Map 54 Epirus-Acarnania Compiled by W.M. Murray, 1994 Introduction The first systematic investigations of north-west Greece were carried out during the nineteenth century by Leake (1835), Heuzey (1860), Lolling (1989, for work done in 1876-77), Oberhummer (1887), Partsch (1887; 1889; 1890), and Woodhouse (1897). Progressing slowly over the mountainous terrain on foot, these men recorded in detail many observations that still remain our best evidence for numerous sites throughout the region. In recent years, still more has been learned from the work of Hammond (1967), Dakaris (1971; 1972), Cabanes (1976; 1985; 1986; 1987), TIB Nikopolis, Murray (1982), Bommeljé (1987), Pritchett (1994; SAGT 7-8) and others, who often retraced the steps of the early travelers in their search for additional details. Through the combined results of these investigations, a reasonably clear picture has emerged which forms the basis of the map. Generally speaking, the region covered includes many small settlements (both fortified and unfortified) whose ancient names will never be known. My goal has been to include as many of these sites as possible in order to reflect more accurately the distribution of population, and to reduce the apparent significance of those small settlements whosenamesdohappentobepreserved.Inordertoavoidovercrowdingthemap(andthusrenderingit unintellgible), I have selected those sites that possess one or more of the following characteristics: a fortification wall sufficient to enclose at least 0.1 hectare; building foundations appropriate for a small settlement; and tombs in sufficient numbers to represent the cemetery of a settlement rather than, say, one family’s grave enclosure. The region also includes a great many fortresses and towers (cf. Plutarch, Aratus 50.7). As many as possible of these are marked, although a number of small signal towers and small open sites are omitted for the sake of clarity in a few areas of dense habitation. Likewise omitted for the same reason are several small bridges recorded by Dakaris (1972, 186-87) in Thesprotia. Throughout, the goal has been to reflect the sites reported in the fundamental accounts by Hammond (1967), Dakaris (1971; 1972) and TIB Nikopolis for Epirus; by Oberhummer (1887), Murray (1982) and Pritchett (1994; SAGT 7-8) for Acarnania; and by Woodhouse (1897) and Bommeljé (1987) for Aetolia. Because no comparable account yet exists for the islands, it has not proved possible to be quite so rigorous there. Homeric toponyms are omitted unless they are attested as actual place names by later ancient writers. Thus Nerikos and Same are marked, but not Scherie, which is never referred to as an historical place. It has sometimes been difficult to locate sites mentioned by early travelers, either because the remains have since disappeared, or because the nineteenth century names have changed–even more than once. In the northern regions of the map, the sites are less well documented, detailed maps are less easy to obtain, and much of the scholarship appears only in inaccessible Albanian journals. It is common to have two or more sites associated with an ancient name, because in most areas the number of sites greatly exceeds the number of preserved names. Question marks reflect such uncertainties. Although the strings of settlements reaching inland from the coast reveal that the region was originally criss-crossed by a net of foot- and bridle-paths, these are omitted. An attempt has been made, however, to indicate certain significant routes that passed through the region. Since the evidence seldom reveals their exact course over a long distance, many stretches are marked as approximate only. For details, consult the journeys of the early travelers mentioned above, Cabanes (1976) Map 2, and the discussions of Hammond (1967, 690-700), Axiote (1980) and Pritchett (1994, 179-241). Representation of the changing positions of coastlines and coastal lakes calls for an equally conservative approach. Good evidence exists to show that some regions have experienced a relative rise in sea level of almost 11 ft since antiquity (Murray 1982, 460-62; 1988). This encroachment by the sea (partly due to land subsidence) is not uniform across the entire region. In addition, near the rivers it has been offset to an unknown degree by the 804 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA deposition of alluvial sediments. Although a clear picture of the ancient coastline, based on geological evidence, has yet to be published, I have attempted to follow such evidence as exists (such as for the Achelous delta). Where it does not, certain changes attested by ancient authors are at least reflected. Where it is impossible to establish the exact degree of change, the modern coastline is left unaltered, but the main areas likely to have been affected are rendered as swamp, following the example of Dakaris in his studies of Thesprotia and Kassopia. My earlier determination of the broad outlines of the coastline’s progression past Oiniadai toward the Oxeiai islands (Murray 1985) now calls for modification in the light of Freitag (1994), which convincingly exploits the literary testimonia to demonstrate a more complex situation. As a result, I have now drawn the mouth of the R. Achelous with the help of J.C. Kraft, who relies on a study of sediment cores made by Villas (1984). Moreover, in recognition of the doubts raised by Freitag, the coastal lake Melite appears only as an Unlocated Toponym. Directory All place names are in Greece unless otherwise noted Abbreviations DioCaliph Dionysius Calliphontis filius, Anagraphe tes Hellados, in GGM I, 238-43 HNC 010 Hellenic Navy Hydrographic Service, Hellenic Nautical Chart 010: “Kerkira I. Ipiros Coasts,” Athens, 1960 (corrected 1983) IG 2 G. Klaffenbach, Inscriptiones Acarnaniae,9.1,2nd ed., Berlin, 1957 TIB Nikopolis P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 3, Nikopolis und Kephallenia, DenkWien 150, 1981 Note: For commentary on Polybius references, see Walbank 1957. Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C4 Acarnania CHRL Akarnania Oberhummer 1887, 2-3 D4 Achelous fl. ACHRL Akheloos, formerly Oberhummer 1887, 14-18; NPauly § Thoas fl. Aspropotamos C3 Acheron fl. ACHRL Akheron RE 1 C3 Acherusia L. CHR Hammond 1967, 69, 478 C4 Actium ACHR Aktion, formerly Punta RE Aktion C4 Actium Pr. ACHRL Akra Akri RE Aktion B3 Agia H Dakaris 1972, 136 inset Ag. Dimitrios L near Lagopodon Lauffer 1989, 716; TIB Nikopolis 191-92 Lagopodon C3 Ag. Georgios CHR? Dakaris 1971, 52, 80, 96 C4 Ag. Ioannis Rodakis C Dörpfeld 1927, 263-65 C3 Ag. Kyriake HR Dakaris 1972, 132, 199 C4 Ag. Mina C?H? Benton 1931, 233 D2 Ag. Panagia C?H? near Pramanda Hammond 1967, 177 D5 Ag. Pandeleimona CH Murray 1982, 57-61 C4 Ag. Sophia L Vokotopoulos 1984, 129 C4 Ag. Thomas L “Basilica E,” Nicopolis TIB Nikopolis 270 C3 Agora H Dakaris 1972, 138 D4 Agrai(i)s CH Hammond 1967, 247 D3 Agriliais C?H? SAGT 8, 34-37 C3 Aidonia C?H Dakaris 1971, 53, 82 D2 Aiginion H Nea Koutsouphliani? Hakkert, Lex.3 §Stagos C5 Ainos M. A?HR Ainos, formerly Megalo Partsch 1890, 88a (n.1) Vouno D2 Aithikia CH Hammond 1967, 477, 681 C2 Akropolis Passaron CHR Gardiki hill Hammond 1967, 181-82, 577 MAP 54 EPIRUS-ACARNANIA 805 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C5 Al(al)komenai ACHR Palaiokastro on Aëtos Lauffer 1989, 282 C3 Alpokhori A?CHR Dakaris 1971, 52, 81, 96 C4 Alyz(e)ia CHRL Kandila Murray 1982, 106-21; TIB Nikopolis §Alosum 170-71 Kandeles §Aiofus C3 Ambracia ACHR Arta Hammond 1967, 140, 822 C4 Ambracius Sinus ACHRL Ambracian Gulf RE C3 Ambracus CHR? Phidokastro Hammond 1967, 138-39 D3 Amphilochia CHR Thuc. 2.68.5; Hammond 1967, 247 C4 Anactorium ACHR Ag. Petros, near Nea RE Kamarina D4 Anapos? fl. C Gero Poros Thuc. 2.82; Pritchett 1994, 227-28 C3 Ano Kotsanopoulo H Dakaris 1971, 81 C3 Ano Rakhi HR? Dakaris 1971, 81, 96 B3 Anthousa CHR? Dakaris 1972, 100, 136 C1 Aous fl. ALB / GRE See Map 49 C3 Aphas fl. HR Louros Cabanes 1985, 518-19 A2 Aphionas H Philippson 1956, 432 (no. 146) C4 Apollo Leukatas, T. HR? Dörpfeld 1927, 271-74 D3 Arachthos fl. ACHR Arachthos Oberhummer 1887, 19; RE § Arat(h)thos fl. D4 Argeia C region of Argos Thuc. 2.80.8; Hammond 1967, 247 Amphilochikon D4 Argos Amphilochikon? CHR Ag. Ioannes, near Hammond 1936, 128; SAGT 8, 13-20 Neokhori C2 Arktanes CH Hammond 1967, 526-27, 532 Arsinoe = Konope D5 Artemita? Pr. HR Khounovina Murray 1985, 104-105; § Artemita? Ins. C Freitag 1994, 234-35 C2 Artista HL? Aristi Hammond 1967, 269-70, 659 C3 Assos? HR? Ag. Minyas near Assos StByz ’Ασσός; Hammond 1967, 56-57, 708 D4 Astakos CHR Astakos RE 1 C5 Asteria Ins. HR Daskaleio Partsch 1890, 58 (n. 2) C3 Batiai ACH Kastri (near Lelovo) Hammond 1967, 55; Dakaris 1971, 183-88 § Bitia C3 Berenike? CHR? Kastrosykia Hammond 1967, 49, 578-79; Dakaris 1971, 51, 78-79, 95 C3 Bestia CHR Dakaris 1971, 52, 80-81, 96 B2 Bodrishtë HR ALB Hammond 1967, 204-205 C3 Bouchetion? ACHRL Rogous Hammond 1967, 456-57, 475; § Bouchaition Dakaris 1971, 177-83; TIB Nikopolis 252 § Boucheta Rogoi § Boucheton D3 Bouga H Hammond 1967, 151 B2 Bouthroton ACHRL Butrinti ALB Cabanes 1986, 120-24; TIB Nikopolis 132-34 B5 Cephallania Ins. ACHRL Kephallenia RE Kephallenia; TIB Nikopolis 175-77 D2 Chalkis C?H? Khaliki? Philippson 1956, 171-72 (no. 152); Hammond 1967, 255, 708 D4 Charadra fl. C Loutron SAGT 8, 27-29 C3 Charadros CHR Kastri at Palaia Philippias Dakaris 1971, 52, 80; Cabanes 1985, 514-30 § Charadra B2 Chaonia ALB See Map 49 B2 Chaunoi H Hammond 1967, 701 Cheimerion? Limen = Glykys? Limen B3 Cheimerion? Pr. CHR Akra Trophale Gomme 1945, 180-81; Hammond 1967, 475 A2 Corcyra ACHRL Kerkyra / Corfu RE Korkyra; Lauffer 1989, 323-28 A2 Corcyra Ins.