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Biologically-Inspired and Nano-Scale Communication and Networking Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking Ozgur B. Akan Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Koç University, Turkey [email protected] Falko Dressler Institute of Computer Science University of Innsbruck, Austria [email protected] Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 1 This tutorial is mainly based on two survey papers: Falko Dressler, Ozgur B. Akan, “Bio-inspired Networking: From Theory to Practice,“ IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 176-183, November 2010. Falko Dressler and Ozgur B. Akan, “A Survey on Bio-inspired Networking,“ Computer Networks Journal (Elsevier), vol. 54 (6), pp. 881-900, April 2010. Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 2 Outline (R)Evolution in Information Network Architectures Biological Models for Communication Network Design Approaches to Bio-inspired Networking Nano-scale and Molecular Communication Future Research Avenues Conclusions Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 3 Communication Network (A set of) equipment (hardware & software) and facilities that provide basic communication services (among computing entities) Virtually invisible to the user; usually represented by a cloud Communication Network Equipment Routers, servers, switches, multiplexers, hubs, modems, WLAN cards, cellular phones, etc. Facilities Copper wires, coaxial cables, optical fiber, air, etc. No biology here !? Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 4 Evolution in Information Networks Internet Packet switching & computer applications Extremely large-scale autonomic behavior Internet2 – Next-Generation Internet Dedicated optical fiber backbone Dense Wavelength-division multiplexing capability Much greater bandwidth for IP communications Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 5 Evolution in Information Networks Next Generation Wireless Internet Convergence of heterogeneous wireless systems WLAN, 2G/3G Systems, Satellite Networks IP-based Infrastructure Anytime/anywhere high data rate & multimedia Very large-scale networking Energy-constraint networks, e.g., sensor networks InterPlaNetary Internet InterPlaNetary Backbone Network InterPlaNetary External Network PlaNetary Network Extreme channel conditions Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 6 The Origin of Networks Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Several thousand nodes base Nodes are tens of feet of each other station Highly resource constrained nodes sensor node Sensor and Actor Networks (SANET) Actors may be mobile Heterogeneity Real-time communication requirement Self-organizing and autonomous operation Sub-Kilogram Intelligent Tele-robots (SKITs): Networked Robots having Coordination & Wireless Communication Capabilities Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 7 The Origin of Networks Wireless Mesh Networks Mesh-style multi-hopping Every user becomes a relay point or router for network traffic Heterogeneous XG Networks: Cognitive Radio Current wireless network is based on the “Fixed spectrum assignment” Spectrum Scarcity Dynamic Spectrum Access Cognitive radio Distributed intelligence required Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 8 Evolution… Novel paradigms are needed for designing, engineering, and managing NGN that provide Anywhere anytime connectivity High service quality level expectations Seamless convergence of heterogeneous systems Evolution in couple millenniums From Cursus Publicus (30BC) to Quantum Communication Networks (2000) Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 9 Evolution… Artifacts of Evolution in Nature Over billions years As a result of genetic diversity and natural selection Elegant and efficient SOLUTIONS !! Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 10 Characteristics of Biological Systems Adaptive to the varying environmental circumstances Resilient to failures by internal or external factors Complex behaviors on basis of limited set of basic rules Able to learn and evolve itself under new conditions Effective management of constrained resources with a globally amplified intelligence Able to self-organize in a fully distributed fashion Collaboratively achieving efficient equilibrium Survivable to harsh conditions with inherent and sufficient redundancy Inspiring features towards addressing networking challenges posed by current and NGN architectures !! Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 11 Our Objective… To introduce and overview bio-inspired networking Identify the current and future networking challenges Outline fundamental methodologies for design of bio-inspired solutions Explore the field of biological systems / processes that could inspire solutions to networking Capture the state-of-the-art in bio-inspired communication and networking techniques Connect bio-inspired networking to emerging field of nano-networks Provide pointers for future research avenues Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 12 Current and Future Challenges in Networking Large scale networking – need for high degrees of scalability Dynamic nature Resource constraints Need for infrastructure-less and unattended operation Heterogeneous architectures Communication on the micro level Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 13 Challenges in Networking: Large-scale Networking Number of devices Sensor networks: 102-106 nodes eBay data warehouse > 10,000 networked machines for processing about 25 Petabytes/day Service space Traffic load incurred Larger search space for optimal route Exponential scale-up in network size Biological Principles Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) techniques Epidemic spreading: transmission mechanisms of viruses Large ANT colony searching for food Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 14 Challenges in Networking: Dynamic Nature Highly dynamic architectures Node behaviors and demand Highly dynamic link qualities Varying load Mobile ad hoc networks Real-time tracking of mobile target Dynamic Spectrum Access Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks Dynamic spectrum access Biological Principles O. B. Akan, O. B. Karli, O. Ergul, “Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks”, IEEE Network, July 2009. Artificial Immune System Activator-inhibitor systems Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 15 Challenges in Networking: Resource Constraints Mismatch between increase in demand and supply Set of available services Bandwidth capacity Network lifetime Scarcity of resources vary with network: Sensor 1 Power, processing in WSN … Micro Radio controller transceiver Spectrum in CRN Sensor n Memory Capacity and size in nano-networks Storage Battery Biological Principles Foraging processes in ant colonies Cellular signaling networks Medium Use Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 16 Challenges in Networking: Autonomous Operation With increased network scales centralized control unpractical Nodes/links/paths may die out Some networks are infrastructure-less MANET, WSN, Wireless Mesh Networks Unattended autonomous operation required Male fireflies synchronization Self-organization, self-evolution, survivability Biological Principles Epidemic spreading mechanisms Insect colonies Synchronization of fireflies A macrophage (colored in purple) has located bacteria (colored in green) and is killing it. The red spot, upper Artificial immune system left, is a red blood cell. Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 17 Challenges in Networking: Heterogeneous Architectures Heterogeneity and asymmetry Node types and capabilities Link capacities Network characteristics RFID devices to mobile vehicles Sensor & actor networks Different mobility patterns in VANET Biological Principles Homeostatic system Nervous, Endocrine, Immune systems Insect colonies composed of Homeostatic system operation heterogeneous individuals Biologically-inspired and Nano-scale Communication and Networking IEEE GLOBECOM 2011 – Ozgur B. Akan and Falko Dressler 18 Challenges in Networking: Micro/Nano Levels NEMS & MEMS devices Nanonetworks Classical techniques inapplicable Antenna size Channel limitations Different rules of physics Biological Principles Living cells: Sense the environment Receive external signals Perform at nano-scale I. F. Akyildiz, F. Brunetti, C. Blazquez, “Nanonetworks:A New Communication Paradigm”, Computer Networks (Elsevier), vol. 52, pp. 2260-2279, 2008. Cellular signaling networks Biologically-inspired
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