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Malacca-Max the Ul Timate Container Carrier

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Malacca-Max the Ul Timate Container Carrier MALACCA-MAX THE UL TIMATE CONTAINER CARRIER Design innovation in container shipping 2443 625 8 Bibliotheek TU Delft . IIIII I IIII III III II II III 1111 I I11111 C 0003815611 DELFT MARINE TECHNOLOGY SERIES 1 . Analysis of the Containership Charter Market 1983-1992 2 . Innovation in Forest Products Shipping 3. Innovation in Shortsea Shipping: Self-Ioading and Unloading Ship systems 4. Nederlandse Maritieme Sektor: Economische Structuur en Betekenis 5. Innovation in Chemical Shipping: Port and Slops Management 6. Multimodal Shortsea shipping 7. De Toekomst van de Nederlandse Zeevaartsector: Economische Impact Studie (EIS) en Beleidsanalyse 8. Innovatie in de Containerbinnenvaart: Geautomatiseerd Overslagsysteem 9. Analysis of the Panamax bulk Carrier Charter Market 1989-1994: In relation to the Design Characteristics 10. Analysis of the Competitive Position of Short Sea Shipping: Development of Policy Measures 11. Design Innovation in Shipping 12. Shipping 13. Shipping Industry Structure 14. Malacca-max: The Ultimate Container Carrier For more information about these publications, see : http://www-mt.wbmt.tudelft.nl/rederijkunde/index.htm MALACCA-MAX THE ULTIMATE CONTAINER CARRIER Niko Wijnolst Marco Scholtens Frans Waals DELFT UNIVERSITY PRESS 1999 Published and distributed by: Delft University Press P.O. Box 98 2600 MG Delft The Netherlands Tel: +31-15-2783254 Fax: +31-15-2781661 E-mail: [email protected] CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, Tp1X Niko Wijnolst, Marco Scholtens, Frans Waals Shipping Industry Structure/Wijnolst, N.; Scholtens, M; Waals, F.A .J . Delft: Delft University Press. - 111. Lit. ISBN 90-407-1947-0 NUGI834 Keywords: Container ship, Design innovation, Suez Canal Copyright <tl 1999 by N. Wijnolst, M . Scholtens, F.A .J. Waals All rights reserved . No part of the material protected by th is copyright may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the publisher: Delft University Press, Prometheusplein 1, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands Table of Contents Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION . .. 7 2. THE ADVENT OF POST-PANAMAX CONTAINER SHIPS ............. 16 2.1 The development of post-Panamax container ships . .. .... .... 16 2.2 Ship size developments ........ .. ... .. ... ... ... 17 3. HISTORICAL DEVElOPMENTS IN lIQUID AND DRY BULK SHIPPING . , 20 3.1 Development of large oil tankers . .. 20 3.2 ULCCs, an overshoot in upscaling .. .. 21 3.3 Dry bulk shipping .................................. 23 3.4 Conclusions .. ... .. ... ... .......... ........ 24 4. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRA LARGE CONTAINER SHIP . ... 25 4 .1 Main dimensions . 25 4 .2 Concept development ....................... ....... 26 4 .2.1 Propulsion . .. 26 4.2.2 Hatch covers . .. 27 4.2.3 Layout options . .. 27 4.3 Conclusions............... .. ............. ..... 28 5. SIMPLE CONCEPT OF A SUEZMAX CONTAINER SHIP . 30 5.1 Concept... ..... .. ....................... .. 30 5.2 Main dimensions . 30 5.3 Huil form . .. 31 5.4 General plan . 31 5.5 Propulsion .................. .. ..... .. ........ 31 5.6 Stability............. ......... .. ................ 32 5.7 Conclusions........ .. .................. .. ... 33 6. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A MALACCA-MAX CONTAINER SHIP ..... 34 6.1 Introduction...... .. .................. .. .. 34 6.2 Adaptations to original concept . .. 34 6.3 Main dimensions and characteristics .................... 34 6.3.1 Huil form . .. 36 6.3.2 General arrangement. .. 36 6.3.3 Propulsion . .. 36 6.3.4 Stability . 37 6.3.5 Container support. .. 38 6.4 Light ship weight estimate ............................ 39 5 Malacca-max: The Ultimate Container Carrier 6.4.1 Method Westers . .. 39 6.4.2 Method Sneekluth. 39 6.4.3 Light Ship Weight according to Vossnack . 40 6.4.4 Midship extrapolation ... .. .. ... .......... 40 6.4.5 Accuracy of the methods used .. .. ............ 41 6.5 Loading and discharging a Malacca-max container ship . 42 7. STRENGTH ASSESSMENT MAlACCA-MAX CONTAINER SHIP . ...... 45 7.1 Introduction..... ...................... ...... .. .. 45 7.2 Approach . ................. .. .......... ..... 45 7.3 Preliminary design of midship section . .. .. 45 7.3.1 Concept. .. 45 7.3.2 Minimum scantlings (Lloyds rules) . .. 47 7.4 Direct calculations . .. 47 7.4.1 Longitudinal strength .. .. .. ... .. .. : . 47 7.4.2 Transverse strength . ....... ... ...... ..... .. 48 7.4.3 Torsion stiffness . 51 7.4.4 Transverse beam bending .... ..... .... ... .... 51 7.5 Calculations in SafeHuIl ............. .. ... ... .. .... .. 52 7.6 Conclusions . .. ...... ....... ... ... .. ......... 53 8. ECONOMIC EVAlUATION OF THE DESIGN . ................... 54 8.1 Introduction...... ... .. ... ... .... ..... .. ..... 54 8.2 Cost elements ...... ..... .... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. 54 8.3 Calculation model .. ........... ... ..... ..... .... 54 8.4 Assumptions ... ..... ...... ........ .... ..... 56 8.5 Economies of scale of large container ships . ...... ... .... 62 9. COST ESTIMATE FOR THE DREDGING OF THE SUEZ CANAl ...... .. 64 9.1 Introduction .. ... ...................... .. ..... 64 9.2 History of the Suez Canal . .. 64 9.3 Current dimensions of the Canal ..... .. .. .. ....... .. 66 9.4 Future expansion plans . ........... .......... ... 69 9.5 Suez Canal dues . 70 9.6 Possible cooperation of Rotterdam and/or Singapore ... ....... 71 10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........ ... ...... 74 CHAPTER NOTES . .. 76 6 Introduction 1 . INTRODUCTION Container shipping has become the fastest growing segment in world shipping over the last 35 years. This has facilitated the growth in size of container ships. For almost 25 years the size was restricted to Panamax-dimensions. Since 1988 this hurdle has been taken and the largest ships of today are on their way to take the next geographical constraint relevant for the shipping industry: the Suez Canal. The design limit of this Canal will be reached within the next couple of years. "Where will this increase in container ship size end?", is a question that preoccupies many port authorities, terminal operators and of course shipowners. In this book the answer to that question is provided: the Malacca-max container carrier, a ship of just over 18,000 TEU . We have given it the name of the third major design parameter in the world, after the Panama Canal locks, the Suez Canal draught and width: the Strait of Malacca draught of 21 metres. The VLCC fleet of oil tankers has a draught th at allows them to pass the Strait on their way to Japan. So it is argued in this book th at the ultimate draught for container ships will become 21 metres just as the VLCC fleet. On the basis of this design parameter a conceptual design of a container ship has been made. The ship is meant to be used in a simple shuttle operation between for example the ports of Rotterdam and Singapore, alt hough it could be extended to other ports as weil, provided they have sufficient draught. One bottleneck standing in the way of this huge container ship is the Suez Canal. The draught and width of the Canal is a moving target since it is getting deeper all the time by the continuous work of the Suez Canal Authority dredgers. It is expected to reach the 21-metre draught in the year 2009 from its current 17 metres (1999). Ten years seems a very long time but in order to adapt the port infrastructure to the advent of the Malacca-max container ship it is already tight. Why should shipowners invest in these large ships, while they do not make a decent return on investment on the current container ships? The driving force is the creation of a competitve advantage through economies of scale. The Malacca-max design has an overall lower cost level of approximately 16 per cent over the current largest container ships of 8,000 TEU . In a world of cutthroat competition, 16 per cent can make a decisive difference. The conceptval design and feasibility study in this book are the result of a master thesis project from - Marco Scholtens - at the Delft University of Technology. There are many aspects in this study th at can be criticised, but the reader should keep in mind th at the objective of the thesis-work and the book is to show the world some 7 ""M'· " Malacca-max: The Ultimate Container Carrier direction in container ship development. It is an exploratory study and not a detailed design of a ship, nor of a liner schedule with all its complicating variables. The perspective on the future is urgently required since tremendous amounts of money are today invested in quays, cranes and harbours which could become a waste of capital if the wrong design dimensions are used. For example the current gantries have a maximum outreach of 60 m. The Malacca-max carrier requires an outreach of 74 m. And it can be done as, crane-specialist Huisman-Itrec demonstrates with the design shown in Figure 1. Figuur 1: Gantry design with 74-metre outreach Given the lifetime ot a crane of 25 years, the planning horizon of terminals should include the advent of the Malacca-max ship with its length of 400 m, breadth of 60 mand draught of 21 m. Figure 2 shows the general arrangement of the container ship. Ship size and company size There is a clear tendency within the container shipping industry towards an increase in company size. In the book "Shipping Industry Structure" the increase in the size of container companies is shown tor two years: 1996 and 1998 (Figure 3) 8 Introduction Figuur 2: Malacca-max container ship design Two opposing
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