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A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centri

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A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centri IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOLECULAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND MULTI-SCALE COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 6, NO. 2, NOVEMBER 2020 107 A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centric Nanonetworks Ke Yang ,DadiBi,Student Member, IEEE, Yansha Deng , Member, IEEE, Rui Zhang, Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman , Member, IEEE, Najah Abu Ali , Muhammad Ali Imran , Senior Member, IEEE, Josep Miquel Jornet ,QammerH.Abbasi , and Akram Alomainy , Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over communications are widely considered as two main promising the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even paradigms and both follow their own development process. In nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sen- first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, sor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the com- Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to munication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is dis- BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor cussed. Afterwards, the related security issues of the proposed networks and always deployed on purpose to support a particu- networks are discussed. Finally, the challenges and open research lar application. In these networks, electromagnetic and molecular directions are presented. Manuscript received January 5, 2020; revised July 14, 2020; accepted Index Terms—Nano-communication, nano-technology, tera- August 7, 2020. Date of publication August 18, 2020; date of current version hertz, molecular communication, hybrid networks. September 23, 2020. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61901386, in part by the Central University Research Funding under Grant 3102019HHZY03006, and in part by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), U.K., under Grant EP/T000937/1. The associate editor coordinating the review of this article and approving it for publication was C.-B. Chae. I. INTRODUCTION TO NANONETWORKS (Ke Yang and Dadi Bi are co-first authors.) (Corresponding authors: Ke Yang; Yansha Deng.) N UPCOMING years, the advancement in nanotechnol- Ke Yang is with the School of Marine Science and Technology, I ogy is expected to accelerate the development of integrated Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China (e-mail: devices with the size ranging from one to a few hundred [email protected]). Dadi Bi and Yansha Deng are with the Department of Engineering, nano-meters [1], [2]. With the aim of shrinking traditional King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]; machines and creating nano-devices with new functionality, [email protected]). nano-technologies have produced some novel nano-materials Rui Zhang is with the Department of Information and Electronic, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China (e-mail: and nano-particles with novel behaviours and properties which [email protected]). are not observed at the microscopic level. The links and Muhammad Mahboob Ur Rahman is with the Department of Electrical connectivity between nano-devices distributed through collab- Engineering, Information Technology University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan (e-mail: [email protected]). orative effort lead to the vision of nanonetworks, after the Najah Abu Ali is with the College of Information Technology, United Arab concept of nano-machine is proposed. The limited capabilities Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE (e-mail: [email protected]). of nano-machines in terms of processing power, complexity Muhammad Ali Imran and Qammer H. Abbasi are with the Department of Electronics and Nanoscale Engineering, University of Glasgow, and range of operations can be expanded by this collaborative Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]; communication. It is changing the paradigm from the Internet [email protected]). of Things (IoT) to Internet of Nano-Things (IoNTs) [3] which Josep Miquel Jornet is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02120 USA (e-mail: shares the same development path as the nanonetworks. [email protected]). Communication between nano-machines in IoNTs can be Akram Alomainy is with the School of Electronic Engineering and set up through nano-mechanical, acoustic, chemical, electro- Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]). magnetic (EM) and molecular communication approaches [1]. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMBMC.2020.3017146 Unfortunately, traditional communication technologies are not 2332-7804 c 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information. Authorized licensed use limited to: Northeastern University. Downloaded on November 03,2020 at 01:29:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 108 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOLECULAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND MULTI-SCALE COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 6, NO. 2, NOVEMBER 2020 TABLE I SUMMARIES OF THE PICTURED APPLICATIONS [1], [6] suitable mainly due to the limitations, such as size, complex- connectivity of both communication methods are discussed in ity and energy consumption of transmitters, receivers and other Section VII. In Section VIII, the researches related to the secu- components at nano-scale [4]; thus, novel and suitable com- rity issues are discussed. In the end, the challenges and open munication techniques from physical layer to higher layers are problems are discussed with a brief conclusion. required to develop for each paradigm. The molecular and EM communication schemes are envi- II. AN OVERVIEW OF NANONETWORKS sioned as two most promising paradigms and numerous According to Feynman, there is plenty of room at the bot- researches have been done in these two paradigms. This tom [5]. Based on such statement and the considerable devel- review focuses on molecular and EM approaches and presents opment of nano-technology, Prof. Metin Sitti has proposed that their backgrounds, applications, recent developments and chal- in the near future the network would go down to the nano- lenges. We mainly present a comprehensive survey on the scale if the nano robots and molecular machine are adopted researches that have already been done to enable the com- as its elements [6]. Thus, the concept of nano-networks was munication in nanonetworks. Moreover, several aspects of the proposed. However, the connection between nano-devices in integration of nanonetworks have been identified. We propose such networks would be a challenge, leading to the study on to implement a hybrid communication taking advantage of nano-communication [1], [7]. Therefore, nano-communication both paradigms to enhance the communication performance can be defined as the communication between nano-devices and aim to broaden and realize more applications. The feasi- where the communication principles should be novel and mod- bility of the novel hybrid communication is discussed based on ified to meet the demands in the nano-world. To make it the requirements and enabling technologies from both micro clearer, four requirements are summarized in IEEE P1906.1 [8] and macro perspectives, and the open challenges are explored in the aspects of components, system structure, communication as a source of inspiration towards future developments of this principles and etc., inter-connectivity. This paper provides a structured and comprehensive review on the recent literature on Body-Centric nanonetworks, an A. Nano-Communication Paradigms effectual foundation of IoNTs. The main contributions of this To make the network work well, the communica- survey are summarized as follows. tion between the nano-devices needs to be linked. • The various applications are classified and summarized. In [1], nano-communication is studied in two scenar- • The latest advancement in physical, link, MAC, network ios: (1) Communication between the nano-devices to the and application layers have been comprehensively micro/macro-system, and (2) Communication between nano- reviewed in addition to security changes. devices. Furthermore, molecular, electromagnetic, acoustic, • The hybrid communication scheme by collaboratively nano-mechanical communication can be modified to nano- employing EM-based nano-communication and molecu- networks [9], summarized in our previous work in [10]. Based lar communication together is introduced. on the burgeoning of the nanotechnology, a fresh model • Open issues and challenges for such hybrid networks are of mechanical communication, i.e., touch communication introduced. (TouchCom), was also proposed in [11], where bunches of The
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