Characterisation of the In-Vivo Terahertz Communication Channel Within the Human Body Tissues for Future Nano-Communication Networks
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A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centri
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOLECULAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND MULTI-SCALE COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 6, NO. 2, NOVEMBER 2020 107 A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centric Nanonetworks Ke Yang ,DadiBi,Student Member, IEEE, Yansha Deng , Member, IEEE, Rui Zhang, Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman , Member, IEEE, Najah Abu Ali , Muhammad Ali Imran , Senior Member, IEEE, Josep Miquel Jornet ,QammerH.Abbasi , and Akram Alomainy , Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over communications are widely considered as two main promising the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even paradigms and both follow their own development process. In nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sen- first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, sor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the com- Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to munication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is dis- BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor cussed. -
Survey on Terahertz Nanocommunication and Networking
1 Survey on Terahertz Nanocommunication and Networking: A Top-Down Perspective Filip Lemic∗, Sergi Abadaly, Wouter Tavernierz, Pieter Stroobantz, Didier Collez, Eduard Alarcon´ y, Johann Marquez-Barja∗, Jeroen Famaey∗ ∗Internet Technology and Data Science Lab (IDLab), Universiteit Antwerpen - imec, Belgium yNaNoNetworking Center in Catalunya (N3Cat), Universitat Politecnica` de Catalunya, Spain zInternet Technology and Data Science Lab (IDLab), Ghent University - imec, Belgium Email: fi[email protected] Abstract—Recent developments in nanotechnology herald Communication and coordination among the nanodevices, nanometer-sized devices expected to bring light to a number of as well as between them and the macro-scale world, will groundbreaking applications. Communication with and among be required to achieve the full promise of such applications. nanodevices will be needed for unlocking the full potential of such applications. As the traditional communication approaches Thus, several alternative nanocommunication paradigms have cannot be directly applied in nanocommunication, several alter- emerged in the recent years, the most promising ones being native paradigms have emerged. Among them, electromagnetic electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical, and molecular commu- nanocommunication in the terahertz (THz) frequency band is nication [2]. particularly promising, mainly due to the breakthrough of novel In molecular nanocommunication, a transmitting device materials such as graphene. For this reason, numerous research efforts are nowadays targeting THz band nanocommunication releases molecules into a propagation medium, with the and consequently nanonetworking. As it is expected that these molecules being used as the information carriers [3]. Acoustic trends will continue in the future, we see it beneficial to nanocommunication utilizes pressure variations in the (fluid summarize the current status in these research domains. -
Toward a Wired Ad Hoc Nanonetwork
Toward a Wired Ad Hoc Nanonetwork Oussama Abderrahmane Dambri and Soumaya Cherkaoui INTERLAB, Engineering Faculty, Universite´ de Sherbrooke, Canada Email: fabderrahmane.oussama.dambri, [email protected] Abstract—Nanomachines promise to enable new medical appli- safety to use terahertz frequencies inside the human body for cations, including drug delivery and real time chemical reactions’ medical applications is another problem of electromagnetic detection inside the human body. Such complex tasks need coop- communication at nanoscale, which needs further research. eration between nanomachines using a communication network. Wireless Ad hoc networks, using molecular or electromagnetic- Molecular communication is a bioinspired paradigm that uses based communication have been proposed in the literature to cre- molecules as information carriers instead of electromagnetic ate flexible nanonetworks between nanomachines. In this paper, waves. Molecular communication is used by nature and can we propose a Wired Ad hoc NanoNETwork (WANNET) model be leveraged safely inside the human body. In [4], the authors design using actin-based nano-communication. In the proposed proposed a mobile ad hoc nanonetwork with collision-based model, actin filaments self-assembly and disassembly is used to create flexible nanowires between nanomachines, and electrons molecular communication. This Mobile Ad hoc Molecular are used as carriers of information. We give a general overview of NETwork (MAMNET) employs infectious disease spreading the application layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and a principles using the electrochemical collision between mobile physical layer of the model. We also detail the analytical model nanomachines to transfer information. Another MAMNET of the physical layer using actin nanowire equivalent circuits, system is proposed in [5], by using Forster¨ Resonance Energy and we present an estimation of the circuit component’s values. -
2 Scalability of the Channel Capacity of Electromagnetic Nano- Networks 10 2.1 Introduction
Exploring the Scalability Limits of Communication Networks at the Nanoscale Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Computer Architecture, Networks and Systems by Ignacio Llatser Mart´ı Advisors: Dr. Eduard Alarc´onCot Dr. Albert Cabellos-Aparicio 2011 Nanonetworking Center in Catalunya (N3Cat) Universitat Polit`ecnicade Catalunya Abstract Nanonetworks, the interconnection of nanomachines, will greatly expand the range of applications of nanotechnology, bringing new opportunities in di- verse fields. Following preliminary studies, two paradigms that promise the re- alization of nanonetworks have emerged: molecular communication and nano- electromagnetic communication. In this thesis, we study the scalability of communication networks when their size shrinks to the nanoscale. In particular, we aim to analyze how the performance metrics of nanonetworks, such as the channel attenuation or the propagation delay, scale as the size of the network is reduced. In the case of nano-electromagnetic communication, we focus on the scal- ability of the channel capacity. Our quantitative results show that due to quantum effects appearing at the nanoscale, the transmission range of nanoma- chines is higher than expected. Based on these results, we derive guidelines regarding how network parameters, such as the transmitted power, need to scale in order to keep the network feasible. In molecular communication, we concentrate in a scenario of short-range molecular signaling governed by Fick's laws of diffusion. We characterize its physical channel and we derive analytical expressions for some key perfor- mance metrics from the communication standpoint, which are validated by means of simulation. We also show the differences in the scalability of the obtained metrics with respect to their equivalent in wireless electromagnetic communication. -
Direct Transmission Detection of Tunable Mechanical Resonance in an Individual Carbon Nanofiber Relay
Edinburgh Research Explorer Direct transmission detection of tunable mechanical resonance in an individual carbon nanofiber relay Citation for published version: Eriksson, A, Lee, S, Sourab, AA, Isacsson, A, Kaunisto, R, Kinaret, JM & Campbell, EEB 2008, 'Direct transmission detection of tunable mechanical resonance in an individual carbon nanofiber relay', Nano Letters, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1224-1228. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080345w Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1021/nl080345w Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Nano Letters Publisher Rights Statement: Copyright © 2008 by the American Chemical Society. All rights reserved. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Nano Letters, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl080345w Cite as: Eriksson, A., Lee, S., Sourab, A. -
Applications of Molecular Communications to Medicine: a Survey
Applications of molecular communications to medicine: a survey L. Felicetti, M. Femminella, G. Reali*, P. Liò Abstract In recent years, progresses in nanotechnology have established the foundations for implementing nanomachines capable of carrying out simple but significant tasks. Under this stimulus, researchers have been proposing various solutions for realizing nanoscale communications, considering both electromagnetic and biological communications. Their aim is to extend the capabilities of nanodevices, so as to enable the execution of more complex tasks by means of mutual coordination, achievable through communications. However, although most of these proposals show how devices can communicate at the nanoscales, they leave in the background specific applications of these new technologies. Thus, this paper shows an overview of the actual and potential applications that can rely on a specific class of such communications techniques, commonly referred to as molecular communications. In particular, we focus on health-related applications. This decision is due to the rapidly increasing interests of research communities and companies to minimally invasive, biocompatible, and targeted health-care solutions. Molecular communication techniques have actually the potentials of becoming the main technology for implementing advanced medical solution. Hence, in this paper we provide a taxonomy of potential applications, illustrate them in some details, along with the existing open challenges for them to be actually deployed, and draw future perspectives. Keywords: molecular communications, nanomedicine, targeted scope, interfacing, control methods L. Felicetti, M. Femminella, and G. Reali are with the Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy. Emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. -
Analytical Modeling of a Communication Channel Based On
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Computer Science and Engineering: Theses, Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Dissertations, and Student Research Fall 12-1-2017 Analytical Modeling of a Communication Channel Based on Subthreshold Stimulation of Neurobiological Networks Alireza Khodaei University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/computerscidiss Part of the Computational Neuroscience Commons, Digital Communications and Networking Commons, and the Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Commons Khodaei, Alireza, "Analytical Modeling of a Communication Channel Based on Subthreshold Stimulation of Neurobiological Networks" (2017). Computer Science and Engineering: Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 138. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/computerscidiss/138 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science and Engineering: Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ANALYTICAL MODELING OF A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL BASED ON SUBTHRESHOLD STIMULATION OF NEUROBIOLOGICAL NETWORKS by Alireza Khodaei A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: -
A Formal Definition for Nanorobots and Nanonetworks
A Formal Definition for Nanorobots and Nanonetworks Florian Büther, Florian-Lennert Lau, Marc Stelzner, Sebastian Ebers University of Lübeck, Institute of Telematics, Lübeck, Germany {buether,lau,stelzner,ebers}@itm.uni-luebeck.de Abstract—Nano computation and communication research ex- size, assumptions vary. Some papers assume an overall size amines minuscule devices like sensor nodes or robots. Over of 1–100 nanometers [8], others consider a maximum size the last decade, it has attracted attention from many different of a few micrometers [10], [5]. However, neither provide a perspectives, including material sciences, biomedical engineering, and algorithm design. With growing maturity and diversity, a reasoning for the respective restriction. While devices of a common terminology is increasingly important. few micrometers may be no longer nanoscale, they still are In this paper, we analyze the state of the art of nanoscale subject to quantum effects which we consider the necessary computational devices, and infer common requirements. We and crucial aspect for a device being called a nanodevices. combine these with definitions for macroscale machines and Next to their size, nanosdevices are often described as robots to define Nanodevices, an umbrella term that includes all minuscule artificial devices. We derive definitions for Nanoma- autonomous machines or robots. Regular macroscale machines chines and Nanorobots, each with a set of mandatory and optional and robots are well-known research topics, and provide useful components. Constraints concerning artificiality and purpose dis- definitions for both terms [11], [12]. tinguish Nanodevices from nanoparticles and natural life forms. Building upon both areas of research, we derive a precise, Additionally, we define a Nanonetwork as a network comprised formal definition for nanoscale devices, machines and robots. -
Bloodvoyagers – Simulation of the Work Environment of Medical
BloodVoyagerS – Simulation of the work environment of medical nanobots Regine Geyer, Marc Stelzner, Florian Büther and Sebastian Ebers {geyer,stelzner,buether,ebers}@itm.uni-luebeck.de University of Lübeck, Institute of Telematics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany ABSTRACT algorithms and applications. Before these can actually be applied The simulation of nanobots in their working environment is crucial in a living body, they have to be thoroughly tested. Typical testing to promote their application in the medical context. Several simula- approaches include simulations or wet-lab experiments. The latter tors for nanonetworks investigate new communication paradigms however, are comparatively complex and expensive, as they require at nanoscale. However, the influence of the environment, namely existing hardware and suitable labs. A simulation usually operates the human body, on the movement and communication of nano- on a simplified model of the original system. Still, the crucial aspects bots was rarely considered so far. We propose a framework for of the intended investigation have to be represented adequately for simulating medical nanonetworks, which integrates a nanonet- the simulation to provide meaningful results about the object of work simulator with a body simulator. We derive requirements for investigation [17], for example, how an algorithm will perform in a body model that forms the basis for our prototypical implementa- the original system. In addition, simulations also allow completely tion of the body simulator BloodVoyagerS as part of the network controllable experiment environments. The researcher can control simulator ns-3. Our evaluation shows that BloodVoyagerS success- or even intentionally ignore effects that are unavoidable in wet- fully moves nanobots in the simulated cardiovascular system. -
Electrochemical Performance of Titania 3D Nanonetwork Electrodes Induced by Pulse Ionization at Varied Pulse Repetitions
nanomaterials Article Electrochemical Performance of Titania 3D Nanonetwork Electrodes Induced by Pulse Ionization at Varied Pulse Repetitions Amirhossein Gholami 1, Chae-Ho Yim 2 and Amirkianoosh Kiani 1,* 1 Silicon Hall, Micro/Nano Manufacturing Facility, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada; [email protected] 2 National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining, and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1V 0R6, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Pulse ionized titania 3D-nanonetworks (T3DN) are emerging materials for fabricating binder-free and carbon-free electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices. In this article, we investigate the effect of the one of the most important fabrication parameters, pulse frequency, for optimizing supercapacitor efficiency. A series of coin cell batteries with laser-induced electrodes was fabricated; the effect of pulse frequency on oxidation levels and material properties was studied using both experimental and theoretical analysis. Also, detailed electrochemical tests including cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted to better understand the effect of pulse frequency on the electrochemical performance of the fabricated devices. The results show that at a frequency of 600 kHz, more T3DN were observed Citation: Gholami, A.; Yim, C.-H.; due to the higher temperature and stabler formation of the plasma plume, which resulted in better Kiani, A. Electrochemical Performance of Titania 3D performance of the fabricated supercapacitors; specific capacitances of samples fabricated at 600 kHz Nanonetwork Electrodes Induced by and 1200 kHz were calculated to be 59.85 and 54.39 mF/g at 500 mV/s, respectively. -
100 Radical Innovation Breakthroughs for the Future Foresight
Foresight 100 Radical Innovation Breakthroughs for the future 100 Radical Innovation Breakthroughs for the future European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate A — Policy Development and Coordination Unit A.2 — Research & Innovation Strategy Contact Nikolaos Kastrinos E-mail [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Manuscript completed in May 2019 This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019 PDF ISBN 978-92-79-99139-4 doi: 10.2777/24537 KI-04-19-053-EN-N © European Union, 2019. Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Cover page image: © Lonely # 46246900, ag visuell #16440826, Sean Gladwell #6018533, LwRedStorm #3348265, 2011; kras99 #43746830, 2012. -
Regional, State, and Local Initiatives in Nanotechnology Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology
National Science and Technology Council; Committee on Technology Regional, State, and Local Initiatives in Nanotechnology Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology National Nanotechnology Coordination Office Report of the National Nanotechnology Initiative Workshop 4201 Wilson Blvd. May 1–2, 2012 Stafford II, Rm.405 Portland, Oregon Arlington, VA 22230 703-292-8626 phone 703-292-9312 fax www.nano.gov About the Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology Subcommittee The Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee is the interagency body responsible for coordinating, planning, implementing, and reviewing the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). NSET is a subcommittee of the Committee on Technology of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), which is one of the principal means by which the President coordinates science and technology policies across the Federal Government. The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO) provides technical and administrative support to the NSET Subcommittee and supports the subcommittee in the preparation of multi-agency planning, budget, and assessment documents, including this report. More information about the NSET Subcommittee, the NNI, and NNCO can be found at http://nano.gov. About the National Nanotechnology Initiative The NNI is the Federal nanotechnology R&D initiative established in 2000 to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research, development, and deployment. The NNI consists of the individual and cooperative nanotechnology-related activities of 27 Federal departments and agencies that have a range of research and regulatory roles and responsibilities. The NNI’s member agencies are committed to involving the full spectrum of stakeholders in development of responsible and forward-looking U.S. R&D and regulatory programs with respect to nanotechnology advancement.