ALAN McCORMACK

THE TERM «PRIVILEGE» A Textual Study of its Meaning and Use in the 1983 Code of Canon Law

EDITRICE PONTIFICIA UNIVERSITÄ GREGORIANA Roma 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE 5 1. The Problem 6 2. Purpose 13 3. Scope of the Present Study 14

INTRODUCTION 25 1. Theories on the Division of Governmental Power 26 2. The Revised Law on the Division of the Power of Governance 32 3. Individual Administrative Acts 40 4. Two Types of Administrative Acts 43

PART ONE DEVELOPING A DEFINITION OF PRIVILEGE

CHAPTER I: Preliminary Work ofthe Study Group «De Normis Generalibus» 1. Constitution ofthe Commission 49 2. The Coetus Studiorum 50 3. Views on Privileges in Modern Times 53 4. Restricting the Term «Privilege» 59 5. Synthesis 67

CHAPTER II: The Notion ofa Privilege 1. The Notion of a Privilege as the Formal Act 69 2. The Notion ofa Privilege as the Content ofthe Act 74 3. The Decisions ofthe Study Group 77

CHAPTER III: Disputed Questiom regarding the Nature ofa Privilege 1. The First Series of Meetings 81 2. The Second Series of Meetings 88 3. Synopsis 110 440 THE TERM «PRIVILEGE»

PARTTWO THE USE OF TERMINOLOGY: «PRIVILEGE», «FACULTY» AND «INDULT» IN THE REVISED CODE

CHAPTER IV: Initial Considerations 1. The Term «privilegiutn» in Conciliar and Post-conciliar Documents . . 115 2. Preliminary Work ofthe Commission 119

CHAPTER V: Privileges «in the broad sense» 1. The Privileges of Clerics 138 2. The Privileges of Religious 141 3. The Privileges of Cardinais and Bishops 142 4. Privileges of Honour 147 5. Ius patronatus 150 6. Favourofthe Faith Cases 159

CHAPTER VI: Privileges «in the strict sense» 1. Concessions no longer classified as Privileges 175 2. Individual Privileges explicitly revoked 178 3. Editorial changes 179 4. Inaecurate uses ofthe term «privilege» 183

CHAPTER VII: The Terminology of «Faculty» 1. The Uses of «Faculty» in the 1917 Code 189 2. The term in Conciliar and post-Conciliar Documents 191

CHAPTER VIII: Uses of «Faculty» Eliminatedfrom the Code 1. Class faculties 197 2. «Faculties» attached to an Office 199 3. Power delegated by the law itself 211 4. Non-jurisdictional Faculties 212

CHAPTER IX: Uses of «Faculty» Retained in the Code 1. Generic uses 215 2. Authorization or Permission 216 3. Delegated Power of Governance 221

CHAPTER X: The'Terminology of «Indult» 1. The term «Indult» in the former Law 229 2. The term «Indult» in the revised Law 234 TABLE OF CONTENTS 441

PART THREE THE DEFINITION OF A PRIVILEGE

CHAPTER XI: The Juridical Nature ofa Privilege 1. Classification 239 2. The Subjective Content 240 3. The Objective Content 246 4. Privileges and Dispensations Compared 256 5. Privileges and Dispensations Contrasted 259

CHAPTER XII: The Juridical Nature ofthe Act 1. An Administrative Act 277 2. An Act of Executive Power 280 3. Administrative Acts and the Subjective Condition of Persons 287 4. Administrative Acts as Acts of «Derogation» 292

CHAPTER XIII: The Author and Recipient ofa Privilege 1. Legislators in the Church 307 2. The Legislator's competency 310 3. The Recipient of a Privilege 316

PART FOUR THE GENERAL NORMS ON PRIVILEGE

CHAPTER XIV: Acquisition, Use and Interpretation 1. Introduction 325 2. On the use of Privileges 326 3. Acquisition by Prescription 333 4. Direct and Indirect Acquisition 338 5. Interpretation 344

CHAPTER XV: Cessation of Privileges 1. Cessation by intrinsic causes 355 2. Cessation due to revocation by a Superior 367 3. Cessation due to the beneficiary 368 4. Other Regulatory Canons 373

CONCLUSION 377 1. The use of terminology 379 2. Definitions 384 3. Inconsistencies in the Law 388 4. Final Remarks 393 442 THE TERM «PRIVILEGE»

APPENDIX: General Norms on Privileges: Schemata and Canons 395

ABBREVIATIONS 403

BlBLIOGRAPHY 1. Sources 407 2. Works related to Book I ofthe Code of Canon Law 413 3. Other Works 420

INDEX OF AUTHORS 431

GENERAL INDEX 435

TABLE OF CONTENTS 438