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Yanomama Clause Structure Yanomama Clause Structure Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Building house, Tɨhɨnakɨ village, Papiu 2011. Photo by Ana Maria Antunes Machado ISBN: 978-94-6093-258-8 NUR 616 Copyright © 2017: Helder Perri Ferreira. All rights reserved. Yanomama Clause Structure Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 28 november 2017 om 10.30 uur precies door Helder Perri Ferreira geboren op 1 juli 1976 te São Paulo, Brazilië Promotor: Prof. dr. P.C. Muysken Copromotoren: Dr. E.I. Crevels (Universiteit Leiden) Dr. M. Vuillermet (Université Lumière Lyon II, Frankrijk) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. H. de Hoop (voorzitter) Prof. dr. M.-C. Mattéi Muller (Universidad Central de Venezuela) Dr. F. Seifart (Universiteit van Amsterdam) This research was made possible by a scholarship awarded by the CAPES Foundation of the Ministry of Education of Brazil (proc. no. BEX 0944-12-2). CAPES Foundation Ministry of Education of Brazil Caixa Postal 250 70040-020 Brasília – DF Brazil For Ana and Lino, and in memory of Luís Fernando Pereira Table of contents Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xiii Part I Chapter 1. Yanomama language and people 3 1.1. The Yanomami people and territory 3 1.2. Typological profile 7 1.3. Genetic relations of the Yanomami linguistic family 10 1.4. Diversity within the Yanomami linguistic family 10 1.5. Yanomam and the variety spoken in Papiu – Yanomama 12 1.6. The region of Papiu: history and the current situation 16 1.7. Early literature 22 1.8. Fieldwork and personal experience with the Yanomami people 25 1.9. Corpus used in this work 27 1.10. Purpose of this work and overview of the following chapters 32 Chapter 2. Phonological sketch 37 2.1. Introduction 37 2.2. Vowels 37 2.3. Consonants 42 2.3.1. Consonantal inventory 42 2.3.2. Consonantal contrasts 43 2.4. Syllable structure 49 2.5. Word and prosodic stress 52 ii Yanomama clause structure 2.6. Allophony 60 2.6.1. Free variation between voiced and voiceless consonants 60 2.6.2. Free variation between lateral approximant [l] and alveolar tap [ɾ] 65 2.6.3. Phonological processes 66 2.6.3.1. Anticipatory weak lowering of the high vowel in bound morphemes 66 2.6.3.2. Progressive backness assimilation by the dynamic morpheme =ɨ 69 2.6.3.3. Full anticipatory vowel harmony of /ə/ in bound morphemes 70 2.6.3.4. Loss of aspiration of the aspirated stop /tʰ/ in bound morphemes 72 2.6.3.5. Progressive lowering of the stative morpheme =o 73 2.6.3.6. Anticipatory nasalization of the approximant /j/ 73 2.6.3.7. Anticipatory alveolarization of palatal /ʃ/ 74 2.6.3.8. Nasalization of the palatal approximant 75 2.6.3.9. Nasalization of the lateral approximant 75 2.7. Orthography 77 2.8. Final remarks 79 Chapter 3. Parts-of-speech, free morphemes, and bound morphemes 81 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Nouns and verbs: a semantic first-approach 82 3.3. Nouns, verbs and word order patterns 87 3.3.1. Elicited sentences 88 3.3.2. Spontaneous texts 91 3.4. Basic morphological properties of nouns and verbs 92 3.4.1. Clitic clusters and parts-of-speech 94 3.4.1.1. Nominal clitics 94 3.4.1.2. Verbal clitics 98 Table of contents iii 3.4.1.3. Summary of the clitic clusters 106 3.5. Formal definition of nouns and verbs 107 3.6. Orthography issues about clitic clusters 107 3.7. Concluding remarks 109 Chapter 4. The noun phrase 111 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. Different types of nouns 114 4.2.1. Morphological structure 120 4.2.2. Size of the paradigms 121 4.2.3. Number markers 125 4.2.4. Behavior in possessive and part-whole constructions 132 4.2.5. Incorporation into the predicate 136 4.2.6. Possibility of omission in minimal clause 139 4.2.7. Possibility of performing the role of agent of transitive clauses 142 4.2.8. Summary of the distinctive features of the nominal types 144 4.2.9. Type 4 – kinship terms 145 4.2.10. Other nouns with ambiguous behavior 156 4.3. Pronouns and Adnominals 161 4.3.1. Possessive Pronouns 162 4.3.2. Demonstratives 165 4.3.3. Quantifiers 169 4.3.4. Personal Pronouns 175 4.3.5. Indefinite pro-form pei 178 4.3.6. Attributive modifiers 182 4.4. Concluding remarks 184 iv Yanomama clause structure Chapter 5. Verb stems 187 5.1. Introduction 187 5.2. Four basic types of verb stems 187 5.3. Differences between the verb stem types 190 5.3.1. Morphemes in present readings 191 5.3.2. Morphemes in imperfective past readings 194 5.3.3. Morphemes in subordinate clauses with =tëhë ‘when’, ‘if’ 195 5.3.4. Inherent argument structure 198 5.3.5. Access to directional markers 202 5.3.6. Access to locational markers 204 5.3.7. Access to nominalizer -rima 207 5.3.8. Access to nominalizer -tima 209 5.3.9. Canonic secondary predication 211 5.3.10. Summary of the distinctive features of the verbal stems 213 5.4. Simple verb stems and verb roots 215 5.4.1. Simple attributive stems 218 5.4.2. Simple positional stems 224 5.4.3. Simple dynamic stems 226 5.4.4. Flexible roots 231 5.4.5. Consonantal roots 234 5.5. Compound verb stems 239 5.5.1. Body-part + verb 240 5.5.2. Clitic + verb 250 5.5.3. Attributive verb + dynamic or attributive verb 256 5.5.4. Reduplication 258 Table of contents v 5.6. Derived verb stems 262 5.6.1. Zero derivation 262 5.6.2. Resultative =no: DYN > ATTR 266 5.6.3. Attenuative =h[V] : ATTR > (attenuated) ATTR 268 5.6.4. Dynamizer =a: POST/ATTR > DYN 269 5.6.5. Intransitive derivational morpheme =pru (=pra): > POST/DYN 276 5.6.6. Transitive derivational morpheme =pra 280 5.6.7. Intransitivizer =mu and the transitivizer =ma: POST>DYN 282 5.6.8. Conservative (to have, to keep, to possess) =pu 284 5.6.9. Attributivizer =ri (used with smells) 288 5.6.10. Derivation: from nouns to verbs 288 5.7. Final discussion 299 Chapter 6. Verb Morphology 301 6.1. Introduction 301 6.2. Tense and aspect 302 6.2.1. Present 302 6.2.2. Past categories 305 6.2.3. Perfective markers 309 6.2.4. Durative =ti 322 6.2.5. Progressive =imatayu 324 6.2.6. Non-punctual or distributive morpheme =ra / =a 326 6.2.7. Celerative =ta 329 6.3. Irrealis mood markers 332 6.3.1. Future irrealis =pë 332 6.3.2. Volitional riã= 335 vi Yanomama clause structure 6.3.3. Conditional xa= 337 6.4. Locational markers 339 6.5. Directional markers 345 6.6. Associated motion 349 6.6.1. Simultaneous motion 351 6.6.2. Motion prior to the action 353 6.6.3. Motion subsequent to the action 356 6.6.4. Motion both prior and subsequent to the action 357 6.6.5. Associated motion summary 358 6.7. Negation 359 6.8. Final discussion 362 Part II Chapter 7. Argument marking: word order, flagging and indexing 365 7.1. Introduction 365 7.2. Some few basic concepts 366 7.2.1. Argument and flagging 366 7.2.2. Verb valency and indexing 367 7.2.3. Core and non-core arguments 372 7.3. Word order 373 7.3.1. Word order patterns in intransitive clauses 373 7.3.2. Word order patterns in transitive clauses 378 7.4. Case system 384 7.4.1. Absolutive: zero case =Ø 388 7.4.2. Ergative =nɨ 393 7.4.3. Instrumental/causal =nɨ 399 Table of contents vii 7.4.4. Additive =xo 403 7.4.5. Obliques =ha and =hamɨ 410 7.5. Verb Indexing 420 7.5.1. Set 1 – Subject (S) and Patient (P) markers 421 7.5.2. Origins of Set 1: procliticization of the enclitics of the absolutive argument 426 7.5.3. Set 2 – Agent (A) markers 429 7.5.4. Morphosyntactic alignment of Sets 1 and 2 434 7.5.5. The different participant marker e= 436 7.6. Concluding remarks 438 Chapter 8. Non-verbal predication 441 8.1. Introduction 441 8.2. Proper inclusion and equative predicates 442 8.2.1. Proper inclusion 442 8.2.2. Equative 448 8.2.3. Equative predicates with possessive constructions 450 8.3. Locative predicates 454 8.4. Existential predicates 457 8.4.1. First strategy 457 8.4.2. Second strategy 459 8.5. Attributive predicates 460 8.6. Final remarks 462 Chapter 9. Valency and Voice changing mechanisms 463 9.1. Introduction 463 9.2. Lexical causatives 464 viii Yanomama clause structure 9.3. Labile causative alternation 465 9.4. Restricted labile alternation among positional stems 472 9.5. Valency-increasing mechanisms 473 9.5.1. Causative marker =ma 473 9.5.2. Argument restructuring and Comrie’s “paradigm case” 478 9.5.3. Transitive morpheme =pra 484 9.5.4. Applicative derivations 487 9.5.4.1. Associative applicative kãyõ= 487 9.5.4.2. Goal/locative applicative napë= kãyõ= / namo= kãyõ= 494 9.5.4.3.
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