Phonology of Mooi Language

RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa, Vol. 4, No. 1 April 2018, Page 38-42 Available Online at https://ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/jret P-ISSN: 2406-9019 E-ISSN: 2443-0668 PHONOLOGY OF MOOI LANGUAGE

Novaria Panggabean Language Center Office of Papua and West Papua Province [email protected]

Received: 29-09-2017 Revised: 06-11-2017 Accepted: 07-02-2018

Abstract Mooi is one of the local languages in Papua. Mooi language belongs to the Non-Austronesian language group. This research discusses about Mooi language phonology, including Mooi language phonemes, their distribution and phonotactics. Mooi language has 26 segregated phonemes consisting of 18 consonants, 8 vocals (monophtong), and 4 diphthongs. The phonemes are:/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /s/, /f/, /g/, /S/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, /G/, / ñ /, /y/, /w/, /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, / o/, /|/, / O /, and /|/.

Keywords: phoneme, consonant, vowel, syllable, phonotactics I. INTRODUCTION define phonemes and their allophones, Papua is a vast area with great varied kinds of In relation to the title of this study, (Samsuri, wealth. This region not only has abundant natural 1978) gives guidance on the points of thoughts wealth but also cultural richness. One of the cultural which are called premises. The principles in question richness possessed by Papua is the local language. are general statements concerning the characteristics According to (Silzer, 1986) Papua has 240 local of the language sounds. The premise is (1) the sound languages. Among these 240 languages there are of language has a tendency to be influenced by its three languages spoken by more than 100,000 environment, and 2) the sound system has a people, 15 languages spoken by between 10,000 and symmetric tendency. 100,000 speakers, 18 languages spoken by between In addition to the premise, Samsuri also posited 10,000 and 10,000 people, 61 languages spoken by two hypotheses of work each called work hypotheses between 1000 and 5000 people and 143 languages A and work hypothesis B as follows: spoken by less than 1000 speakers. Phonetic-like language sounds should be Papua has 271 languages which are divided classified into different sound classes or phonemes, into two major groups, namely Papuan languages if there is a conflict within the same or similar group and Austronesian languages group. Among environment many kinds of these languages it is only a small part Phonetic-like sounds and present in and a certain aspect that has been written by the SIL complementary environments should be incorporated (Summer Institute of Linguistics), and Cendrawasih into the same sound classes or the same phonemes. University, as well as have been studied by researchers from the Language Center as well as Both of the above hypotheses of work seem to from Language Hall. be insufficient to be used as the basis for reference to analyze language phonemes. Therefore, the Mooi language is spoken by a group of researcher also employs the work principle of inhabitants living in Maribu village, West Sentani analogous (analogous environment) proposed by district, Jayapura regency, Papua Province. SIL Pike in (Dharmojo, 1994) This work principle found that the existence of Mooi language in Papua suggests that if there are dubious sounds, it can be or known as Moi language (Mosana, Mooi, further examined whether they are a phoneme or a Mekwei). Austronesian scholars classify Mooi different phoneme by making hypothesis and languages into non-Austronesian clumps. rejecting the hypothesis. This means that if the The language, which is the object of this hypothesis is accepted, then the two sounds are the research, is the language spoken by the majority of same phoneme, but if the hypothesis is rejected, so the inhabitants of Maribu Tua village, Maribu the two suspicious sounds are different phonemes. District, Jayapura District, Papua Province. This research studies about the phonology of II. METHOD Mooi language since in consonance with the reality of the results of studies that have been conducted in The method used in this research is descriptive Mooi language, the analysis of the phonological method. To obtain the data the method of referring aspect, so far, has not been carried out. Hence, and ably (Sudaryanto, 1993) is used. The method of scientific analysis on phonological aspect, referring means data gathering is done by listening to particularly, of phonemes, their distribution, the language directly in the conversation. Skillful segmental elements and phonotactics in Mooi method is done with conversation and direct contact language is carried out in this investigation. between the researcher and the informant. In this method, techniques of wheedle is used. The data was This study employs several references put obtained to classify them in accordance with the forward by some experts (Samsuri, 1978), aspects to be studied. After that, the data was (Blomfield, 1933), (Daniel, 1985) theory are used to

Copyright © 2018, RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Please cite this article as: Panggabean. N. 2018. Phonology of Mooi Language. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa. 4.(1) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.1.321.38-42 RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa , Vol. 4, No. 1 April 2018, Page 39 analyzed in accordance with the purpose of research. and 8 vowel sounds. The nineteen sounds of the The final step is to present the results of the analysis consonant are: /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/, /t/, /n/, /d/, /k/, /g/, / in the form of description elaboration. y/, /s/,/S/, /h/, /l/,/G/, /r/, /j/, /f/, / ñ /. Meanwhile the a/. Theכ/ / ,/eight vowels are /i/, /u/, /e/, /ε/, /ә/, /o III. DISCUSSION articulatory features of consonant sounds can be seen in Table 1 and the articulatory features of the A. Phonology Bahasa Mooi vowel sounds can be seen in Table 2. The nineteen 1. Sound Inventory consonant sounds and the eight vowels are the basis Based on the analysis of existing data, it can be for the analysis of two phonemes of language. seen that Mooi language has 19 consonant sounds Table 1 Mooi Consonant Sounds Daerah Artikulasi Speech Properties Bilabial Labio-dental Lamino-alveolar Lamino-palatal Dorso-velar Glotal Plosive p b t d j k g Nasal n n n ŋ Trill r Tap or Flap Fricative f s S h Lateral fricative Approximant w y Lateral approxi- l mant Note: NR= Not Round R = Round Table 2 Mooi Vocal Sounds

Front Middle Back NR R NR R NR R above i u High down above e ə o Middle כ down ɜ Low a Note: NR= Not Round R = Round [tup] <=> [tOp] 2. Contrast and Variants 8 /u/ <=> /O/ ‘listen’ ‘road’ a) Vocal Contrast and Variant [tap] <=> [tup] 9 /a/ <=> /u/ Mooi language has 8 vowel phonemes. The ‘road’ ‘hear’ כ/, / ,/eight vowel phonemes are /i/, /u/, /e/, /ε/, /ә/, /o Source: primary data dan /a/. The existence of the vowel phoneme can be evidenced by the contrast in Table 3 below. The phoneme /i/ in Mooi has two allophones, namely [i] and [I]. The phoneme /i/ will be realized Table 3 to [I] in the last syllable with the consonant, while Mooi Language Vocal Contrast the phoneme /i/ will be realized into [I] when [i] is No Vocal Contrast Example outside the environment. [maSi] <=> [maSe] 2 /i/ <=> /e/ The phoneme /o/ in Mooi language has two ’feet’ ‘devil’ allophones, namely [o] and [o]. Phoneme /o/ will be [nail] <=> [malE] 3 /i/ <=> /E/ realized into /O/ if it is in the last syllable with ‘evil spirit’ ‘more’ consonant, while phoneme /o/ will be realized to be [dam] <=> [dem] 4 /a/ <=> /e/ ‘eat’ ‘pedal’ [o] if outside of the environment. [kaG] <=> [kOG] 5 /a/ <=> /O/ ‘bite’ ‘bury’ b) Consonant Contrast and Variant [dan] <=> [dEn] 6 /a/ <=> /E/ Mooi language has 19 consonant phonemes. ‘spin’ ‘bone’ The nineteenth phonemes are p/, /b/, /m/, /w/, /t/, / [di] <=> [dO] 7 /i/ <=> /O/ n/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /y/, /s/,/S/, /h/, /l/,/G/, /r/, /j/, /f/, / ñ /. ‘tree’ ‘child’ Copyright © 2018, RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Please cite this article as: Panggabean. N. 2018. Phonology of Mooi Language. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa. 4.(1) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.1.321.38-42 RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa , Vol. 4, No. 1 April 2018, Page 40

The existence of the consonant phoneme can be evidenced by the contrast shown in Table 4 below. Table 4 Mooi Language Consonant Contrast Consonant No Example Contrast [dem] <=> [den] 1 /m/ <=> /n/ ‘pedal’ ‘fruit’ [wali] <=> [yari] 2 /w/ <=> /y/ ‘alive‘ ’ fir’ [yalo] <=> [yaru] 3 /l/ <=> /r/ ‘shoulders’ ‘follower’ [yap] <=> [tap] 4 /y/ <=> /t/ ‘house’ ‘road’ [yari] <=> [wali] 5 /y/ <=> /w/ ‘fir’ ‘alive’ [ding] <=> [ding] 6 /n/ <=> /g/ ‘fruit’ ‘gaba-gaba’ [but] <=> [put] 7 /b/ <=> /p/ ‘kill’ ‘hole’ [dale] <=> [tale] 8 /t/ <=> /d/ ‘tie’ ‘Centipede’ [but] <=> [wut] 9 /b/ <=> /w/ ‘kill’ ‘boat’ [but] <=> [dut] 10 /b/ <=> /d/ ‘kill’ ‘dive’ [kut] <=> [mut] 11 /d/ <=> /w/ ‘bamboo’ ‘kebun’ [ku] <=> [bu ] 12 /k/ <=> /b/ ‘day’ ‘water’ [taOp] <=> [taOn] 13 /p/ <=> /n/ ‘healthy’ ‘book’ [dek] <=> [dan] 14 /k/ <=> /n/ ‘tie’ ‘spin’ [kop] <=> [tOp] `15 /k/ <=> /t/ ‘cut’ ‘congatulations’ [yaGgu] <=> [saGgu] 16 /y/ <=> /s/ ‘turmeric’ ‘fighting’ [tup] <=> [tuj] 17 /p/ <=> /j/ ‘mendeng ‘women’ [aSu] <=> [asu] 18 /S/ <=> /s/ ‘conscious’ ‘garden’ Source: primary data The eight vowels contained in the Mooi Phoneme /k/ in language has two allophones, language are not equally distributed in the word. Of such as /k/ and [?]. The phoneme /k/ will be realized the eight vowel phonemes, the five vowels are /a/, / to be [?] if it is at the syllable end position, while the O/ /,o/, /u/, /E/, fully distributed. And the two phoneme /k/ will be realized to [k] when outside the vowels /e/,/i/, are distributed only in the middle and environment. end of the word, and one vowel, the vowel /ə/, is distributed in the middle of the word. The B. Distribution Of Mooi’s Segmental Phonems distribution of Mooi's vowel phonemes and examples can be seen in table 5 below. 1. Distribution of Mooi’s Vocal Table 5 Distribution of Mooi’s Vocal Vocal Beginning Middle End anun ‘female’ sam ‘paper’ sna ‘lice’ /a/ asok ‘skin’ nail ‘devil sa ‘rain’ kei ‘wood for fire’ dre ‘receding’ /e/ ─ ket ‘chalk’ piye ‘reject’ nəmboy ‘stock’ /ə/ ─ məmbit ‘air’ ─ pEti ‘spleen’ wenEr ‘shrimp’ batsE ‘near’ /E/ sEmladi ‘right side’ bEnaw ‘why’ kise ‘far’ Obe ‘halls, ham- sOLi ‘person’ dO ‘child’ /O/ lets ─ kOk ‘kill’ maO ‘mute’

Copyright © 2018, RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Please cite this article as: Panggabean. N. 2018. Phonology of Mooi Language. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa. 4.(1) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.1.321.38-42 RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa , Vol. 4, No. 1 April 2018, Page 41 oi ‘hour’ brose ‘above’ ngo ‘that’ /o/ ombre ‘morning’ sowe ‘angry; xofo ‘spider’ usam ‘song’ but ‘arrow’ kambu ‘pot,iron’ /u/ usE ‘under’ pupri ‘thick’ kugru ‘year’ agir ‘mouse’ ti ‘wood’ /i/ ─ xie ‘lizard’ fi ‘voice’ 2. Distribution of Mooi Consonants consonant /j/,/r/ only distributed in the middle of the Nineteen consonant phonemes contained in word only. Three consonants /g/, /l/, /S/ distributed language are not equally distributed in words. Of the in the middle and end of the word. Two more nineteen consonants, seven consonants are fully consonants /h/ and /p/ distributed at the beginning distributed, namely /b/,/t/,/k/,/m/,/n/,/G/./s./f/. There and end of the word. The distribution of consonant are five consonants namely: /d/, /w/,/y/, /¥/,/s/ phonemes of Mooi language and its examples can be distributed at the beginning and middle of the word, seen in table 6 below.

Tabel 6 Distribution of Mooi Consonants Conso- Beginning Middle End nant taOp plaG ‘jump’ /p/ - ‘healthy’ pna ‘light’ yatap ‘door’ tambisa ‘pisau’ busot ‘belut’ /b/ nabut ‘bamboo’ - bu ’border’

tElik ‘left’ pEti ‘bile’ sat ‘tail’ /t/ taglO ‘arm’ mityek ‘ginger’ damput ’mouth’ drang ‘dowry’ trEdEn ‘rib’ /d/ - den ’bone’ andat ‘friend’ /j/ - anjoG ‘put on’ - kuSu ‘puke’ sekoy ‘reap’ ksuk ‘go /k/ kuSop ‘place’ nakto ‘small’ out’suk ‘boil;

sboiga ‘suluh; katiang ‘pipi’ /g/ sungglu ‘tifa; kusung ‘abu’ imo ‘spider’ mare ‘tired’ mandop ‘grasshopper’ tabum ‘elbow’ /m/ Mando ‘grasshopper’ nanam ‘laugh’

naGgrik ‘three’ nini ‘gum’ min ‘breast’ /n/ ngo ‘that’ bana ‘fat’ masepun’ ‘crown’ Ggi? tuŋgru ‘moon’ yəraŋ ‘thin’ /ŋ/ ‘butterfly’ faŋgay ‘near’ fəkaneŋ ‘near’

sa¥cuk ‘body’ /ñ/ ñja ‘mother’ a¥ele ‘uncle’ omse ‘steal’ sna ‘lice’ /s/ kusa ‘rain’ − sen ‘mosquito’

fri ‘kakap’ ifare ‘storm’ /f/ baif ’wind’ bafkutu ‘beach’ keraput ‘moss’ /r/ aru ’breadfruit’ −

Siye ‘shell’ maSi ‘feet’ S ─ Suk ‘boil’ kaSi ‘great grandfather’ mɔfah ‘sedih’ /h/ haigi? ‘jaw’ -- wɔfh ‘angin’ tələn ‘correct’ tul ‘blunt’ /l/ - nu:li ‘nose’ bul ‘gray hair’ swapin ‘ant’ wavu ‘fog’ /w/ kewut ’sky’ wu ‘goods’

yakay ‘spirit’ tayem ‘beads’ /y/ yyamla ‘house’ siye ‘coral’ IV. CONCLUSION creation of this article either in the form of criticism Based on the result, it is concluded that the or constructive feedback to improve this article for language has 27 segmental phonemes consisting of the better now and in the coming years. 19 consonants, 8 vowels. The phonemes are: /p/, / b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /s/, /f/, /g/, /S/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, / REFERENCES G/, /ñ/, /y/, /w/, /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /|/, / O /, and /|/. Blomfield, L. (1933). Language. In London. George The language phonemes in the word are Allen & Unwin. partially distributed complete and some are incompletely distributed. The consonants, /b/, /t/, / Daniel, J. P. (1985). Pengantar Linguistik Umum. In k/, /m/, /n/, /G/, /f/, are fully distributed consonant. Ende, Flores. Nusa Indah. That is, it occupies all positions within the word. Dharmojo, D. (1994). Fonologi Bahasa Ekagi. In Consonants, / ñ /, /s/, /d/, /w/, dan /y/, are a Jakarta. Pusat Pembinaan dan consonant that distributes only at the beginning and Pengembangan Bahasa. middle of the word only. Consonants, /h/, /p/ Samsuri. (1978). Analisis Bahasa. In Jakarta. distributed only at the beginning and end of the Erlangga. word. As for the consonants /g/, /l/, /S/, they Silzer, P. J. (1986). Peta Lokasi Bahasa-Bahasa distributed in the middle and end of the word. Daerah di Propinsi Irian Jaya. In Jayapura. Consonants /j/ and /r/ are in the middle position Universitas Cenderawasih dan Summer only. Vowels /E/, /O/, /u/, /o/, /a/ are vowels that are Institute of Linguistic. fully distributed, distributed at the beginning, Sudaryanto. (1993). Metode dan Aneka Teknik middle, and end of the word. Vowels /e/ and /i/ are Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian distributed in the middle and end of the word, and Wahana Kebudayaan Secara Lingusitis. In one vowel, /ə/, only distributed in the middle of the Yogyakarta. Duta Wacana University Press. word only.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author expresses her greatest gratitude to the reviewers and all sides who have helped in the