Map 54 - Compiled by W.M. Murray, 1994

Introduction

The first systematic investigations of north-west were carried out during the nineteenth century by Leake (1835), Heuzey (1860), Lolling (1989, for work done in 1876-77), Oberhummer (1887), Partsch (1887; 1889; 1890), and Woodhouse (1897). Progressing slowly over the mountainous terrain on foot, these men recorded in detail many observations that still remain our best evidence for numerous sites throughout the . In recent years, still more been learned from the work of Hammond (1967), Dakaris (1971; 1972), Cabanes (1976; 1985; 1986; 1987), TIB Nikopolis, Murray (1982), Bommeljé (1987), Pritchett (1994; SAGT 7-8) and others, who often retraced the steps of the early travelers in their search for additional details. Through the combined results of these investigations, a reasonably clear picture has emerged which forms the basis of the map. Generally speaking, the region covered includes many small settlements (both fortified and unfortified) whose ancient names will never be known. My goal has been to include as many of these sites as possible in order to reflect more accurately the distribution of population, and to reduce the apparent significance of those small settlements whosenamesdohappentobepreserved.Inordertoavoidovercrowdingthemap(andthusrenderingit unintellgible), I have selected those sites that possess one or more of the following characteristics: a fortification wall sufficient to enclose at least 0.1 hectare; building foundations appropriate for a small settlement; and tombs in sufficient numbers to represent the cemetery of a settlement rather than, say, one family’s grave enclosure. The region also includes a great many fortresses and towers (cf. , Aratus 50.7). As many as possible of these are marked, although a number of small signal towers and small open sites are omitted for the sake of clarity in a few areas of dense habitation. Likewise omitted for the same reason are several small bridges recorded by Dakaris (1972, 186-87) in . Throughout, the goal has been to reflect the sites reported in the fundamental accounts by Hammond (1967), Dakaris (1971; 1972) and TIB Nikopolis for Epirus; by Oberhummer (1887), Murray (1982) and Pritchett (1994; SAGT 7-8) for Acarnania; and by Woodhouse (1897) and Bommeljé (1987) for . Because no comparable account yet exists for the , it has not proved possible to be quite so rigorous there. Homeric toponyms are omitted unless they are attested as actual place names by later ancient writers. Thus Nerikos and Same are marked, but not Scherie, which is never referred to as an historical place. It has sometimes been difficult to locate sites mentioned by early travelers, either because the remains have since disappeared, or because the nineteenth century names have changed–even more than once. In the northern of the map, the sites are less well documented, detailed maps are less easy to obtain, and much of the scholarship appears only in inaccessible Albanian journals. It is common to have two or more sites associated with an ancient name, because in most areas the number of sites greatly exceeds the number of preserved names. Question marks reflect such uncertainties. Although the strings of settlements reaching inland from the coast reveal that the region was originally criss-crossed by a net of foot- and bridle-paths, these are omitted. An attempt has been made, however, to indicate certain significant routes that passed through the region. Since the evidence seldom reveals their exact course over a long distance, many stretches are marked as approximate only. For details, consult the journeys of the early travelers mentioned above, Cabanes (1976) Map 2, and the discussions of Hammond (1967, 690-700), Axiote (1980) and Pritchett (1994, 179-241). Representation of the changing positions of coastlines and coastal lakes calls for an equally conservative approach. Good evidence exists to show that some regions have experienced a relative rise in sea level of almost 11 ft since antiquity (Murray 1982, 460-62; 1988). This encroachment by the sea (partly due to land subsidence) is not uniform across the entire region. In addition, near the rivers it has been offset to an unknown degree by the 804 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA deposition of alluvial sediments. Although a clear picture of the ancient coastline, based on geological evidence, has yet to be published, I have attempted to follow such evidence as exists (such as for the delta). Where it does not, certain changes attested by ancient authors are at least reflected. Where it is impossible to establish the exact degree of change, the modern coastline is left unaltered, but the main areas likely to have been affected are rendered as swamp, following the example of Dakaris in his studies of Thesprotia and Kassopia. My earlier determination of the broad outlines of the coastline’s progression past Oiniadai toward the Oxeiai islands (Murray 1985) now calls for modification in the light of Freitag (1994), which convincingly exploits the literary testimonia to demonstrate a more complex situation. As a result, I have now drawn the mouth of the R. Achelous with the help of J.C. Kraft, who relies on a study of sediment cores made by Villas (1984). Moreover, in recognition of the doubts raised by Freitag, the coastal lake appears only as an Unlocated Toponym.

Directory All place names are in Greece unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

DioCaliph Dionysius Calliphontis filius, Anagraphe tes Hellados, in GGM I, 238-43 HNC 010 Hydrographic Service, Hellenic Nautical Chart 010: “Kerkira I. Ipiros Coasts,” , 1960 (corrected 1983) IG 2 G. Klaffenbach, Inscriptiones Acarnaniae,9.1,2nd ed., Berlin, 1957 TIB Nikopolis P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 3, Nikopolis und Kephallenia, DenkWien 150, 1981

Note: For commentary on references, see Walbank 1957.

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C4 Acarnania CHRL Akarnania Oberhummer 1887, 2-3 D4 Achelous fl. ACHRL Akheloos, formerly Oberhummer 1887, 14-18; NPauly § Thoas fl. Aspropotamos C3 fl. ACHRL Akheron RE 1 C3 Acherusia L. CHR Hammond 1967, 69, 478 C4 ACHR Aktion, formerly Punta RE Aktion C4 Actium Pr. ACHRL Akra Akri RE Aktion B3 Agia H Dakaris 1972, 136 inset Ag. Dimitrios L near Lagopodon Lauffer 1989, 716; TIB Nikopolis 191-92 Lagopodon C3 Ag. Georgios CHR? Dakaris 1971, 52, 80, 96 C4 Ag. Ioannis Rodakis C Dörpfeld 1927, 263-65 C3 Ag. Kyriake HR Dakaris 1972, 132, 199 C4 Ag. Mina C?H? Benton 1931, 233 D2 Ag. C?H? near Pramanda Hammond 1967, 177 D5 Ag. Pandeleimona CH Murray 1982, 57-61 C4 Ag. Sophia L Vokotopoulos 1984, 129 C4 Ag. Thomas L “ E,” TIB Nikopolis 270 C3 H Dakaris 1972, 138 D4 Agrai(i)s CH Hammond 1967, 247 D3 Agriliais C?H? SAGT 8, 34-37 C3 Aidonia C?H Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 D2 Aiginion H Nea Koutsouphliani? Hakkert, Lex.3 §Stagos C5 Ainos M. A?HR Ainos, formerly Megalo Partsch 1890, 88a (n.1) Vouno D2 Aithikia CH Hammond 1967, 477, 681 C2 Akropolis CHR Gardiki hill Hammond 1967, 181-82, 577 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 805

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C5 Al(al)komenai ACHR Palaiokastro on Aëtos Lauffer 1989, 282 C3 Alpokhori A?CHR Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96 C4 Alyz(e)ia CHRL Kandila Murray 1982, 106-21; TIB Nikopolis §Alosum 170-71 Kandeles §Aiofus C3 ACHR Hammond 1967, 140, 822 C4 Ambracius Sinus ACHRL RE C3 Ambracus CHR? Phidokastro Hammond 1967, 138-39 D3 Amphilochia CHR Thuc. 2.68.5; Hammond 1967, 247 C4 ACHR Ag. Petros, near Nea RE Kamarina D4 Anapos? fl. C Gero Thuc. 2.82; Pritchett 1994, 227-28 C3 Ano Kotsanopoulo H Dakaris 1971, 81 C3 Ano Rakhi HR? Dakaris 1971, 81, 96 B3 Anthousa CHR? Dakaris 1972, 100, 136 C1 Aous fl. ALB / GRE See Map 49 C3 Aphas fl. HR Cabanes 1985, 518-19 A2 Aphionas H Philippson 1956, 432 (no. 146) C4 Leukatas, T. HR? Dörpfeld 1927, 271-74 D3 fl. ACHR Arachthos Oberhummer 1887, 19; RE § Arat(h)thos fl. D4 Argeia C region of Argos Thuc. 2.80.8; Hammond 1967, 247 Amphilochikon D4 Argos Amphilochikon? CHR Ag. Ioannes, near Hammond 1936, 128; SAGT 8, 13-20 Neokhori C2 Arktanes CH Hammond 1967, 526-27, 532 = Konope D5 Artemita? Pr. HR Khounovina Murray 1985, 104-105; § Artemita? Ins. C Freitag 1994, 234-35 C2 Artista HL? Aristi Hammond 1967, 269-70, 659 C3 ? HR? Ag. Minyas near Assos StByz ’Ασσός; Hammond 1967, 56-57, 708 D4 CHR Astakos RE 1 C5 Asteria Ins. HR Daskaleio Partsch 1890, 58 (n. 2)

C3 Batiai ACH Kastri (near Lelovo) Hammond 1967, 55; Dakaris 1971, 183-88 § Bitia C3 Berenike? CHR? Kastrosykia Hammond 1967, 49, 578-79; Dakaris 1971, 51, 78-79, 95 C3 Bestia CHR Dakaris 1971, 52, 80-81, 96 B2 Bodrishtë HR ALB Hammond 1967, 204-205 C3 Bouchetion? ACHRL Rogous Hammond 1967, 456-57, 475; § Bouchaition Dakaris 1971, 177-83; TIB Nikopolis 252 § Boucheta Rogoi § Boucheton D3 Bouga H Hammond 1967, 151 B2 Bouthroton ACHRL Butrinti ALB Cabanes 1986, 120-24; TIB Nikopolis 132-34

B5 Cephallania Ins. ACHRL Kephallenia RE Kephallenia; TIB Nikopolis 175-77 D2 Chalkis C?H? Khaliki? Philippson 1956, 171-72 (no. 152); Hammond 1967, 255, 708 D4 Charadra fl. C Loutron SAGT 8, 27-29 C3 Charadros CHR Kastri at Palaia Philippias Dakaris 1971, 52, 80; Cabanes 1985, 514-30 § Charadra B2 ALB See Map 49 B2 Chaunoi H Hammond 1967, 701 Cheimerion? Limen = Glykys? Limen B3 Cheimerion? Pr. CHR Akra Trophale Gomme 1945, 180-81; Hammond 1967, 475 A2 Corcyra ACHRL Kerkyra / RE ; Lauffer 1989, 323-28 A2 Corcyra Ins. ACHRL Kerkyra / Corfu RE Korkyra; Lauffer 1989, 323-28 Crania M. = Oros B2 Çuke C?H? ALB Hammond 1967, 99 806 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B2 Çukë e Ajtojt ACHL ALB TIB Nikopolis 138 Çifliku; Islami 1982

D4 Derion? C?H? Skortou SAGT 8, 81-85 § Derieis? B2 Dhrovian C?H? ALB Hammond 1967, 120 C4 Dioryktos? C?HRL? Peratia RE Leukas, col. 2234; Murray 1982, 190-92 § Perdioricto? C2 ACHRL Dodone Hammond 1967, 168-72; TIB Nikopolis 143 § Dodone B2 Doliane C?HR? Hammond 1967, 86-87; Dakaris 1972, 112, 206 D5 Dolicha? Ins. HR Koutsilaris RE D3 Dovroï C?H?R? Hammond 1967, 251 B2 Dramese H Dakaris 1972, 147-48 D4 Drymos L at Paliokklesi TIB Nikopolis 148 C3 Dryopis A?R region of Ambracia DioCalliph 30; Hammond 1967, 425 D4 Duo Ekklesies C?HL near Stamna Bommeljé 1987, 107 Stamna

D5 Echinades Inss. CHR Echinades RE § Echinai Inss. C4 Echinos H plain SAGT 8, 93-97 B3 Elaias Limen C?H Cheimerion Dakaris 1972, 96 Elaias? Limen = Glykys? Limen C3 Elaiatis C region of Ephyra Thuc. 1.46.4; Hammond 1967, 446 D4 Elaos? H Kastro at Ag. Georgios Bommeljé 1987, 75; SAGT 7, 18-39 (above Sideroporta) inset Elatus M. R Vrakhionas Pliny, NH 4.53 C3 Elat(r)eia? ACHR Paliorophon Hammond 1967, 52, 477-78; Dakaris 1971, 171-75 C3 Elea CRL Khrysavgi, formerly Dakaris 1972, 37, 97-99, 201 Veliane B3 Elimi CHR near Koutsi, formerly Hammond 1967, 79-80; Polynerion Dakaris 1972, 100-102, 144, 203 B3 Elina CHR Dymokastro, formerly Hammond 1967, 678; Elimokastro? Dakaris 1972, 102-104, 145-46, 203 B3 Elinia HStByz῎Ελινοι; Hammond 1967, 678 § Elinoi C3 Ellenika H at Tsangari Dakaris 1972, 95 C4 Elleniko C?H? Dörpfeld 1927, 260 C5 Elleniko C?H? on Marathia Philippson 1956, 500 (no. 110) D2 Elleniko Stathmo C?H? near Koutsouphliani Hammond 1967, 260 D4 Ellenikouli C?H? SAGT 8, 33-34 D3 Embesos C?H?R? Hammond 1967, 244-45 C3 Ephyra/ ACHR Mesopotamon Hammond 1967, 64-65, 478; Kichyros Dakaris 1972, 80, 95, 199-200 B2 Epirus ACHRL Epeiros ALB / GRE Hammond 1967, 3, 476, 828 D3 Epitaphion C?H? Hammond 1967, 152 C4 Euripos? H Rouga SAGT 8, 90-93; H.-J. Gehrke C3 Euroia? HRL Glyky Dakaris 1972, 136-37, 200-201; TIB Nikopolis 158 Glyky C2 Eurymenai? CHL Kastritsa Hammond 1967, 173, 527; TIB Nikopolis 158 Glyky, 173 Kastritsa

B2 Gardiki H between Gardiki and Dakaris 1972, 158-59 Plagia B2 Gitana CH Gkoumani Hammond 1967, 83-86, 693; § Titana Dakaris 1972, 150; Préka-Alexandri 1993, 103-106 B3 Glykys?/ HR/ near Ormos Ag. Ioannou 7.7.5; Hammond 1967, 475 Elaias?/ CH/ Hammond 1967, 513-14, 547 Cheimerion? Limen C Gomme 1945, 180-81 D3 Gourgiana H Hammond 1967, 152 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 807

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D5 Gouria H Bommeljé 1987, 84 D2 Gradetsi C?H? N Megali Gotista Hammond 1967, 181 B3 Grika H Dakaris 1972, 140

B2 HRL Sofratikë near Libohovë TIB Nikopolis 146-48; Cabanes 1986, 119 § Adrianoupolis ALB C3 Hani Emin Aga C?H? Hammond 1967, 157-58 C2 Helikranon? H Khrisorrakhi, formerly Polyb. 2.6.2; Hammond 1967, 194, 596 Zagoriani C4 Hellomenon C near Nydri Partsch 1889, 21; W. Murray C3 Herakleia? H near Strevina Cabanes 1985, 528 (but cf. 524) C4 Herakleia? H Thesis Lekka SAGT 8, 97-101 D3 Hieron Oros/ HR Valaora Hammond 1967, 140 Crania M. C4 Hieros Limen Herakleous C?HR? Mytikas Ormos Murray 1982, 114-21 Horreum = Orraon

D3 Idomene Maior C Palaiokoula SAGT 8, 43-45 D3 Idomene Minor C Alonaki SAGT 8, 45-46 B2 R?L? Dakaris 1972, 204 C2 Ilion? R Despotikon, formerly Philippson 1956, 667 (no. 90); Kretsounista Hammond 1967, 197, 696 D3 Inachos fl. See Map 55 C2 L TIB Nikopolis 165-67 A3 Ionium Mare See Map 1 B2 Ioustinianoupolis L at Bregu i Melanit, above Procop., Aed. 4.1.36; TIB Nikopolis 146-48 Nepravishta ALB Dryinupolis A2 Istone? M. CHR Pantokrator (N Kerkyra) RE Korkyra, cols. 1408-1409 A2 Istone? M. CHR Ag. Deka (central RE Korkyra, cols. 1408-1409 Kerkyra) C5 ACHRL RE Ithake, col. 2299; Lauffer 1989, 282-83 C5 Ithaca Ins. ACHRL Ithake KlPauly D5 Ithoria CHR Ag. Ilias Bommeljé 1987, 74 Ag. Ilias

C4 Kakavoula HR tower on Sklavaina road Murray 1982, 138-41 D2 Kalarritai C?H? Hammond 1967, 178-79 C3 Kalenzion H? Hammond 1967, 176 B2 Kalivo ACHR ALB Hammond 1967, 98; Budina 1981, 7-8 C2 Kalokhori C?H? E Kalokhori Hammond 1967, 189 C3 Kalogeritsa C?H? Hammond 1967, 158 inset Kalogeros ACHR Benton 1931, 213-17 Kammania = Kestrine C4 Karnos Ins. CHR RE 1 B3 Karteri H Dakaris 1972, 144 B2 Kasnetsi RL Dakaris 1972, 205 A2 Kassiope HRL RE Korkyra, col. 1413; TIB Nikopolis 172 A2 Kassiope Pr. HR Akra Kassope RE Korkyra, col. 1407; Elias 1997, 78 (=HNC 010) C3 Kassope ACHR Kamarina Dakaris 1971, 101-33; Lauffer 1989, 307-308 C3 Kassopia CH 7.32; StByz Κασσώπη C4 Kastellaki C?H near Mytikas Rhomaios 1930, 144 C3 Kastri C?H? near Derviziana Philippson 1956, 106 (no. 78); Hammond 1967, 163-64 D4 Kastri C?H near Mytikas Murray 1982, 87-91 C4 Kastri Lithies H Murray 1982, 192-95 C3 Kastrion ACH Hammond 1967, 67, 540; Dakaris 1971, 164-70 D3 Kastriotissa C?H Hammond 1967, 149-50; SAGT 8, 41-47 C3 Kastriza H Hammond 1967, 69; Dakaris 1972, 100, 135 C3 Kastro A?CH fortified settlement near Dakaris 1971, 52, 79-80 C5 Kastro tou Sordatou C?H Partsch 1890, 73 808 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference inset Kat' Eleos H?R? Benton 1931, 218 B2 Kato Aetos H Dakaris 1972, 152 C3 Kato Mousiotitsa H Hammond 1967, 157; Dakaris 1971, 80 C4 Katokhori C?H? Dörpfeld 1927, 261 C2 Kato Zalongon C?H? Hammond 1967, 188 D2 Kelaithoi CH Hammond 1967, 526, 532, 703 C3 Kerasson CH Dakaris 1971, 80 B3 Kerentza CH Dakaris 1972, 96, 134 B2 Kestria? CH Aetos ALB Hammond 1967, 94-95, 677 B2 Kestrine/ CH region between R. Hammond 1967, 446, 480, 701; Kammania and R. Pavla Cabanes 1987 C3 Kheimadio CH Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 C3 Khoika CH Dakaris 1972, 97, 137 C4 Khortata A Dörpfeld 1927, 169 D3 Khuka H? Hammond 1967, 152 Kichyros = Ephyra B2 Kiraios Sinus C gulf S Buthroton Hammond 1967, 451, 474 D2 Kitios M. H Avgo Hammond 1967, 281 C3 Kleisoura 1 C?H? Dakaris 1971, 80 C3 Kleisoura 2 CH Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 C2 Klimatia C?H? SW Klimatia Hammond 1967, 191-92 B2 Klisia L Hammond 1967, 86 B2 Kodra e Ducës HL? Zmineci ALB Hammond 1967, 97; Dakaris 1972, 151; TIR Nicopolis 282 Zminiğ C4 Kokkino Stephani C?H Murray 1982, 208-11 C3 Kokkinopilo H?R? Dakaris 1971, 96 C3 Komaros Limen HR Limani Komaros (S Strabo 7.7.5; Elias 1997, 65 (=HNC 212/1) extremity of Ormos Nikopoleos) C1 L Philippson 1956, 76 (no. 5); Hammond 1967, 273 D4 Konope/ ACHRL Angelokastron StByz ’Αρσινόη; Bommeljé 1987, 77 Arsinoe Angelokastron (A) C3 Korone H Dakaris 1972, 134-35 D4 Koronta ACH Khrysovitsa SAGT 8, 102-103 C5 Krane CHR Argostolion Partsch 1890, 80 § Kranioi D3 Kraneia? CH Sikies Hammond 1967, 140 C3 Krania H Dakaris 1971, 80 D4 Krenai? CH Palioavli Hammond 1936, 133; 1967, 248 (n. 1); SAGT 8, 20-22 D4 Krithote Pr. HR Akra Tourkovigla Bursian 1862, 118 B2 H SW Ktismata Hammond 1967, 200 D4 Kyathos? fl. HR Dimikos, formerly Woodhouse 1897, 210 Neskhio inset Kyllene See Map 58 B3 Kynos Kephale? Pr. L Akra Asprokavos RE Korkyra, col. 1407

D2 Lakmon M. CHR Lakmon Strabo 7.5.8; Hammond 1967, 451 B2 Lemiko H near Tsamandas ALB Hammond 1967, 90; Dakaris 1972, 159-60 C4 Leucas ACHRL Kalligoni RE; Murray 1988 C4 Leucas Ins. ACHRL Leukas, Leukada RE § Leukadia Ins. C4 Leukata(s) Pr./ CHRL Akra Doukato, formerly RE Leukas, col. 2236; Elias 1997, 55 Leukas Kyras (=HNC 21) B3 Leukimma Pr. CHR Akra Lefkimis RE Korkyra, col. 1407 D3 Liapokhori C?H? SAGT 8, 40-41 B3 Limani Ozia L TIB Nikopolis 227-28 Paxos D4 Limnaia CH Amphilochia Saraga 1991; SAGT 8, 2-6 (Karavassaras) inset Limni Keriou C Hdt. 4.195.3; Müller 1987, 915-18 B2 Litharostrougga H Dakaris 1972, 157-58 C5 Logarata C?H? Partsch 1890, 68 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 809

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C4 Lykoniko C?H? SAGT 8, 108-13 D4 Lykovitsi C?H Heuzey 1860, 364-67 D4 Lysimacheia ACHR Mourstianou SAGT 6, 136; Bommeljé 1987, 94

C4 Magoula C?H Klaffenbach 1935, 718; SAGT 8, 97 B2 Maiandria? HR Karalibeu ALB Hammond 1972, 659, 677-78 Kara-Ali-Bey; Budina 1981, 8 B3 Makrykhora H Dakaris 1972, 143-44 B2 Malçan C?H? Hammond 1967, 97 C3 Mandrotopos H Dakaris 1972, 137 B3 HR Dakaris 1972, 202 B2 Masklinitsa CHR Dakaris 1972, 108, 150, 204 C4 Mavroneri C?H? N Mavroneri spring Dörpfeld 1927, 260-61 B3 Mazarakia H Dakaris 1972, 143 C5 Mazata C?H? above Karysata Partsch 1890, 68 D4 Medion CH Katuna SAGT 7, 83-88 D3 Mesokhora C?H? Hammond 1967, 251 D4 ? ACH Palaiomanina SAGT 7, 8-15; Murray 1982, 24 D4 Metropolis C near Olpai SAGT 8, 26 C3 Mikhalitsi A?CH Dakaris 1971, 51, 78-79 B2 Molossis CHR Hammond 1967, 673-76, 683 C2 Moni Sosinou C?H? fortified site Hammond 1967, 196 B3 Morphe HR? Dakaris 1972, 142-43, 202 C3 Mouzakeika CH Dakaris 1971, 52, 82 C4 Myrtountion L. HR Limni Voulkaria Oberhummer 1887, 19

D5 H Portes on Skoupas Murray 1985a C5 Nea Skala RL villa and basilica at TIB Nikopolis 259; Lauffer 1989, 319 Miampeli/Ag. Athanasios C3 Nekromanteion ACH Dakaris n.d. 3-22 C4 Nerikos? C Ag. Georgios Murray 1982, 189-90 §Neritos? C3 Nicopolis RL Palaio- Lauffer 1989, 469-71; TIB Nikopolis 213-14 C4 Nydri L TIB Nikopolis 216

D5 Oiniadai CHR? Trikardo RE 1 D4 Olpai CH Agrilovouni SAGT 8, 22-25 B1 Omphales CH Hammond 1967, 704-705 B2 Onchesmos C?HRL Sarandë, formerly Santi TIB Nikopolis 255-56 H. Saranda; § Anchiesmos Quaranta ALB Cabanes 1986, 119-20 § Anchialos C2 Onopernoi CH Hammond 1967, 532, 538-39, 565 C2 Oraiokastron C?H?L? formerly Lakhanokastron Hammond 1967, 270-71; TIB Nikopolis 191 Lachanokastron C4 Ormos Vathy 1 RL? inner harbor of Nicopolis Leake 1835 I, 196; Hammond 1967, 48 C4 Ormos Vathy 2 A?C? formerly Limena Vatheos, Benton 1931, 232 on C3 Oropos? A?C?HR Voulista Panagia Dakaris 1971, 52, 80, 96; Cabanes 1985, 518-19 C3 Orraon/ H/ Ammotopos Cabanes 1985, 518-24 Horreum H D5 Oxeiai/ A?HR Oxia, Koutsilaris Oberhummer 1887, 21-22; RE Thoai Inss.

D5 Paianion H Mastron Bommeljé 1987, 96 Mastron B2 Palaiokastro C?H? at Mavropoulon Philippson 1956, 91 n. 4 (no. 13) C5 Palaiokastro C?H? W Pronnoi Partsch 1890, 74 C4 Palaiokatouna C?H? SE Palaiokatuna Dörpfeld 1927, 256-58 C3 Palaiokhori CH Hammond 1967, 164; Dakaris 1971, 52, 81 D2 Palaiokhori CH Yiatelyio Hammond 1967, 251 C4 CHR Kekhropoula RE; Murray 1982 141-56 810 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C5 Palatia C?H? near Ag. Evphimia Partsch 1890, 67-68 B5 Pale CHR Lixouri Partsch 1890, 90 C2 Paliouri-Dragoumi C?H? Philippson 1956, 87 (no. 91); Hammond 1967, 192 C2 [Pambotis L.] L Limni , Procop., Aed. 4.1.40; Euststathius, formerly Limni Commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam 1.121 Ioanninon (Od. 3.189); Hammond 1967, 185 C3 ? A?CHR? Trikastro Hammond 1967, 162, 477-78, 673; Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96 C3 Pandosia L. R near Trikastron Hammond 1967, 673 C5 Panormos HR Hormos Phiskardo Partsch 1890, 64; RE Korkyra, col. 206 C2 Passaron C?HR near Radotovi Hammond 1967, 183, 576-77 (Rodotopion) D5 Paracheloitis HR? lower R. Acheloos Strabo 10.2.19; Oberhummer 1887, 24 floodplain C3 A?CHRL Dakaris 1972, 80, 99, 140, 201; ? Lauffer 1989, 509-10 B2 HRL Préka-Alexandri 1993, 109 D2 Paroraia C?H flanks of Mt. Peristeri Hammond 1967, 458, 477, 684 D3 Patiopoulo C?H? Heuzey 1860, 315; Philippson 1956, 193 (no. 124) B3 Paxoi Inss. HR Paxoi RE B3 Paxos Ins. HR Paxos RE Paxoi B2 Pecë H?R? ALB Philippson 1956, 68 (no. 44) B2 Pelodes Limen HR Gji i Butrintit ALB Hammond 1967, 445-46 B2 Pente Ekklesies H formerly Ouzdina Hammond 1967, 89; Dakaris 1972, 149 D4 Petitaros fl. H Megalo Potamos 43.22.8; Oberhummer 1887, 19 C4 Phagia A?CH? Murray 1982, 195-97 A2 Phalakron Pr. HR Akra Taxiarkhis Strabo 7.7.5; Elias 1997, 77 (=HNC 010) B2 Phanota? CH Ravene Hammond 1967, 676; Dakaris 1972, 112, 156-57 C4 Phara CH Pyrgi Partsch 1889, 20 B3 Phaskomelia CH Dakaris 1972, 102, 145 B2 Philiates C?H? S Philiates Hammond 1967, 86 D3 Phloriada C?H? Heuzey 1860, 310 B2 Phoinike 1 ACHRL ALB Hammond 1967, 112-17; TIB Nikopolis 234-35 B2 Phoinike 2 R?L near Hammond 1967, 118 D4 Phoitiai CH Ag. Georgios, formerly SAGT 7, 4-8 Porta B3 Photike RL Liboni Hammond 1967, 73-74; Dakaris 1972, 201-202; Lauffer 1989, 509 C3 Phrosyne H Dakaris 1972, 132 B2 Plakoti H Dakaris 1972, 149 C4 Pogonia C?H harbor of Palairos Murray 1985a C3 Polystaphylon C?H? Hammond 1967, 57 C4 Poros C?H? Dörpfeld 1927, 261-62 A2 Poseidion Pr. HR Akra Skala (on Hexamili) Strabo 7.7.5; RE Suppl. 14, Poseidion 16 ALB D4 Pras? H Pelegriniatza SAGT 8, 113-14 A1 Prichhit H?R? near Pigeras ALB Hammond 1967, 122 C4 Profitis Elias CH Faisst 1990 C5 Pronnoi CHR Poros Partsch 1890, 74 B3 Propaxos Ins. R Antipaxoi Pliny, NH 4.52; RE Paxoi C2 Psina CH? fortified settlement above Hammond 1967, 190; Dakaris 1972, 94 Psina C3 Pteleon M. HR Hammond 1967, 477 A2 Ptychia Ins. C?H?RL RE Ptychia; TIB Nikopolis 264-65 H. Stephanos B2 Pyrgos A?CHR fort at Igoumenitsa Dakaris 1972, 104; Préka-Alexandri 1993, 106-109 C5 Pyrgos HR tower near Plagia Partsch 1890, 64 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 811

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B2 Qare R NW Moursi ALB Dakaris 1972, 206

C5 Rakhi C?H Partsch 1890, 73 C3 Riza HR? Hammond 1967, 50; Dakaris 1971, 79, 95 B2 Riziani C?H Hammond 1967, 88; Dakaris 1972, 112, 147-48 A2 Roda C Leekley 1981, 2 C3 Romano CHR Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96

C2 Salonike H Dakaris 1972, 132 D4 Sarandiniko HR Pritchett 1994, 192-95 D4 Sardiniena H Leake 1835 IV, 252; Philippson 1956, 193 n. 1 (no. 119) C5 Same CHR Same RE Kephallenia, col. 205; Lauffer 1989, 319 § D4 Sauria? CH Rigani SAGT 7, 8-15 B2 Selo H ALB Hammond 1967, 205 B3 Sevasto H Dakaris 1972, 139-40 B2 Sinou C?H? ALB Hammond 1967, 90 C3 Sistrouni HRL Hammond 1967, 165; Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96; TIB Nikopolis 257-58 C2 C?H? Hammond 1967, 263 D3 Solomos C?H? near Theriakision Philippson 1956, 193 n. 1 (no. 122); Hammond 1967, 242 B3 Spatharaioi H Dakaris 1972, 136 C4 Spelaion A?CHRL near Spartokhori Benton 1931, 230 C4 Sterna A?CH Murray 1982, 200-206 D4 Stratos A?CHR Sourovigli RE 3; SAGT 6, 137-39 § Stratike Polyb. 4.63.10; Oberhummer 1887, 34 C3 Strongyli C?H?RL? Hammond 1967, 61; Dakaris 1971, 52, 79, 95 D1 (S)Tymphaia See Map 55 B3 Sybota Inss. CHRL Sivota (Nisi Sivota and Gomme 1945, 182; TIB Nikopolis 267 Nisi Ag. Nikolaos) B3 Sybota? Limen C Limani Mourto Hammond 1967, 498 (n. 2); Elias 1997, 74 (=HNC 010) C5 C?H? tes Oraias to Kastro, near Partsch 1890, 68 Palatia (fort) C5 Syria C?H? tes Oraias to Kastro, near Partsch 1890, 75 Pronnoi

C2 Talares C?H Strabo 9.5.12; Hammond 1967, 458 C4 Taphiae? Inss. HRL Meganisi, Kalamos, Pliny, NH 4.53; Oberhummer 1887, 20-21 C4 Taphos Ins. HRL Meganisi Oberhummer 1887, 21 § Taphias Ins. § Taphiusa Ins. Pliny, NH 36.150 A1 Tatzat C?H? ALB Philippson 1956, 63 n. 4 (no. 39) C3 Themelo H Dakaris 1972, 134 B2 Thesprotia CHR Hammond 1967, 478, 677-78 D3 Theudoria? H Philippson 1956, 156 (no. 151) Thoai Inss. = Oxeiai Inss. B2 Thyamis Pr. H Akra Kalamas Hammond 1967, 706 B2 Thyamis fl. CHRL? Thyamis, formerly RE 1; Hammond 1967, 446-47 Kalamas D3 Thyamon M. C Makrynoros Hammond 1967, 247 C4 Thyrreion CHR Thyrion, formerly Ag. SAGT 8, 85-90 Vasilios C2 T(o)maros M. CHR , formerly Strabo 7.7.11; Hammond 1967, 844 Olytsika B2 Torone CH Khersonesos Lygias, Dakaris 1972, 32-34, 105-108, 147 formerly Lygaria 812 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D4 Torybeia? CH Komboti SAGT 8, 104-108 § Tyrbeion? B3 Toryne? HR Hammond 1967, 77, 688 C3 Toskesi H Dakaris 1971, 81 D3 Tourka C?H? Heuzey 1860, 311; Philippson 1956, 193 n. 1 (no. 121) C3 Tripolitai H Hammond 1967, 526 § Tripolissoi C3 Tsangari H Dakaris 1972, 133 B2 Tsourila H Hammond 1967, 88; Dakaris 1972, 148 Tymphaia = (S)Tymphaia D2 Tymphe? M. HRL? Mavrovouni (Khuka KlPauly Loupou Range)

B2 C?H? Hammond 1967, 96 C4 Vasiliki C?H? fort Partsch 1889, 20 B5 Vatsa R Lauffer 1989, 319 Kephallenia B2 Vavouri H Dakaris 1972, 159 C2 Vereniki H Hammond 1967, 188-89 B2 Vigla H Keramitsas Dakaris 1972, 157 C3 Vigla H? near Strongyli Dakaris 1971, 79 C4 Vigla C?H Kolonas 1992 C2 AC Morgan 1988, 316-17 C4 Vlikho C?H? Dörpfeld 1927, 258-60 (pl. 45) D3 Voedros Han C?H? Hammond 1967, 151 D2 Voutonosi C?H? Hammond 1967, 261; W. Murray C2 Vrosina C?H? Hammond 1967, 187 C3 Vrysoula H Dakaris 1971, 81

C4 Xylokastro 1 CH? on Kalamos Is. Benton 1931, 233 C4 Xylokastro 2 C?H near Ag. Athanasios, Murray 1982, 135-38; above Kakavoula Pritchett 1994, 218-21 inset Zacynthus ACHRL Leekley 1981, 8; Lauffer 1989, 716-18 inset Zacynthus Ins. ACHRL Zakynthos KlPauly Zakynthos §Hyrie? D4 Zavitsa C?H tower in Mytikas valley Heuzey 1860, 417; Murray 1982, 83-86 C3 Zervokhori H Dakaris 1972, 138-39 C5 Ainesios, T. A?C?H? atop Mt. Ainos Scholia in Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica 2.297; Partsch 1890, 88; Lauffer 1989, 319

Aqueducts

Grid Location Period Reference

B2 Bouthroton R Ugolini 1937, 84-85; Hammond 1967, 98, 109 C3 Nicopolis RL Doukellis 1995

Bridges

Grid Location Period Reference

C3 Ambracia C?HR? Hammond 1967, 140 C4 Leucas R Murray 1982, 251-53 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 813

Church Cluster

Grid Location Period Reference

C4 on Kephalos Is. L TIB Nikopolis 177

Dam

Grid Location Period Reference

C4 E , in Glosses Pass C?H? Murray 1984; Knauss 1995

Roads

Itinerary Period Reference

Actium → Drymos RL Axiote 1980, 195-96 Actium towards Leucas RL Murray 1982, 190-92, 254-55; Pritchett 1994, 183-84 Elaos? → NW H Pritchett 1994, 235-39 Phoinike → Nicopolis RL Hammond 1967, 690-94 Hadrianopolis → Nicopolis RL Hammond 1967, 694-96; SAGT 3, 287-88 Nicopolis → Ambracia → E RL Hammond 1967, 695; SAGT 3, 286-87 Limnaia → S H Polyb. 5.5.14-6.6 Limnaia → N C SAGT 8, 1-78

Wall

Grid Location Period Reference

B2 at Dema, across Hexamili peninsula, N ACH Hammond 1967, 99; L. Miraj Bouthroton

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Akra Acarnania StByz ῎Ακρα; Oberhummer 1887, 40 Aktion HR Corcyra, opposite Bouton? , Epistulae ad Atticum 7.2.3; RE Korkyra, col. 1409 Algos L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Amphipyrgos Pr. H somewhere in S Corcyra RE Korkyra, col. 1407 Amymnoi/ H tribe in Epirus Hammond 1967, 701-702 Amymnaioi Amymones H Epirus Hammond 1967, 701, 703 Amyntai A?H Epirus Hammond 1967, 702 Aineiados, T. H near city of Leucas on sea RE Leukas, col. 2234 H city on one of Echinades Inss. StByz ’Απολλωνία; Oberhummer 1887, 39 Appon L Epirus TIB Nikopolis 110 Arkadia C fortified position on Zacynthus, DiodSic 15.45.3 see Nellos Aspalatheia H in Acarnania, on either Taphos Oberhummer 1887, 39 Ins. (Meganisi) or Karnos Ins. (Kalamos) Athenai C? Acarnania Murray 1985, 101

Boulibas L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 814 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Bounimai/ A?C?H Epirus, near Trampya StByz Βούνειµα; Hammond 1967, 800 Bouneima/ Bounimon

Chyton CH Epirus StByz Χυτόν

Elaphusa Ins. R near Corcyra Ins. Pliny, NH 4.53 Ericusa Ins. RL? near Corcyra Ins. Pliny, NH 4.53; TIB Nikopolis 149 Euboia A? on Corcyra Ins. Strabo 10.1.15; RE Korkyra, col. 1409 L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3

Genysios R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3

Hag. Sabinou R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Hedones L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Helega R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Heraion, T. H near city of Leucas on sea RE Leukas, col. 2234 Hestiaia Acarnania StByz ‛Εστίαια; Oberhummer 1887, 40 Homonoia L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3

Karmina R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Kastina R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Keimenos L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Kionin L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Kolophonia R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Kome L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Koroneia H fortress in Ambracia StByz Κορώνεια; Cabanes 1985, 524

Lampe Acarnania StByz Λάµπη; Oberhummer 1887, 40 Letoia Ins. R off Cephallania Pliny, NH 4.55 Listria R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3

Malthace Ins. R near Corcyra Ins. Pliny, NH 4.53 Marathe Ins. R near Corcyra Ins. Pliny, NH 4.53 Marathos polis in Acarnania StByz Μάραθος; Oberhummer 1887, 35; RE 1 Markiana L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Marmarata R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Martios R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Meleon Campus H plain NW Phanota (contra Livy 43.23.3; W. Murray Hammond 1967, 631, 686) Melite L. H?R near Oiniadai and E Acheloos fl.? Strabo 10.2.21; Freitag 1994, 230-33 Meliteion M. H? on Corcyra RE Korkyra, col. 1409 Melos? H? Acarnania Oberhummer 1887, 40

Napaioi tribe in Epirus StByz Νάπη Nellos C mountain or region on Zacynthus, KlPauly Zakynthos location of fortress called Arkadia

Olbos L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Onalos R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Oreitai H between Ambracia and DioCalliph 45; Hammond 1967, 462-63 Amphilochia Orestai A?C tribe in Molossia StByz ’Ορέσται; Hammond 1967, 462-63

Palaia Oineiadai A between Oiniadai and Stratos Strabo 10.2.2; Freitag 1994, 226-27 Palyros R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Panormos H SE shore of Ambracian Gulf Wacker 1996 Parmos L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Parthyaioi H tribe in Epirus Hammond 1967, 680 (n. 2) Pergama H?R Epirus Hammond 1967, 412 Pergamis (district) H?R Epirus Varro, De Re Rustica 2.2.1; Hammond 1967, 412 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 815

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Perkos R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Petroniana R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Pezion R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Poseidion H?R harbor, cape or town in Epirus Strabo 7.7.5 between Onchesmos and Bouthroton R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Prinoessa Ins. H?R one of the Taphiae Inss. Pliny, NH 4.53 Pronathidon R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Pythonia Ins. R near Corcyra Ins. Pliny, NH 4.53

Simoeis fl. R Epirus Hammond 1967, 412 Sollion A?C between Leucas and Palairos on Murray 1982, 200-206; Faraklas 1991; Plagia Pr. Berktold 1993 Symphygion R?L Epirus Procop., Aed. 4.4.3

Talarus M. HR? near Dodona Pliny, NH 4.2; Hammond 1967, 39 (n. 2) Tarachie Ins. R near Corcyra Ins. Pliny, NH 4.53 Tekmon H polis in Thesprotia, Epirus Livy 45.26; StByz Τέκµων; Lauffer 1989, 652-53 Trampya A?C?H Epirus, near Bouneima Lycophron, Alexandra 801; StByz Βούνειµα; Hammond 1967, 815 Trana R?L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3 Troia HR Epirus, in Kestria Hammond 1967, 412 Tymphaia Epirus StByz Τύµφη

Xanthos fl. H?R Epirus Hammond 1967, 412 Xeropotamos L fortress in Palaia Epeiros Procop., Aed. 4.4.3

False Toponyms

Name Reference Comment

Charadros fl. Polyb. 21.26.7; Hammond 1967, 160 R. Louros Erisyche Freitag 1994, 227-28 literary / mythological place Olpe? Hammond 1936, 134; SAGT 8, 22-23 Psophis StByz Ψωφίς; Oberhummer 1887, 39 not in Acarnania

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