97, 365 and religion, 51 probouloi, 442 and sanctuaries, 49, 136 prodikos, 383 and territory, 476 proedroi, 450, 460 and tribes, 203 Promachos, 37 autonomy of, 3 prostasia, 381 decrees, 436 prostatēs, 298, 302, 316, 332, 364, 444 external relations, 437 proxenia, 474 in Aitolia, 100 deﬁned, 2 in Akarnania, 68 generally, 299 in Homer, 435 in Aitolian League, 103 in Kyrene, 422 in Akarnania, 74 in Lykian League, 404, 411–415 in Boiotia, 492 in Makedonia, 334 in Epeiros, 298, 317 in Plato, 512 in Kyrene, 429 Keos, 366 in Lokris, 196, 197 on islands, 375, 376 in Messenia, 291 on Lesbos, 372 in Molossia, 307, 317 property, 488 on Crete, 383 reception, 518 Proxenos, 506 resources, 488 prytaneion taxation, 493, 495 in Ambrakia, 309 treaties, 436 in Elis, 281 Polybius, 30 Ptoion. See Apollo Ptoios seventeenth century, 514 Ptolemaieia, 362, 374 and American government, 512–523 Ptolemies, 360, 363, 372, 375, 405, 432, 481 and Plato, 512 Ptolemy I, 428, 430 and Rome, 513 Ptolemy III, 432 biography, 513 Ptolemy VI, 381 contemporary reception, 512–523 Pylene, 86

Index 603

Pylos, 279, 293 Sithonia, 341, 343, 354 Pyrrha, 371 Skarpheia, 184, 190, 476 Pyrrhic War, 397 Skillous, 274, 275 Pyrrhos, 75, 304, 305, 309, 311, 397, 402 skoidos, 332 in Makedonia, 335. See tamias and oikonomos Quinctius Flamininus, Titus, 156, 170, 171, 220, Skopas of Krannon, 233 231, 240 Social War, 82, 123 Sollion, 72 Realism, 472, 486 Sparta, 120, 214, 252, 254, 439, 440, 445, 448, regionalism, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28, 29, 46, 420, 474–476, 479, 481, 484, 513 431, 433 external relations, 285, 437, 439 representation, equal, 18, 507 Persian Wars, 61, 441 representation, proportional, 15, 16, 26, 112, 116, Spes, 408 117, 126, 127, 128, 154, 291, 337, 409, 445, spondophoroi, 52, 89 457, 458 Staatenbund, 7, 13 Republic of Venice, 520 Staatsrecht, 6 Rhegion, 387, 389, 396 Stasippos, 506 Rhodes, 358, 363, 364, 404, 405, 480, 481, 482 stasis Rhodiapolis, 404 in Kyrene, 428 Roios, 217 in Mytilene, 371 Romaia (Chalkis), 177 in Tegea, 259, 505, 506 Romaia (Lykia), 413 stasis (military unit), 236 Rome stephanitēs, 248 alliances, 451 Stiris, 215 and Aitolia, 113 Strabo, 54, 519 and Akarnania, 77 stratēgos, 16, 298, 447 and Boiotia, 156 in Achaia, 123, 128 and Epeiros, 297 in Aitolia, 107, 111 and Epeirote League, 316 in Akarnania, 73 and Euboia, 170–178 in Akarnanian League, 79, 80 and Italiote League, 401 in Arkadia, 263 and Lykia, 405–408 in Italiote League, 393 and Makedonia, 336, 493 in Kyrene, 430 and Molossia, 297, 316 in Lykia, 409 and Oitaia, 229 in Makedonia, 333, 335 and Phokis, 220 in Thessaly, 240, 241 and Polybius, 513 on Lesbos, 373 and Thessaly, 241, 243 Stratos, 73, 83, 96 arbitration, 482 Strepsa, 354 taxation, 496 Stymphalos, 499 Swoboda, Heinrich, 6, 162 Sacred War, Third, 216 Sybaris, 62, 388, 389, 390, 395 Sacred Way, 201 Sybaris/Thourioi, 387 Samos, 358 Syla (stele), 426–427 Schedios, 205 symmachia Second Athenian League, 74, 352, 367, 372, 447, Hellenic League, 462 451, 498 in Boiotia, 137 oﬃcials, 447 in Elis, 277 structure, 446 in Euboia, 166 Senate, 519, 521 in Italiote League, 397 Sermylia, 344 in Thessaly, 240 Serpent Column, 442 sympoliteia, 505, 509 Singos, 345 and Euboia, 165 Siphai, 132 deﬁned, 14 Siris, 41, 389, 390 in Arkadia, 254, 255, 257

604 Index

sympoliteia (cont.) Tenos, 364 in Chalkidike, 350 Teos, 451 in League of the Islanders, 365 Tereus, 215 in Lokris, 194 tetrades, 233, 235 in Lykia, 414 tetrarchoi, 234, 333 synarchontes, 305, 310 Thailand, 34 synedrion Thales, 451 and kings, 469 Tharypas, 332 Hellenic League (first Antigonid), 460 Thea Romē, 406 Hellenic League (second Antigonid), 462 Thebes, 15, 22, 47, 133, 134, 136, 140, 141, 142, 145, in Aitolia, 111, 116 147, 149, 151, 165, 445, 446, 484 in Epeiros, 298, 314 Thelphousa, 263 in Euboia, 169, 173 Themistokles, 57 in Italiote League, 391 Theopompos, 324, 325, 326, 327, 342, 356 in Lykia, 409 theōria, 52, 68, 78, 79, 99, 107, 170, 255, in Makedonia, 331 370, 378 in Thessaly, 241 in Aitolia, 107 League of Corinth, 445, 455, 456, 485 in Akarnania, 80 of the League of the Islanders, 361 in Chalkidike, 352 on Crete, 382 in Elis, 277, 281 Second Athenian League, 446 in Epeiros, 315 synedroi, 466 in League of the Islanders, 361 syngeneiai, 412 lists on Akarnania, 79 synklētos, 124 of Delphi, 257 synkretismos, 377 of Magnesia, 293 synodos, 108, 124, 130, 391 of Olympia, 281 synoikism Thera, 424 and Keos, 370 Thermika, 108, 111 at Athens, 11, 60 Thermopylai, 180 in Arkadia, 257 Thermos, 92, 108 in Elis, 278 Theseus, 11, 60 in Kyrene, 429 Thespiai, 133, 145, 147 in Megalopolis, 257 military catalogs, 156 syntaxeis, 447 Thesprotians, 297, 302, 305 synteleia, 15, 144, 153, 189, 254, 258, 260, 411, 507 Thessalian League, 231–249 Syracuse, 390, 447 army, 232, 235, 236 capital, 245 tagos, 237, 332, 335, 506 coinage, 238, 239, 244, 245 tamias, 335, 364 council, 332 Tanagra, 133, 147 cults, 248 Taras, 387, 388, 389, 396, 401 economy, 238, 239, 244 Tarrha, 378 festivals, 248 Taucheira, 422, 424, 426 justice, 243 taurothēria, 248 officials, 234, 242 taxes, 83, 112, 143, 189, 192, 205, 217, 238, structure, 240, 241 239, 244, 488, 491, 493, 495, 496, 497, taxation, 496 498, 502 Thessalians (ethnos), 33, 37, 57, 136, 191, 210, technitai of Dionysus, 168, 169 231–249 Tegea, 45, 252, 253, 257, 259, 267, 437, 505, 506 dialect, 247 Teisamenos, 41 officials, 332 telē, 95, 96 structures, 332 Telmessos, 404 Thessaly, 12, 160, 231–249, 331 Temenidai, 322 Thestia, 106 Temenids, 325, 330 Thibron, 428 Temenos, 53 Thisbe, 132

Index 605

Thoas, 86 urbanization, 21, 23, 68, 75, 100, 101, 300, Thouria, 294 332, 336 Thourioi, 289, 292, 389, 402 Thraistos, 282 van Oldenbarnevelt, Johan, 515 Thronion, 184, 190, 191, 476 Veranius, Quintus, 407 Thucydides Versailles, Treaty of, 471 and Aitolia, 4, 93 Vetus Graecia. See Emmius, Ubbo on Achaians, 121 on Aitolia, 88 Walbank, Frank W., 26 on Aitolians, 86 Wallace, William P., 162 on Akarnania, 68, 69 Washington, George, 518 on Chalkidians, 347, 348 on Delian League, 443 Xanthippos, 213 on Elis, 270 Xanthos, 404, 405, 412, 413 on epic, 434 Xenias, 252 on Makedonia, 322 xenodikai, 194 thyiades, 199 Xenophon, 503, 511 Thyreatis, 274 on Arkadian League, 263, 267 Thyrrheion, 68, 74, 76, 77, 478, 479 on Chalkidian League, 491 Timotheos, 352 on Chalkidike, 350, 351 Tinde, 354 on federalism, 4, 505, 506, 507 Titeia, 177 xoana, 153 Tithorea, 204, 213 Xouthos, 40 Tlos, 404, 406 Torone, 353 Zeus, 119 Trebendai, 414 Zeus Ammon, 426 Trichonion, 89, 99 Zeus Areios, 300 Triphylia, 271, 274, 282, 284 Zeus Eleutherios, 61, 248 Troy, 434 Zeus Hellenios, 52, 448 Tydeus, 37 Zeus Homarios, 31, 42, 120, 121, 399 Tymphaia, 335 Zeus Homarios (Italy), 390, 392, 394 Zeus Idatas (Idaos), 384 United Nations, 477 Zeus Ithomatas, 295 United Netherlands, 2, 515, 520 Zeus Kretagenes, 378 United States of America, 30, 487, 519 Zeus Lykaios, 40, 42, 265 Articles of Confederation, 487 Zeus Lykaios,, 251 Congress, 519 Zeus Lykios, 424 constitution, 520 Zeus of Dodona, 301 government, 522 Zeus Olympios, 328 House of Representatives, 519, 521, 522 Zeus Soter, 448